MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED regarded as precedent or cited before any Sep 30 2020, 8:54 am
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals and Tax Court estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE Jared P. Baker Michael H. Michmerhuizen Katherine Ridenour Fort Wayne, Indiana Fort Wayne, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Scott David Luce, September 30, 2020 Appellant-Petitioner, Court of Appeals Case No. 20A-DR-338 v. Appeal from the Allen Circuit Court Cathy Sue Luce The Honorable Thomas J. Felts, n/k/a Cathy Sue Valenti, Judge Appellee-Respondent. The Honorable Sherry A. Hartzler, Special Judge Trial Court Cause No. 02C01-0402-DR-174
Altice, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-DR-338 | September 30, 2020 Page 1 of 19 Case Summary [1] The marriage of Scott David Luce (Husband) and Cathy Sue Luce n/k/a Cathy
Sue Valenti (Wife) was dissolved in September 2004, and, as part of their
Marital Settlement Agreement (the Agreement), Wife was to receive a portion
of Husband’s pension plan to be effectuated pursuant to a Qualified Domestic
Relations Order (QDRO). In 2018, after Husband began receiving benefits, he
filed a Motion for Clarification regarding the Agreement and QDRO, asserting
that ambiguity existed and asking the court to issue an amended QDRO. The
trial court denied Husband’s motion and awarded attorney’s fees to Wife.
Husband appeals and raises two issues that we restate as:
I. Did the trial court err when it denied his motion, finding that no ambiguity existed, modification was impermissible, and Husband’s action was time barred?
II. Did the trial court abuse its discretion when it ordered Husband to pay Wife’s attorney’s fees associated with his Motion for Clarification?
Wife asks this court to award appellate attorney’s fees to her.
[2] We affirm.
Facts & Procedural History [3] Husband and Wife married in June 1989 and separated on February 10, 2004.
Husband filed a petition for dissolution of marriage on February 20, 2004, and
on June 23, 2004, the parties executed the Agreement. The Agreement was
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-DR-338 | September 30, 2020 Page 2 of 19 made, as is relevant here, in “settlement of the rights of Husband and Wife to
all property, both real and personal, now in their name and/or possession, and
the consideration to be paid by Husband and Wife in complete discharge of
their legal obligations arising out of the marital relationship[,]” and the parties
agreed that the Agreement “shall be irrevocably binding upon the parties” upon
the trial court’s dissolution of their marriage. Appellant’s Appendix at 19.
[4] In Paragraphs 19(h) and 21(h) of the Agreement, Wife and Husband,
respectively, received as their separate property, the following asset:
One-half (1/2) of the marital coverture value[ 1] of Husband’s ITT Industries Salaried Retirement Plan. Said transfer of funds shall be accomplished by a Qualified Domestic Relations Order prepared by Wife’s counsel and approved by the Court[.]
Id. at 25, 26.
[5] At Paragraph 30, Husband and Wife agreed to execute “such additional
documents as may be necessary to carry out the terms and intent of this
Agreement[,]” and at Paragraph 32, the parties specifically represented “that
they have each examined and read this Agreement; that they fully understand
this Agreement and that each deemed this Agreement to be fair and equitable;
1 The “coverture fraction” formula is one method a trial court may use to distribute pension or retirement plan benefits to the earning and non-earning spouses. Morey v. Morey, 49 N.E.3d 1065, 1071 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016) (quoting In re Marriage of Fisher, 24 N.E.3d 429, 433 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014)). Under this methodology, the value of the retirement plan is multiplied by a fraction, the numerator of which is the period of time during which the marriage existed (while pension rights were accruing) and the denominator is the total period of time during which pension rights accrued. Id.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-DR-338 | September 30, 2020 Page 3 of 19 that the parties have entered into this Agreement without fraud, duress or
undue influence exerted by any person or representative whomsoever; and that
each party has been advised of his or her right to retain counsel and review this
Agreement with counsel.” Id. at 29-30. In Paragraph 27, Husband and Wife
agreed to “indemnify and save and hold the other harmless from any damage,
losses, expenses (including attorney’s fees), costs and other fees incurred by
reason of other’s violation or breach of any terms and conditions hereof.” Id. at
28. The trial court approved the Agreement and dissolved the parties’ marriage
on September 1, 2004.
[6] On October 14, 2004, Husband and Wife submitted to the trial court a QDRO,
which had been signed by each of them. Paragraph 7 of the QDRO provides
for the portion of Husband’s ITT Industries Salaried Retirement Plan (the Plan)
to be paid to Wife and states:
Amount of Alternate Payee’s Benefit: This Order assigns to Alternate Payee an amount equal to the actuarial equivalent of fifty percent (50%) of the Marital Portion of the Participant’s Accrued Benefit under the Plan as of the Participant’s benefit commencement date, or the Alternate Payee’s benefit commencement date, if earlier. The Marital Portion of the Participant’s accrued benefit shall be determined by multiplying the Participant’s Accrued Benefit by a fraction (less than or equal to 1.0), the numerator of which is the number of months of the Participant’s participation in the Plan earned during the marriage from June 10, 1989 to February 20, 2004, and the denominator of which is the total number of months of the Participant’s participation in the Plan as of the earlier of his date of cessation of benefit accruals or the date that Alternate Payee commences her benefits hereunder.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-DR-338 | September 30, 2020 Page 4 of 19 Id. at 33 (emphases added). The trial court approved and signed the QDRO on
October 14, 2004. Husband continued to work for ITT for another fourteen
years after the parties’ marriage was dissolved.
[7] Sometime in 2018, Husband began receiving benefits under the Plan. On
December 28, 2018, Husband filed a Motion for Clarification and a
memorandum in support, asserting that Paragraph 7 of the QDRO
“miscalculates the benefit intended by the parties” and the result “is contrary to
the intent of the [] Agreement.” 2 Id. at 42-43. Specifically, his position was that
the intent of the Agreement was to divide the pension benefit “valued as of the
date of filing” but the QDRO “calls for a percentage of Husband’s final benefit
to be paid to Wife.” Id. at 43-44 (emphasis in original). Therefore, Husband
asserted, the order approving the Agreement “must [] be clarified and the
QDRO must be amended to correct the division of the pension benefit.” Id. at
43. He asked the court to issue an amended QDRO that would state:
Amount of Alternate Payee’s Benefit: This Order assigns to Alternate Payee an amount equal to the actuarial equivalent of fifty percent (50%) of the Marital Portion of the Participant’s Accrued Benefit under the Plan valued as of the Participant’s benefit commencement date, or the Alternate Payee’s benefit commencement date, if earlier February 20, 2004. The Marital Portion of the Participant’s accrued benefit shall be determined by multiplying the Participant’s Accrued Benefit as of February 20, 2004 by a fraction (less than or equal to 1.0), the numerator
2 Along with this motion, Husband filed a Motion for Change of Judge. The parties agreed to the appointment of Special Judge Sherry Hartzler, and she accepted appointment on January 14, 2019.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-DR-338 | September 30, 2020 Page 5 of 19 of which is the number of months of the Participant’s participation in the Plan earned during the marriage from June 10, 1989 to February 20, 2004, and the denominator of which is the total number of months of the Participant’s participation in the Plan as of the earlier of his date of cessation of benefit accruals or the date that Alternate Payee commences her benefits hereunder up to February 20, 2004 and no later.
Id. at 46 (stricken language included and bold added for clarification). Husband
requested “that any overpayments made to [Wife] by way of the current
[QDRO] during the pendency of this Motion ultimately be refunded.” Id. at 50.
[8] Wife filed an Objection to Motion for Clarification and a memorandum in
support, asserting that the provisions of the Agreement regarding division of the
Plan are not ambiguous, nor are the provisions of the QDRO, and need no
clarification. Specifically, she asserted, pursuant to the terms of both the
Agreement and the QDRO, application of the marital coverture formula
resulted in a marital fraction (or marital portion) of 53.12% of which she was
entitled to one-half, or 26.56%, and the QDRO, signed by both parties,
approved by the Plan Administrator and the trial court, provided her with that
amount of Husband’s monthly pension benefits. Wife argued that Husband’s
motion was “seeking an impermissible modification of the parties’ []
Agreement.” Id. at 53. Wife also asserted that Husband was attempting to
collaterally attack the Agreement and QDRO after appeal deadlines had passed
and was thus barred. Wife asked that the trial court order Husband to pay her
attorney’s fees incurred in the defense of Husband’s Motion for Clarification.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-DR-338 | September 30, 2020 Page 6 of 19 [9] The trial court held a hearing on October 18, 2019, at which Husband asserted
that, while Wife was entitled to the actuarial equivalent of 50% of the marital
portion of the participant’s accrued benefit, the “problematic language” of the
QDRO was “as of the participant’s benefit commencement date” because that
“conflicts with the language of the [] Agreement,” and “includes assets outside
of the scope of the coverture value[,]” namely “assets which accrue[d] 14 years
after the date of the divorce.” Transcript at 8. Husband argued that the conflict
between the two documents “giv[es] rise to ambiguity” and required
clarification. Id. at 9. Husband maintained that he was “not asking for
modification” but, rather, for the court to “clarify the language [] to give effect
to the [Agreement].” Id. at 12.
[10] Wife responded that she was receiving her half of the marital coverture portion
of the pension benefits which “is what the [] Agreement says” and “what the
parties bargained for.” Id. at 15. Wife’s position was that, at the time of
dissolution, the trial court, pursuant to statute, divided an asset, i.e., the
pension, not a value, and that Wife received one-half of the marital coverture
portion of the pension. She explained that she bargained for her portion of the
asset, not what it was valued at as of the date of separation, otherwise Husband
would receive “all the appreciation and growth on that [pension] benefit” and
“all she’s asking for is that she receive the appreciation on her ha[lf] too[.]” Id.
at 17-18. She asserted that there was no conflict, no ambiguity, and no need for
clarification, and even if there was, Husband reviewed, signed, and submitted
the QDRO to the court in 2004, and the court approved it at that time. Wife
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-DR-338 | September 30, 2020 Page 7 of 19 also argued that his claim was time barred and that Ind. Code § 31-15-7-9.1
prohibits modification of settlement agreements and property disposition. She
also noted that although Husband was pro se at the time of dissolution, he “had
every opportunity to have counsel and chose not to[.]” Id. at 18.
[11] On January 16, 2020, the trial court issued an order denying relief to Husband
and stating in part:
12. The terms of the Marital Settlement Agreement are clear in that Respondent was to receive one-half of the coverture value of the pension. The Court notes that the terms of a contract are not ambiguous merely because controversy exists between the parties concerning the proper interpretation of terms. Where the terms of a contract are clear and unambiguous, the terms are conclusive and we will not construe the contract or look at extrinsic evidence but will merely apply the contractual provisions.
13. Further the terms of the Qualified Domestic Relations Order are similarly clear. First, the parties both signed the Qualified Domestic Relations Order. Further, the calculation of the value of Respondent’s portion of the pension is defined within the Qualified Domestic Relations Order, again signed by both parties. Additionally, the Qualified Domestic Relations Order provided that Respondent was to receive her pro rata share of any post retirement cost-of-living adjustments or economic improvements made to Participant’s benefit on or after the date of his retirement.
***
15. Here, the coverture portion of the retirement benefit is 53.12% of which Wife is receiving 26.56%. The remaining benefit acquired after the dissolution is 46.88% of which
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-DR-338 | September 30, 2020 Page 8 of 19 Husband is receiving the entirety or otherwise 73.44% of the total benefit. To accept Husband’s argument leads to the conclusion that Wife would receive only 12.56% of the benefit, which is contrary to the terms of their dissolution and requests a modification, which is impermissible.
Appellant’s Appendix at 15 (internal quotations and citations omitted). The court
found that the parties “are receiving what they bargained for,” that Husband
was time barred from seeking modification, and that he was not entitled to
equitable relief on the basis that he was unrepresented by counsel because “a
litigant who chooses to proceed Pro Se must be prepared to accept the
consequences of their actions, and they are not entitled to special treatment
because of their Pro Se status.” Id. at 16.
[12] The trial court observed that the Agreement provided that each party would
indemnify the other from any expenses, including attorney’s fees, “incurred by
reason of other’s violation or breach of any terms and conditions hereof” and
the QDRO provided that “the Participant shall not take any action, affirmative
or otherwise that can circumvent the terms and provisions of the [QDRO], or
that could diminish or extinguish the rights and entitlements of the Alternate
payee as set forth herein.” Id. Finding that Husband “has taken action that has
attempted to breach the terms of the [Agreement] to reduce [Wife]’s
entitlement[,]” and Wife “had to retain counsel to defend her receipt of an asset
for which she is clearly entitled[,]” the trial court ordered Husband to pay
Wife’s attorney’s fees associated with his Motion for Clarification. Id. at 17.
[13] Husband now appeals. Additional facts will be provided below as necessary. Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-DR-338 | September 30, 2020 Page 9 of 19 Discussion & Decision [14] Husband contends that the trial court “erred, as a matter of law, by failing to
interpret and clarify language in a QDRO which impermissibly distributes
assets acquired post-dissolution” and that such error “stems from [the court’s]
failure to recognize, and rectify, an ambiguity resulting from conflicting
language between the parties’ [Agreement] and the QDRO.” Appellant’s Brief at
7-8.
[15] In dissolution proceedings, parties are free to enter into settlement agreements,
and such agreements are contractual in nature and binding. Robinson v.
Robinson, 858 N.E.2d 203, 205 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006) (citing Niccum v. Niccum,
734 N.E.2d 637, 639 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000)). General rules applicable to
construction of contracts govern construction of settlement agreements.
Niccum, 734 N.E.2d at 639.
Unless the terms of a contract are ambiguous, they will be given their plain and ordinary meaning. The terms of a contract are not ambiguous merely because controversy exists between the parties concerning the proper interpretation of terms. Where the terms of a contract are clear and unambiguous, the terms are conclusive and we will not construe the contract or look at extrinsic evidence, but will merely apply the contractual provisions.
Id. (citations omitted).
[16] A property settlement agreement incorporated into a final dissolution decree “is
not subject to subsequent modification by the court, except as the agreement
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-DR-338 | September 30, 2020 Page 10 of 19 prescribes or the parties subsequently consent.” Robinson, 858 N.E.2d at 305
(citing Ind. Code § 31-15-2-17); see also I.C. § 31-15-7-9.1 (orders concerning
property disposition may not be revoked or modified except in case of fraud).
However, a trial court does not lack authority to resolve a dispute over the
interpretation of a settlement agreement or property division order. Pherson v.
Lund, 997 N.E.2d 367, 369 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013). The dissolution court that
enters a property settlement agreement is in the best position to resolve
questions of interpretation and enforcement of that agreement and retains
jurisdiction to do so. Id. (quotations omitted). This task is an exercise in the
construction of the terms of a written contract, which is a pure question of law,
and thus our standard of review is de novo. Id.
[17] The crux of Husband’s claim is that, in his view, the Agreement awarded Wife
one-half of his Accrued Benefit as it existed on the date of the filing of his
petition for dissolution, whereas the QDRO assigned Wife a percentage of his
“increased ‘Accrued Benefit’ as of his retirement date 14 years later, which
included post-dissolution accrual of benefits.” 3 Appellant’s Brief at 10. Thus, he
3 Accrued Benefits are not defined in the Agreement or QDRO, but according to Husband in his Motion for Clarification, Accrued Benefits are determined by the following formula: 2% x 5-year Salary Average x Total # Years of Service = Annual Pension Benefit.” Appellant’s Appendix at 43-44. There is no indication in the record that Husband made post-dissolution contributions to the Plan nor does he argue that he did. Using the formula, Husband argues that Paragraph 7 of the QDRO calculates his monthly Accrued Benefits by utilizing his annual base earnings “at the end of his career,” when his earnings were “significantly higher” than his annual base earnings at the time of dissolution, resulting in higher monthly Accrued Benefits and a “windfall” to Wife. Appellant’s Brief at 13-14. More specifically, he states that, using his annual base earnings at the time of dissolution, Husband’s total monthly Accrued Benefit would have been $1582.40, and Wife’s share would have been $762.80, but using his annual base earnings “at the end of his career” resulted in a total monthly Accrued Benefit of $6329.50, with Wife’s share being $1681.11.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-DR-338 | September 30, 2020 Page 11 of 19 asserts, a conflict exists between what the Agreement says and what the QDRO
does, which thereby creates an ambiguity, which he asked the trial court to
rectify via an amended QDRO.
[18] Wife, however, maintains that the Agreement did not award her one-half of his
Accrued Benefit as of the date of filing of dissolution, as Husband claims. We
agree with Wife in that regard. The Agreement states that Wife shall be entitled
to one-half of the marital coverture value of the Plan. It does not state “as of
the date of filing of his petition” or specify any other date. The QDRO,
however, clearly states that it assigns to Wife an amount equal to “fifty percent
of the Marital Portion of Husband’s Accrued Benefit under the Plan as of the
Participant’s benefit commencement date, or the Alternate Payee’s benefit
commencement date, if earlier.” Appellant’s Appendix at 33 (emphasis added).
The QDRO further instructs how the “Marital Portion” of Husband’s Accrued
Benefit would be determined: by multiplying Husband’s Accrued Benefit “by a
fraction . . . the numerator of which is the number of months of the
Participant’s participation in the Plan earned during the marriage . . . and the
denominator of which is the total number of months of the Participant’s participation
in the Plan as of the earlier of his date of cessation of benefit accruals or the date that
Alternate Payee commences her benefits hereunder.” Id. (emphasis added).
The formula for determining Wife’s portion of his benefits thus considers, in the
denominator, Husband’s participation in the plan through the date that he stops
accruing benefits – not just until February 20, 2004. That the QDRO was more
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-DR-338 | September 30, 2020 Page 12 of 19 specific in its terms does not create a conflict with the Agreement or result in
ambiguity.
[19] In seeking reversal, Husband argues that Pherson is on point and illustrates that
Wife should not receive any part of the benefits that accrued in the fourteen
years after they were no longer married. We find that Pherson, while relevant, is
factually distinguishable. There, the husband worked for a railroad and the
parties entered into a settlement agreement in 1991 that provided that wife
would receive one-half “of the Husband’s ‘Tier II’ portion of benefits” and that
the Railroad Board “will pay directly to the Wife said 50% portion of “Tier II’
benefits[.]” 997 N.E.2d at 368. The trial court entered an order several days
later stating that the Board “will pay directly to the Wife said 50% portion of
the ‘Tier II’ benefits[.]” Id. Husband worked an additional 18 ½ years and
retired after forty-two years of employment, and the Board began paying wife
one half of the total Tier II monthly benefits attributable to his forty-two years.
Husband sought clarification of the agreement and the court’s corresponding
order, asserting that wife was receiving non-marital property. The trial court
agreed and determined that the pension contributions in the 18 ½ years since
dissolution were after-acquired property to which wife was not entitled.
[20] On appeal, wife contended that the trial court improperly modified the
agreement. In rejecting that argument and affirming the trial court, this court
expressly recognized that Indiana law encourages divorcing spouses to reach
agreements, parties may agree to provisions that a trial court has no statutory
authority to order – for instance, the parties “could have agreed to divert
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-DR-338 | September 30, 2020 Page 13 of 19 Husband’s after-acquired funds to Wife” – but that their settlement agreement
was “devoid” of any such language. Id. at 370. In contrast to the agreement
and order in Pherson, Husband and Wife in the present case submitted an agreed
QDRO, executed by both parties, to the trial court for approval, and it clearly
provided that Wife was entitled to one-half of the Marital Portion as of the date
of Husband’s retirement.
[21] We find that Robinson is more instructive to the facts and situation before us.
There, the parties’ marriage was dissolved pursuant to a settlement agreement
in 1994. Under the agreement, wife was entitled to a portion of Husband’s Eli
Lilly & Co. monthly pension plan benefit. The parties’ settlement agreement
provided that “under no circumstances shall Wife be entitled to receive more
than One Thousand Four Hundred Twenty-Three Dollars ($1,423.00) monthly
as her share of the Husband’s monthly benefit, regardless of the amount
computed under the coverture formula.” 858 N.E.2d at 204. Similarly, the
QDRO, agreed to by the parties, provided that wife was entitled to “the
actuarial equivalent” of fifty percent of the coverture formula and that “under
no circumstances shall the Alternate Payee be entitled to receive more than One
Thousand Four Hundred Twenty-Three Dollars ($1,423.00) monthly as her
share of the Participant’s monthly retirement benefit, regardless of the amount
calculated under the coverture formula.” Id. at 204-05. In 2001, wife began
receiving her share of husband’s pension in the amount of $1423 per month.
When husband retired in 2004, he discovered that his pension was being
reduced by $1686 per month to fund wife’s $1423 per month share.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-DR-338 | September 30, 2020 Page 14 of 19 [22] In 2005, more than a decade after the dissolution, husband filed a petition to
amend the QDRO, asserting that wife was receiving a higher share of his
monthly pension benefit that she was entitled to receive under the settlement
agreement and QDRO. The trial court granted husband’s petition, and
husband tendered an amended QDRO stating that his monthly benefit “shall
not be reduced by more than $1423.” Id. at 205. Wife appealed, arguing that
the trial court improperly modified the parties’ settlement agreement over her
objection, and this court reversed. In so doing, we observed that the settlement
agreement and QDRO did not contain any provisions addressing a maximum
reduction in the husband’s pension benefit; rather, the documents placed a
limitation on the maximum amount that the wife was to receive as her share.
We stated, “Husband could have, but failed to bargain for terms in the
agreement expressly limiting the reduction of his monthly pension benefit[.]”
Id. at 206-07.
[23] As is particularly relevant to this case, husband also posed the argument that
the QDRO and the settlement agreement documents were inconsistent with
each other because the QDRO gave wife “an actuarial interest” in his pension
benefit whereas the settlement agreement did not, and, therefore, an
amendment to the QDRO was appropriate to enforce the terms of the
settlement agreement. Id. at 208. The Robinson court found that since husband
had agreed to the term providing for an actuarial equivalent to wife, “we cannot
agree with his argument that the QDRO should be amended due to the lack of
an equivalent provision in the settlement agreement.” Id. at 208. The court
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-DR-338 | September 30, 2020 Page 15 of 19 concluded that the trial court’s grant of husband’s request for an amended
QDRO “was an improper modification of the parties’ settlement agreement and
the court’s final dissolution decree.” Id.
[24] We find the same reasoning applies to the present case. Husband agreed to the
terms of the QDRO, including that Wife was entitled to half of the marital
portion as of the date that Husband began receiving benefits. The lack of an
equivalent provision in the Agreement did not necessitate amendment of the
QDRO. See id. The trial court properly denied Husband’s request to issue an
amended QDRO.
[25] To the extent that Husband argues the QDRO was contrary to Indiana law
because it impermissibly distributed post-dissolution assets to Wife, we find no
error. We agree with Wife that, first, the time for Husband to challenge the
QDRO, which was incorporated into the Agreement, has long passed, and,
second, even if the QDRO did distribute post-dissolution assets, “that was the
parties’ choice and cannot constitute error of the Trial court.” Appellee’s Brief at
10. See Pherson, 997 N.E.2d at 370 (parties may agree to provisions that a trial
court has no statutory authority to order).
[26] The trial court properly denied Husband’s Motion for Clarification.
Attorney’s Fees
[27] Husband asserts that the trial court abused its discretion when it ordered him to
pay Wife’s attorney’s fees that she accrued in defending against his Motion for
Clarification and asks that we vacate the award. In post-dissolution
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-DR-338 | September 30, 2020 Page 16 of 19 proceedings, the trial court may order a party to pay a reasonable amount for
attorney’s fees. See Bessolo v. Rosario, 966 N.E.2d 725, 733 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012),
trans. denied; Ind. Code § 31-15-10-1(a). We have recognized:
The trial court has broad discretion in awarding attorney’s fees. Reversal is proper only where the trial court’s award is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before the court. In assessing attorney’s fees, the trial court may consider such factors as the resources of the parties, the relative earning ability of the parties, and other factors bearing on the reasonableness of the award. In addition, any misconduct on the part of a party that directly results in the other party incurring additional fees may be taken into consideration. Further, the trial court need not give its reasons for its decision to award attorney’s fees.
Myers v. Myers (Phifer), 80 N.E.3d 932, 938 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017) (internal
citations and quotations omitted).
[28] Here, in its order, the trial court referenced a provision in the Agreement that
provided each party would “indemnify and . . . hold the other harmless from . .
. expenses (including attorney’s fees), costs and other fees incurred by reason of
other’s violation or breach of any terms and conditions hereof” and a provision
in the QDRO stating that “the Participant shall not take any action, affirmative
or otherwise that can circumvent the terms and provisions of the Qualified
Domestic Relations Order, or that could diminish or extinguish the rights and
entitlements of the Alternate payee as set forth herein.” Appellant’s Appendix at
16. The court then determined:
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-DR-338 | September 30, 2020 Page 17 of 19 [Husband] has taken action that has attempted to breach the terms of the Marital Settlement Agreement to reduce [Wife]’s entitlement. Thus, according to the terms of the Agreement and [QDRO], [Husband] shall pay [Wife]’s attorney fees in the amount of $6,220.00, for which the Court finds are reasonable.
Id. at 17 (emphases added).
[29] Husband argues that the Agreement does not authorize attorney’s fees for
“attempting to breach” the Agreement, and requires actual breach, and the
QDRO “does not authorize the assessment of an attorney fee award when
seeking clarification if its language.” Appellant’s Brief at 9. Therefore, Husband
claims, by referring to and relying on “provisions which do not authorize the []
attorney fee award in this situation[,]” the trial court committed reversible error
by ordering him to pay Wife’s fees. Id. We disagree.
[30] Husband acknowledges the trial court’s broad discretion in awarding attorney’s
fees in post-dissolution proceedings and that “there are statutes which may
authorize the award of attorney fees in this situation,” but asserts, “the trial
court did not cite to any statute.” Reply Brief at 16. We reject the claim that this
requires reversal. The trial court explained in its order that Wife “had to retain
counsel to defend her receipt of an asset for which she was clearly entitled.”
Appellant’s Appendix at 17. This was a proper consideration. See Bessolo, 966
N.E.2d at 733 (affirming trial court’s award of attorney’s fees to father where
father had to defend against what the trial court found was a meritless motion
to restrict his parenting time). We cannot say that the trial court abused its
discretion in ordering Husband to pay Wife attorney’s fees. Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-DR-338 | September 30, 2020 Page 18 of 19 [31] Wife requests that we order Husband to pay her appellate attorney’s fees. Our
appellate rules authorize us to “assess damages if an appeal, petition, or
motion, or response, is frivolous or in bad faith. Damages shall be in the
Court’s discretion and may include attorneys’ fees.” Ind. Appellate Rule 66(E).
Damages will be assessed only where an appellant, acting in bad faith,
maintains a wholly frivolous appeal. Bessolo, 966 N.E.2d at 734. While App.
R. 66(E) permits us to award damages on appeal, we must act with extreme
restraint in this regard due to the potential chilling effect on the exercise of the
right to appeal. Id. “A strong showing is required to justify an award of
appellate damages, and the sanction is not imposed to punish mere lack of
merit, but something more egregious.” Id. To prevail on her claim for
attorney’s fees, Wife must show that Husband’s contentions and arguments on
appeal are “utterly devoid of all plausibility.” Id. (quoting Bergerson v. Bergerson,
895 N.E.2d 705, 716 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008)). Although we affirm the trial court’s
decision, we do not find that Husband’s arguments are utterly devoid of all
plausibility. Thus, we decline to order Husband to pay Wife’s appellate
attorney’s fees.
[32] Judgment affirmed.
Bailey, J. and Crone, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-DR-338 | September 30, 2020 Page 19 of 19