CLOPTON, J.
— By authority of the eleventh section of “ An act to establish a separate school district, to be known as the Cullman School District, in Cullman county, Alabama, and for the appointment of trustees for said school district, with certain powers and privileges,” the trustees levied a tax, which the appellant paid under compulsion, protest, and with notice of suit; and he now sues to recover the amount. — Acts 1884-85, p. 461. The question is, whether, under the State constitution, it is competent for the legislature to delegate to the trustees the power to tax. We have thus limited the question, as we do not wish what may be said to be understood as applicable to school districts created within the corporate limits of a municipal corporation, where the power to tax resides in the muni[243]*243cipal authorities, and is not in excess of the constitutional limitation. Though the amount in controversy is insignificant, great importance attaches to the question, as it touches and materially affects the legislative attempts, which have come into practice during the last few years, to extend and impart more efficiency to the system of public education, by the establishment of separate school districts, with powers in the trustees to supplement their share of the general school fund by the levy and collection of a special and additional tax. Its consideration should be approached under a due sense, on the one hand, of the incalculable advantages and benefits of a pervading and efficient system of public education; and, on the other, of the individual rights and public interests dependent on maintain^ ing intact the organic law, the declared will of the sovereign people.
The legislative power, conferred on the General Assembly, is plenary, except as restrained by the Federal and State constitutions, and by the rule, that it must be legislative in character and purpose. Whoever asserts the uncohistitutionality of a statute, assumes the burden to show some constitutional prohibition violated, or some limitation exceeded. The prohibition or limitation need not be express; it is sufficient if such is the manifest implication from the tenor and spirit of all the provisions relating to the subject-matter. The taxing power is legislative, and, being an incident of sovereignty, is only limited as to, the subjects and rates of taxation, in the absence of constitutional limitation, by public purposes and the needs of the government.. But we have not to deal with the power to tax, as conferred on the General Assembly. The right to exercise legislative power, and to delegate it to subordinate agencies and auxiliaries, are essentially different questions. The rule of constitutional law is, that when the constitution creates a department, on which sovereign power is conferred, the grant is exclusive, except as its delegation may be.authorized by the granting instrument. The power to tax, so unlimited in capacity, so far-reaching in effect, and so liable to abuse, peculiarly falls within the operation of this rule. — Cooley on Tax. 61. Whoever, in such case, asserts competency to delegate, assumes the onus to show constitutional authority, express or clearly implied.
Article 13 of the constitution (1875) commands: “The General Assembly shall establish, organize and maintain a system of public schools throughout the State, for the equal benefit of the children thereof.” The duty being enjoined, it is insisted that the incidental and necessary powers to [244]*244its performance should be implied, including not only the power to establish separate school districts, but also to confer on the trustees of such school districts the power to tax for educational purposes. The article designates special funds and a special tax, which, with such moneys as the General Assembly shall provide by taxation or otherwise, constitute the public school fund, which it is made the duty of the General Assembly to increase, from time to time, as the condition of the treasury and the resources of the State will admit. Section 4 declares, that the General Assembly shall provide for the levying and collection of an annual poll-tax, which shall be applied to the support of the public schools in the counties in which it is levied and collected. Other than a poll-tax, the article does not import that taxes shall be imposed specially for educational purposes. It seems to contemplate, that the moneys, which the General Assembly shall provide by taxation, are to be raised under the general taxing power, in the same manner as the general revenue is raised, and to be appropriated in such amounts as the condition of the treasury and the resources of the State may justify, but not to be less than one hundred thousand dollars per annum. The public school system, which the constitution enjoins shall be established, organized and maintained, extends throughout the State, and is for the equal benefit of the children thereof, operating upon and in favor of all alike, without special local rights, privileges, or burdens. In addition to the special funds enumerated, and a poll-tax, the power of taxation, as conferred on the General Assembly, and limited by the constitution, was deemed a proper and sufficient mode of discharging this legislative, duty. ' While there can be no question of the power of the legislature to establish separate school districts, and to create them bodies corporate, as auxiliaries in the administration of the general system, the constitution makes no provision for such districts, and no implied powers arise.
The “Cullman School District” is not created a corporation in terms; but we shall regard it, by implication, as a public corporation, being for public purposes, as otherwise it would be a palpable violation of the constitutional prohibition, “No power to levy taxes shall be delegated to individuals or private corporations.” There being no express authority conferred, the power to delegate must be implied ; but the implication only extends to such public corporations as are established exceptions to the general rule of incompetency to delegate. Says Justice Cooley: “There is, nevertheless, one clearly defined exception to the rule, [245]*245that the legislature shall not delegate any portion of its authority. The exception, however, is strictly in harmony with the general features of our political system, and it rests upon an implication of popular assent, which is conclusive. The exception relates to the case of municipal corporations.” Such corporations, being considered parts of the machinery of the government, governmental agencies necessary and most effective to manage the local affairs of the people residing in the designated locality, by custom immemorial, a portion of the political powers of the State has been delegated to them, to be exercised in local administration; and the authority to delegate, if not expresslj’ incorporated in the constitution, may be regarded as clearly implied. Cooley on Tax., 63. On this principle the framers of the constitution acted. The convention; without conferring express authority to delegate to municipal and like corporations, and yet recognizing and admitting its manifest implication, deemed it sufficient to declare limitations upon the extent of the delegation. Hence, after creating limitations upon the power of the General Assembly as to equality and rate of taxation on property, limitations upon the power of counties, cities, towms, and other municipal corporations, were also created in the same article of the constitution.
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CLOPTON, J.
— By authority of the eleventh section of “ An act to establish a separate school district, to be known as the Cullman School District, in Cullman county, Alabama, and for the appointment of trustees for said school district, with certain powers and privileges,” the trustees levied a tax, which the appellant paid under compulsion, protest, and with notice of suit; and he now sues to recover the amount. — Acts 1884-85, p. 461. The question is, whether, under the State constitution, it is competent for the legislature to delegate to the trustees the power to tax. We have thus limited the question, as we do not wish what may be said to be understood as applicable to school districts created within the corporate limits of a municipal corporation, where the power to tax resides in the muni[243]*243cipal authorities, and is not in excess of the constitutional limitation. Though the amount in controversy is insignificant, great importance attaches to the question, as it touches and materially affects the legislative attempts, which have come into practice during the last few years, to extend and impart more efficiency to the system of public education, by the establishment of separate school districts, with powers in the trustees to supplement their share of the general school fund by the levy and collection of a special and additional tax. Its consideration should be approached under a due sense, on the one hand, of the incalculable advantages and benefits of a pervading and efficient system of public education; and, on the other, of the individual rights and public interests dependent on maintain^ ing intact the organic law, the declared will of the sovereign people.
The legislative power, conferred on the General Assembly, is plenary, except as restrained by the Federal and State constitutions, and by the rule, that it must be legislative in character and purpose. Whoever asserts the uncohistitutionality of a statute, assumes the burden to show some constitutional prohibition violated, or some limitation exceeded. The prohibition or limitation need not be express; it is sufficient if such is the manifest implication from the tenor and spirit of all the provisions relating to the subject-matter. The taxing power is legislative, and, being an incident of sovereignty, is only limited as to, the subjects and rates of taxation, in the absence of constitutional limitation, by public purposes and the needs of the government.. But we have not to deal with the power to tax, as conferred on the General Assembly. The right to exercise legislative power, and to delegate it to subordinate agencies and auxiliaries, are essentially different questions. The rule of constitutional law is, that when the constitution creates a department, on which sovereign power is conferred, the grant is exclusive, except as its delegation may be.authorized by the granting instrument. The power to tax, so unlimited in capacity, so far-reaching in effect, and so liable to abuse, peculiarly falls within the operation of this rule. — Cooley on Tax. 61. Whoever, in such case, asserts competency to delegate, assumes the onus to show constitutional authority, express or clearly implied.
Article 13 of the constitution (1875) commands: “The General Assembly shall establish, organize and maintain a system of public schools throughout the State, for the equal benefit of the children thereof.” The duty being enjoined, it is insisted that the incidental and necessary powers to [244]*244its performance should be implied, including not only the power to establish separate school districts, but also to confer on the trustees of such school districts the power to tax for educational purposes. The article designates special funds and a special tax, which, with such moneys as the General Assembly shall provide by taxation or otherwise, constitute the public school fund, which it is made the duty of the General Assembly to increase, from time to time, as the condition of the treasury and the resources of the State will admit. Section 4 declares, that the General Assembly shall provide for the levying and collection of an annual poll-tax, which shall be applied to the support of the public schools in the counties in which it is levied and collected. Other than a poll-tax, the article does not import that taxes shall be imposed specially for educational purposes. It seems to contemplate, that the moneys, which the General Assembly shall provide by taxation, are to be raised under the general taxing power, in the same manner as the general revenue is raised, and to be appropriated in such amounts as the condition of the treasury and the resources of the State may justify, but not to be less than one hundred thousand dollars per annum. The public school system, which the constitution enjoins shall be established, organized and maintained, extends throughout the State, and is for the equal benefit of the children thereof, operating upon and in favor of all alike, without special local rights, privileges, or burdens. In addition to the special funds enumerated, and a poll-tax, the power of taxation, as conferred on the General Assembly, and limited by the constitution, was deemed a proper and sufficient mode of discharging this legislative, duty. ' While there can be no question of the power of the legislature to establish separate school districts, and to create them bodies corporate, as auxiliaries in the administration of the general system, the constitution makes no provision for such districts, and no implied powers arise.
The “Cullman School District” is not created a corporation in terms; but we shall regard it, by implication, as a public corporation, being for public purposes, as otherwise it would be a palpable violation of the constitutional prohibition, “No power to levy taxes shall be delegated to individuals or private corporations.” There being no express authority conferred, the power to delegate must be implied ; but the implication only extends to such public corporations as are established exceptions to the general rule of incompetency to delegate. Says Justice Cooley: “There is, nevertheless, one clearly defined exception to the rule, [245]*245that the legislature shall not delegate any portion of its authority. The exception, however, is strictly in harmony with the general features of our political system, and it rests upon an implication of popular assent, which is conclusive. The exception relates to the case of municipal corporations.” Such corporations, being considered parts of the machinery of the government, governmental agencies necessary and most effective to manage the local affairs of the people residing in the designated locality, by custom immemorial, a portion of the political powers of the State has been delegated to them, to be exercised in local administration; and the authority to delegate, if not expresslj’ incorporated in the constitution, may be regarded as clearly implied. Cooley on Tax., 63. On this principle the framers of the constitution acted. The convention; without conferring express authority to delegate to municipal and like corporations, and yet recognizing and admitting its manifest implication, deemed it sufficient to declare limitations upon the extent of the delegation. Hence, after creating limitations upon the power of the General Assembly as to equality and rate of taxation on property, limitations upon the power of counties, cities, towms, and other municipal corporations, were also created in the same article of the constitution.
The character of the legislation antecedent to the present constitution was calculated to especially direct the consideration of its framers to the necessity of protection against excessive and oppressive taxation of property. The result is, every provision in respect to the subject is a limitation or restraint upon the power conferred by the general grant of legislative power. In fact, the entire constitution may be regarded as restraining in its character and operation in respect to taxation. It was, no doubt, intended to limit the taxing power of the General Assembly, and of all the subordinate agencies of the government, to whom there was authority to delegate the power. The conclusion, that municipal corporations, including counties, which may be classed as ■involuntary quasi municipal, are the only public corporations which the constitution recognizes as an exception to the general rule, that the legislature shall not delegate the power to tax, is strengthened by the proviso to the 24th section of the Declaration of Bights, which furnishes rules for the construction of subsequent provisions when doubtful. After modifying the declared right of eminent domain, it is provided, that it “shall not be so construed as to allow taxation or forced subscriptions for the benefit of railroads, or ony other hind of corporations other than municipal, or for the benefit of any individual or association.” While it may [246]*246be admitted there is confusion of ideas — confounding the power of taxation and the right of eminent domain — the proviso is significant to show an intention that taxation shall not be allowed, under any pretense, to corporations other than municipal.— Waterhouse v. Board of C. & D. of Cleveland Schools, 8 Heisk. 857.
It is useless to Waste discussion to show that the “Cull-man School District” is not a municipal corporation. Speaking of such districts as corporate bodies, Judge Dillon says : “Considered with respect to the limited number of their corporate powers, the bodies above named rank low down in the scale or grade of corporate existence ; and hence haye been frequently termed quasi corporations. This designation distinguishes them, on the one hand, from corporations aggregate, and on the other, from municipal corporations proper, such as cities or towns acting under charters, or incorporating statutes, and which are invested with more functions and a larger amount of corporate life.” 1 Dil. Mu. Corp., § 25; Heller v. Stenmel, 52 Mo. 309.
The people have no voice in the selection of the trustees, nor in the management and control of the public schools, the building of school-houses, or any of the local affairs of the district. The first trustees are appointed, eo nomine, in the act, and their successors by the State superintendent of education. They are clothed with all the executive powers pertaining to the purposes of the corporation, and are vested with the highest attribute of legislative power, to levy and collect a tax. Exclusive of the trustees, the corporation has no functions ; it does not possess what has been said to be the distinguishing feature of a municipal corporation proper, the power of local government in a corporate capacity ; and the cardinal principle of self-taxation is ignored. It has no features in harmony with our system of republican government. However earnest may be the interest in popular education, and however great may be the desire to contribute to its spread and advancement, we can not afford, in order to accomplish an end so benevolent and beneficial, to break down the constitutional safe-guards of property, which the sovereign people have ordained for their protection. If the authority of the legislature to delegate the power to tax to the trustees of this district is upheld, the constitutional limitations upon the power of the General Assembly, counties and municipal corporations, are vain and delusive. Similar corporations, to an indefinite number, may be created, covering the entire territorial area and population of the State — subordinate agencies despotic mb modo, being governed by trustees of legislative appoint[247]*247ment with power to impose a tax on the people, to whom they are under no official accountability, who have clothed them with no authority, and who are appointed without the consent of those who are to;pay the tax, directly or indirectly expressed. If this can be done for educational purposes, it may be done for any other public purpose. Such legislation, first induced by a patriotic desire to secure the great desideratum of popular education, calculated' to lull viligance, may become misgovern ment, subversive of the fundamental and distinguishing principles of republican institutions. Considering all the provisions of the constitution, and all the public rights and interests involved, we are forced to hold that the General Assembly had no authority to delegate the power to tax to the trustees of the “ Cullman School District.”
Reversed and remanded.