CLAY, Circuit Judge.
Plaintiff, William Schramm, appeals from the order issued by the district court on January 7, 2003, granting summary judgment in favor of Defendant, Rodney Slater, in this action for sex discrimination under Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. For the reasons set forth below, we AFFIRM the district court.
BACKGROUND
Procedural History
On May 24, 2000, Plaintiff filed a complaint in federal court against Rodney E. Slater, Secretary of the Federal Aviation Administration’s Department of Transportation. Plaintiff set forth three counts, alleging: (1) sex discrimination, through hostile work environment and disparate treatment, in violation of Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq.; (2) reprisal/retaliation, in violation of Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq.; and (3) violation of due process and equal protection rights, under the constitution and 42 U.S.C. § 1983.
On October 20, 2000, Judge James G. Carr entered an order, transferring the case to Magistrate Judge Vernelis K. Armstrong, upon consent of the parties. On December 19, 2000, the parties stipulated [36]*36to the dismissal of the third count of the complaint.
On August 15, 2002, Defendant filed a motion for summary judgment. On January 7, 2003, the magistrate judge filed a Memorandum Decision and Order, granting Defendant’s motion for summary judgment.
On February 28, 2003, Plaintiff filed a timely notice of appeal.
Substantive Facts
The facts were stated in summary form by the magistrate judge:
Plaintiff, a white male and Air Force veteran, obtained employment with the FAA as a flight data aid with Cleveland’s En Route Center [in or before 1981].... In 1985, Plaintiff was promoted to air traffic controller at the Toledo Express Airport (Toledo Express) and was assigned to that facility until November, 1998. From Spring 1993 through May 1996, Plaintiff served as President of the National Air Traffic Controllers Association.
During his tenure at Toledo Express, Plaintiff was diagnosed with depression, anxiety and post traumatic stress syndrome .... Plaintiff was placed on trauma leave from June or July 1996 through December 1996.... From December 1996 through February 3, 1997, Plaintiff was temporarily assigned to the Ann Arbor Airport. In November-1998, Plaintiff took administrative leave because of emotional stress associated with alleged gender harassment.... Plaintiff retired for medical reasons in November 1998.
Plaintiff claims that the stress he experienced during his employment at Toledo Express was the result of a hostile work environment resulting from conduct of female co-workers and disparate treatment because of his gender. He complained several times to his employer that he was being subjected to false accusations by female co-workers Jean Drury, Karen Cooper, Linda Verkennes and Carrie Evans. Plaintiff also complained that: 1) he was subjected to a stricter standard and singled out as compared to female co-workers and was subjected to inappropriate, sometimes screaming tirades by female co-workers Karen Cooper and Carrie Evans; 2) Carrie Evans and Karen Cooper were given preferential work and leave scheduling; and his complaints to his supervisor, Jim Blumberg, and other management were not investigated or addressed in the same manner or taken as seriously as complaints of discrimination by female coworkers.
On September 14, 1998, Plaintiff filed an Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) complaint alleging gender discrimination based on collusion between co-worker, Karen Cooper, and management for purposes of forcing him from the midnight shift and reprisal for filing previous EEO filings. [The complaint was dismissed.]....
On November 15, 1998, Karen Cooper screamed during a confrontation with Plaintiff “we got you.” Construing this comment to mean that Karen Cooper and management had been successful in efforts to retaliate against him for filing EEO complaints, Plaintiff filed an EEO complaint alleging reprisal/retaliation. [The complaint was dismissed.]....
On or about March 1, 1999, Plaintiff filed another EEO complaint alleging retaliation based upon the November 15, 1998 collaboration between management and a co-worker to force him to alter his work schedule. [The complaint was dismissed.]
(J.A. at 645-48) (citations omitted).
These facts can be elaborated upon. Various other workers in this workplace, [37]*37besides Plaintiff, made informal and formal complaints of sexual harassment or sex-based disparate treatment — these other complaints are material to this lawsuit. In the first episode of harassment described by Plaintiff, female controller Jean Drury insisted that Plaintiff (in his capacity as a union representative) place a complaint to a male supervisor, Mark Bernard, regarding the flirtatious conduct between female controller Tracy Michael and “another controller with whom she was allegedly amorously involved.” (Petitioner’s Br. at 4.) Plaintiff mentions this in stating that Bernard told Michael and the other individual about Plaintiffs complaint — this “created animosity towards” Plaintiff. Id.
In the second episode described by Plaintiff, Michael told Plaintiff of allegedly harassing remarks made by three male controllers. Even though Michael wished that the information remain confidential. Plaintiff confided to supervisor Ted Elder, who then approached the three male controllers “and informed them that Mr. Schramm was trying to persuade Ms. Michael to file an EEO complaint against them. Elder later admitted that he intended to create animosity among fellow controllers towards Mr. Schramm.” (Petitioner’s Br. at 5.)
Plaintiffs co-worker Karen Cooper made various complaints of harassment against co-workers. Cooper made a claim of harassment against male co-worker Neven Vos. Plaintiff “informed Cooper that he intended to support” Vos. (Petitioner’s Br. at 13.) According to Plaintiff, this support was the reason that Cooper made complaints that Plaintiff was violating the rule against smoking in the tower.1 Karen Cooper had an EEO harassment settlement (regarding harassment which does not appear to have involved Plaintiff); the terms of this settlement apparently made Cooper’s schedule inflexible — this inflexibility prevented Defendant from altering Cooper’s schedule to accommodate Plaintiffs request not to work on the same shift with Cooper. Management also cited Cooper’s harassment claims in explaining why Plaintiffs requested attempts to avoid working with Cooper could not be granted: “Mr. Shegitz [a supervisor] wrote a memorandum to Jim Blumberg [a supervisor] instructing him to counsel me that any further attempts to avoid working with Cooper would be seen as retaliatory [against Cooper].” (J.A. at 606.)
In another matter, Plaintiffs co-worker Carrie Evans filed an EEO complaint, alleging sexual harassment and discrimination, based on alleged preferential scheduling. It appears Evans’ complaint was erroneous in placing blame on Plaintiff, because Plaintiff was not responsible for Evans’ scheduling.
Plaintiff requested that supervisor Tim Shegitz transfer Plaintiff from Toledo to Columbus or alter the scheduling so that Plaintiff would not have to work the same shift as Cooper, but Shegitz did not accommodate these requests. More details are set forth as they are pertinent, below.
DISCUSSION
Plaintiff argues that the district court erred in granting summary judgment on the claim of sex discrimination as a result of a hostile work environment and the claim of unlawful retaliation. We take these two issues in order.
We review the grant or denial of summary judgment de novo. Eastman Kodak Co. v. Image Technical Servs., Inc., 504 [38]*38U.S. 451, 466 n. 10, 112 S.Ct. 2072, 119 L.Ed.2d 265 (1992); Buckeye Cmty. Hope Found. v. City of Cuyhaoga Falls, 263 F.3d 627, 633 (6th Cir.2001); Johnson v. Econ. Dev. Corp., 241 F.3d 501, 509 (6th Cir.2001). Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine issue of material fact, thereby entitling the movant to a judgment as a matter of law. Kocsis v. Multi-Care Mgmt., Inc., 97 F.3d 876, 882 (6th Cir.1996). In Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.,477 U.S. 242, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986), the Supreme Court explained that “[t]he mere existence of a scintilla of evidence in support of the plaintiffs position will be insufficient; there must be evidence on which the jury could reasonably find for the plaintiff.” Id. at 252, 106 S.Ct. 2505. Our “inquiry, therefore, unavoidably asks whether reasonable jurors could find by a preponderance of evidence that the plaintiff is entitled to a verdict.” Id.
The “mere possibility” of a factual dispute is not sufficient to create a triable case. Gregg v. Allen-Bradley Co., 801 F.2d 859, 863 (6th Cir.1986). To defeat summary judgment, the plaintiff “must come forward with more persuasive evidence to support [his] claim than would otherwise be necessary.” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986). If the defendant successfully demonstrates, after a reasonable period of discovery, that the plaintiff cannot produce sufficient evidence beyond the bare allegations of the complaint to support an essential element of his or her case, summary judgment is appropriate. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 325, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). When determining whether to reach this conclusion, we view the evidence and draw all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 157, 90 S.Ct. 1598, 26 L.Ed.2d 142 (1970); Williams v. Int'l Paper Co., 227 F.3d 706, 710 (6th Cir.2000); Smith v. Thornburg, 136 F.3d 1070, 1074 (6th Cir.1998).
I.
The magistrate judge granted summary judgment on the claim of sexual harassment, concluding that any harassment was not based on sex and that the harassment was not sufficiently severe. Plaintiff contests this ruling.
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination “because of ... race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a). One way in which a plaintiff may show unlawful discrimination is by demonstrating the existence of a hostile work environment. This Court has stated the elements of a hostile work environment claim:
A plaintiff may establish a violation of Title VII by proving that the sex discrimination created a hostile or abusive work environment without having to prove a tangible employment action. See Meritor Sav. Bank v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57, 106 S.Ct. 2399, 91 L.Ed.2d 49 (1986). In order to establish a hostile work environment claim, an employee must show the following: 1) the employee is a member of a protected class, 2) the employee was subject to unwelcomed sexual harassment, 3) the harassment was based on the employee’s sex, 4) the harassment created a hostile work environment, and 5) the employer failed to take reasonable care to prevent and correct any sexually harassing behavior.2 [39]*39See Williams v. General Motors Corp., 187 F.3d 553, 560-61 (6th Cir.1999).
Bowman v. Shawnee State Univ., 220 F.3d 456, 462-63 (6th Cir.2000). To be actionable, harassment must be severe or pervasive, creating an objectively hostile work environment, thus altering the conditions of employment. Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Servs., 523 U.S. 75, 81, 118 S.Ct. 998, 140 L.Ed.2d 201 (1998); Bowman, 220 F.3d at 463.
The term “harassment” (or “harassing”) is used in all five of the elements except for the first. Thus, before inquiring as to whether the degree of “harassment” was sufficient to violate Title VII, it is important to determine whether there was any discriminatory “harassment” in the first place.
In defining the type of “harassment” prohibited by Title VII, the Supreme Court has stated:
We have never held that workplace harassment, even harassment between men and women, is automatically discrimination because of sex merely because the words used have sexual content or connotations. “The critical issue, Title VU’s text indicates, is whether members of one sex are exposed to disadvantageous terms or conditions of employment to which members of the other sex are not exposed.” Harris [v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17], 25, 114 S.Ct. 367, 126 L.Ed.2d 295 [ (1993) ] (GINSBURG, J., concurring).
Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Servs., 523 U.S. 75, 80, 118 S.Ct. 998, 140 L.Ed.2d 201 (1998); see also id. at 81, 118 S.Ct. 998 (“The prohibition of harassment on the basis of sex requires neither asexuality nor androgyny in the workplace.... ”).
Plaintiff cites various instances of workplace behavior with “sexual content or connotations.” In the first episode that Plaintiff describes, Plaintiff states that female controller Jean Drury insisted that Plaintiff, as a (union) “facility representative,” place a complaint to a male supervisor. Mark Bernard, regarding the flirtatious conduct between female controller Tracy Michael and “another controller with whom she was allegedly amorously involved.” (Petitioner’s Br. at 4.) Plaintiff blames Bernard, a male, for telling Michael and the other individual about Plaintiffs complaint. But nothing in this account suggests that Plaintiff was harassed due to his sex; rather, from this account it appears that Plaintiffs role as a facility representative helped precipitate the conflict.
Likewise, when Plaintiff told supervisor Ted Elder of female co-worker Tracy Michael’s complaints of sexual harassment by three male co-workers, Elder’s telling the three males was not sex-based harassment against Plaintiff. If anything, Elder was favoring Plaintiffs sex by giving the three males advanced notice of a female’s complaint (which Plaintiff had relayed to Elder). Any animosity created towards Plaintiff was not a result of the work environment being hostile to males.
As another example, Plaintiff alleges that Jean Drury “had tagged an aircraft target with the words ‘Lick Me.’ ” (J.A. at 560.) This could be offensive to reasonable people, but the offensiveness has nothing to do with Plaintiffs being male. The language would be equally offensive to a female who finds vulgarity offensive as to a male with similar sensibilities.
[40]*40Plaintiff complains that co-worker Karen Cooper was “known to be dangerous, a threat to public safety and ... had systematically targeted other persons she disliked.” (Petitioner’s Br. at 16.) Plaintiff alleges having had to be hospitalized after an explosive confrontation in which Cooper screamed at him, “in a fit of hysterical rage,” after Plaintiff asked her to stop smoking in the tower. (Petitioner’s Br. at 16.) Nothing in this example suggests that sex was a factor in creating the unpleasant work environment. There does not appear to have been any sex-based harassment, from an objective standard, regardless of whether Plaintiff subjectively perceived sex-based harassment.3
Plaintiff presents certain evidence that might be probative of a claim of disparate treatment by management. Tracy Michael’s affidavit states that there was disparate treatment in that management allowed Cooper to use vulgarity but warned Plaintiff after he had used vulgarity. Likewise, (male) co-worker Neven Vos stated that management took no action when there were complaints against Cooper, who was given more leeway than Plaintiff. Also, co-worker James Poole, Regional Vice President of the union, stated, “I witnessed a pattern of sexual discrimination towards men at Toledo,” explaining that females’ complaints of harassment were addressed more promptly and more effectively than complaints by males. (J.A. at 570-71.)
Yet it does not appear that this Court can consider an argument of disparate treatment. The evidence of disparate treatment is only presented in support of Plaintiff’s claim for sex-based harassment. In Plaintiff’s complaint disparate treatment was alleged (in addition to sex-based harassment). But on appeal Plaintiff does not make any disparate treatment argument; rather, on appeal, Plaintiff argues only that there was a hostile work environment. Claims not raised on appeal are waived. Kocsis v. Multi-Care Mgmt., 97 F.3d 876, 881 (6th Cir.1996); Enertech Elec. v. Mahoning County Comm’rs, 85 F.3d 257, 259 (6th Cir.1996). Disparate treatment and hostile work environment arguments both allege violation of Title VII rights. However, a disparate treatment argument is analytically distinct from a hostile work environment argument — the tests for the two theories of liability have different elements — thus indicating that Plaintiffs hostile work environment argument was not sufficient to preserve the disparate treatment argument before this Court. For these reasons, summary judgment was properly granted on Plaintiff’s sex discrimination claim.4
[41]*41II.
The magistrate judge granted summary-judgment on the claim of unlawful retaliation, concluding that the fourth required prima facie prong was not met. Plaintiff challenges this ruling.
Title VII forbids retaliation for any act seeking to enforce the statute’s prohibition on discrimination. E.g., Johnson v. Univ. of Cincinnati, 215 F.3d 561, 578 (6th Cir. 2000) (“this section [42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a) (1994) ] prohibits an employer from retaliating against an employee who has ‘opposed’ any practice by the employer made unlawful under Title VII; and prohibits an employer from retaliating against an employee who has ‘participated’ in any manner in an investigation under Title VIL”).
As with other federal law discrimination cases, retaliation can be proved through direct evidence or circumstantial evidence. DiCarlo v. Potter, 358 F.3d 408, 420 (6th Cir.2004). Where, as here, the evidence is circumstantial, Plaintiff must make a prima facie case of retaliation:
In order to establish a claim of retaliation, [a plaintiff] must prove that (1) she engaged in an activity protected by Title VII, (2) the exercise of that protected right was known to the [employer], (3) the [employer] thereafter took an employment action adverse to [the plaintiff], or that [the plaintiff] was subjected to severe or pervasive retaliatory harassment by a supervisor, and (4) a causal connection existed between the protected activity and the adverse employment action or harassment.
Akers v. Alvey, 338 F.3d 491, 497 (6th Cir.2003) (citations omitted). Accord Di-Carlo, 358 F.3d at 420. The prima facie burden is light.5
Where a plaintiff meets the third prong of the prima facie case by demonstrating that an adverse employment act was taken, then, in the second step of the burden-shifting framework, the defendant faces a burden of production, to offer a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the adverse employment action. Akers, 338 F.3d at 499; DiCarlo, 358 F.3d at 420. If the defendant carries its burden, then, in the final stage in the process, the plaintiff may demonstrate to the factfinder that the defendant’s proffered reason is a mere pretext for intentional discrimination. Akers, 338 F.3d at 499; DiCarlo, 358 F.3d at 420.
If the third prima facie prong is met through evidence of retaliatory harassment, then the other two steps in the burden-shifting process are inapplicable. However, an employer may assert the same affirmative defense that applies for other forms of harassment6 — namely, that the employer took reasonable steps to avoid harassment, but the employee failed to utilize the existing mechanisms for redressing harassment. See EEOC v. Harbert-Yeargin, Inc., 266 F.3d 498, 510 (6th [42]*42Cir.2001). The affirmative defense would be unavailable, though, if the harassment culminated in an adverse employment action. Williams v. GMC, 187 F.3d 553, 561 (6th Cir.1999).
Defendant does not challenge the magistrate’s ruling that Plaintiff met the first three elements of the prima facie case. The question is whether the lower court erred in ruling that Plaintiff failed to meet the fourth required prima facie element, requiring a causal connection between the protected activity and the harassment or the alleged adverse employment action that occurred.
Plaintiff presents three categories of allegedly retaliatory acts:
Appellant asserts that the majority of the alleged violations of Title VII mentioned in his factual summary are also acts of retaliatory conduct taken for his participation in Title VII activities. These acts of reprisal fall generally into three groups: 1) those occurring between December 10, 1996, and April, 1998, as a result of Mr. Schramm’s pursuit of the four Title VII violations of DeForest and his supervisors; 2) the complaints of Karen Cooper, taken after Mr. Schramm informed her that he would support Neven Vos in her sexual harassment claim; 3) those actions taken by Tim Shegitz in response to Schramm’s EEO complaint of May 12, 1998.
(Petitioner’s Br. at 27.)
This general statement, referring to three categories of retaliatory acts, is not sufficient to carry Plaintiffs burden of making a showing of a causal connection. Akers, 338 F.3d at 497 (“In order to establish a claim of retaliation, [a plaintiff] must prove that....”).
Looking at the first category of allegedly retaliatory acts, Plaintiff defines the first category to include the time period (from December 10, 1996 to April 1998) following the first instance of protected activity. Timing can be probative of a causal link. DiCarlo, 358 F.3d at 421. However, evidence that harassment occurred soon after a plaintiff engaged in a protected activity is not sufficient to establish a causal link, absent other evidence of a retaliatory motive. Nguyen v. City of Cleveland, 229 F.3d 559, 566, 567 (6th Cir. 2000). In Plaintiffs first category, temporal proximity is the only indication of a causal link between harassment and reprisal — no other evidence of a connection is apparent. Thus, Plaintiff fails to establish a causal link.
As to the second category of allegedly retaliatory acts, Cooper’s alleged reprisal did not violate Title VII. Cooper allegedly harassed Plaintiff as retribution for Plaintiffs “support” of male co-worker Neven Vos, in Cooper’s EEO harassment claim against Vos. (Petitioner’s Br. at 13, 27.) It is not clear if this “support” was moral support or whether Plaintiff offered to testify on Vos’ behalf. Regardless, this “support” was not protected activity — by siding with Vos against Cooper’s harassment complaint, Plaintiff was not asserting any rights under Title VII but, rather, was defending against Cooper’s assertion of those rights. (Cooper was engaging in protected activity.) Because Plaintiff had not engaged in protected activity in supporting Vos, there is no “causal connection ... between the protected activity and the ... harassment.” Akers, 338 F.3d at 497.
Regarding the third category of acts that Plaintiff alleges to be retaliatory, Shegitz does not appear to have engaged in harassment. Perhaps Shegitz made a hostile remark that, viewed in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, was motivated by reprisal — in 1998, Plaintiff attempted to obtain a schedule that would avoid having [43]*43to work the same shift as Karen Cooper, but, in discussions, Shegitz “responded by-accusing me of using my ADR and EEO complaint as a leverage in a veiled threat to obtain a promotion.” (J.A. at 606.) However, even when viewed in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, any retaliation-based hostility on the part of Shegitz was not severe or pervasive. Co-worker Nev-en Vos described Shegitz’s attempt to be conciliatory, regarding the EEO complaint:
I was standing in the parking lot of the Toledo facility talking with Bill Schramm. During our conversation Tim Shegitz approached both of us and apologized to Schramm, for not understanding Schramm’s situation at Toledo. Shegitz referred to Bill Schramm’s pending EEO complaint and said that Schramm should be in Columbus by September. He likewise said that if Schramm needed any help in processing his bid, that he (Shegitz) would assist him.
(J.A. at 585-86.) If Shegitz made certain hostile statements that had a causal link to the protected activity, such statements were not severe or pervasive.
Because Plaintiff does not establish any causal link, Plaintiff fads to make a prima facie case of retaliatory harassment.
CONCLUSION
For the aforementioned reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.