Dibell, C.
The defendant appeals from a judgment of the district court of Rock county condemning certain land for the purpose of a schoolhouse site. A number of objections are made to the condemnation proceedings which we now consider:
1. The voters of the school district determined, at a special meeting called for that purpose, to change the location of the school house to a definite site, and authorized the school board to acquire the new site by lease, purchase or condemnation. The claim of the defendant is that such change could be made only at the annual meeting for which provision is made in section 1308,. R. L. 1905, where power is expressly granted to make such change. Section 1306 provides for a special school meeting, to be called u-m the request of five freeholders and voters of the district, specifying the business to be acted upon, and provides that no business, except that named in the notice, shall be transacted, and otherwise makes no limitation. Section 1320 empowers the school board, “when [378]*378authorized by the voters at a regular meeting, or a special meeting called for that purpose,” to acquire necessary school-house sites. There is some overlapping, and perhaps some slight inconsistency, in these three sections, but we find no difficulty in holding that the site of a school house may be changed at a special meeting called for such purpose as well as at the annual meeting.
2. The special meeting in question was called at the request of five men, purporting to be freeholders and voters of the district. Defendant claims that one was not a citizen of the United States and that therefore the call was invalid. The signer of the call, against whom this objection was made, testified that he was born in Norway; that he came to this country when he was 16 years old; that his father was born in Norway; that he understood that his father became a naturalized citizen before he, the witness, became of age; that he himself had not taken out naturalization papers; that he had voted in Minnesota for many years, and since 1896 in the school district; and that he always believed he was a citizen because of his father’s naturalization! There was no disputing evidence. We hold this evidence sufficient to justify •& finding that he was a citizen through the naturalization of his father.
3. Section 1308, R. L. 1905, as amended by Laws 1911, p. 346, c. 249, requires' forirhe change of location a vote of “a majority of the legal voters of the district, who have resided therein not less than one year prior to the vote.” At the special meeting, at which the change of location was voted, there were 19 votes for and 15 against the change. There was no showing as -to how many legal voters of the district resided therein for one year prior to the vote. At the trial it was stipulated that the moderator of said meeting “duly declared said proposition carried.” We hold this admission sufficient evidence that the proposition was carried by the requisite majority, without an affirmative showing that the 19 were a majority of the legal voters residing in the district for one year.
4. Section 1324, Ii. L. 1905, provides that no school board shall expend money or incur liability for any sum beyond the sum appropriated by vote of the district for such purpose, or levied by the board pursuant to that section, or on hand and applicable thereto. [379]*379There was no showing that there was any money thus appropriated or levied or on hand. We hold that if a failure to have a sufficient sum appropriated, levied, or on hand, defeats the condemnation proceeding, it is defensive matter, for proof by the defendant.
5. Section 1320 gives the school district power to' acquire a site “by lease, purchase or condemnation under the right of eminent domain.”
The contention that the power of eminent domain cannot be exercised in acquiring a site, unless the owner has refused to sell, is without merit. The holding in the case of Inhabitants v. Copeland, 2 Gray (Mass.) 414, cited by defendant, to the effect that a refusal to sell is a prerequisite, finds its support in a statute. We have no such statute.
6. The claim is made that a necessity for taking the land sought to be condemned is not shown. The defendant made a timely objection at the trial that necessity was not shown.
Section 13 of article I of the Constitution provides that private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation.' This is a declaration of the bill of rights. There is no limitation in the Constitution upon the exercise of the right, except that there must first be just compensation. The sovereign power rests in the legislature, and may be directly exercised, or delegated to governmental agencies or administrative bodies, and to public or private corporations. The authority to exercise the power of eminent domain in acquiring necessary sites for school houses is conferred upon school districts, in general terms, by R. L. 1905, § 1320. No procedure nor tribunal, peculiar to such ■ condemnation, is provided.
The method of taking property by the exercise of the power of eminent domain, and the rights acquired, are regulated and defined by E. L. 1905, §§ 2520-2542. Section 2520 is as follows:
“Whenever the taking of private property for any public use shall be authorized by law, it may be acquired, under the right of eminent domain, in the manner prescribed by this chapter; but nothing herein shall apply to the condemnation of property by any incorporated place whose charter provides a different mode of exercising the rights [380]*380of eminent domain by it possessed, or to tbe taking of property under tbe chapters relating to roads and drainage.”
Section 2521 provides for tbe filing of a petition, tbe method of acquiring jurisdiction, and tbe fixing of tbe time and place of hear-bi-
section 2526 provides that at the time and place fixed the court' “shall bear all competent evidence offered for or against the granting-of said petition, regulating the order of proof as it may deem best. If the proposed taking shall appear to be necessary, and such as is-authorized by law, the court, by an order, shall appoint three disinterested commissioners, residents of said county, to ascertain and. report the amount of damages that will be sustained by the several owners on account of such taking. * * * It may also, in the discretion of the court, limit the title or easement to be acquired by the-petitioner. * * * ”
No question is made but that the taking of property for purposes-of a school-house site is a taking for an authorized purpose and fora public use.
the petition alleged the necessity of the taking, and the court, found it. No evidence of the necessity of the taking was offered.
A majority of the court are of the opinion that the judgment of condemnation is justified, without proof of necessity; and they place-their conclusion upon the ground that the prior proceedings, regularly taken by the school district and terminating in a fixing of the-site, resulted in the necessity for its taking.
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Dibell, C.
The defendant appeals from a judgment of the district court of Rock county condemning certain land for the purpose of a schoolhouse site. A number of objections are made to the condemnation proceedings which we now consider:
1. The voters of the school district determined, at a special meeting called for that purpose, to change the location of the school house to a definite site, and authorized the school board to acquire the new site by lease, purchase or condemnation. The claim of the defendant is that such change could be made only at the annual meeting for which provision is made in section 1308,. R. L. 1905, where power is expressly granted to make such change. Section 1306 provides for a special school meeting, to be called u-m the request of five freeholders and voters of the district, specifying the business to be acted upon, and provides that no business, except that named in the notice, shall be transacted, and otherwise makes no limitation. Section 1320 empowers the school board, “when [378]*378authorized by the voters at a regular meeting, or a special meeting called for that purpose,” to acquire necessary school-house sites. There is some overlapping, and perhaps some slight inconsistency, in these three sections, but we find no difficulty in holding that the site of a school house may be changed at a special meeting called for such purpose as well as at the annual meeting.
2. The special meeting in question was called at the request of five men, purporting to be freeholders and voters of the district. Defendant claims that one was not a citizen of the United States and that therefore the call was invalid. The signer of the call, against whom this objection was made, testified that he was born in Norway; that he came to this country when he was 16 years old; that his father was born in Norway; that he understood that his father became a naturalized citizen before he, the witness, became of age; that he himself had not taken out naturalization papers; that he had voted in Minnesota for many years, and since 1896 in the school district; and that he always believed he was a citizen because of his father’s naturalization! There was no disputing evidence. We hold this evidence sufficient to justify •& finding that he was a citizen through the naturalization of his father.
3. Section 1308, R. L. 1905, as amended by Laws 1911, p. 346, c. 249, requires' forirhe change of location a vote of “a majority of the legal voters of the district, who have resided therein not less than one year prior to the vote.” At the special meeting, at which the change of location was voted, there were 19 votes for and 15 against the change. There was no showing as -to how many legal voters of the district resided therein for one year prior to the vote. At the trial it was stipulated that the moderator of said meeting “duly declared said proposition carried.” We hold this admission sufficient evidence that the proposition was carried by the requisite majority, without an affirmative showing that the 19 were a majority of the legal voters residing in the district for one year.
4. Section 1324, Ii. L. 1905, provides that no school board shall expend money or incur liability for any sum beyond the sum appropriated by vote of the district for such purpose, or levied by the board pursuant to that section, or on hand and applicable thereto. [379]*379There was no showing that there was any money thus appropriated or levied or on hand. We hold that if a failure to have a sufficient sum appropriated, levied, or on hand, defeats the condemnation proceeding, it is defensive matter, for proof by the defendant.
5. Section 1320 gives the school district power to' acquire a site “by lease, purchase or condemnation under the right of eminent domain.”
The contention that the power of eminent domain cannot be exercised in acquiring a site, unless the owner has refused to sell, is without merit. The holding in the case of Inhabitants v. Copeland, 2 Gray (Mass.) 414, cited by defendant, to the effect that a refusal to sell is a prerequisite, finds its support in a statute. We have no such statute.
6. The claim is made that a necessity for taking the land sought to be condemned is not shown. The defendant made a timely objection at the trial that necessity was not shown.
Section 13 of article I of the Constitution provides that private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation.' This is a declaration of the bill of rights. There is no limitation in the Constitution upon the exercise of the right, except that there must first be just compensation. The sovereign power rests in the legislature, and may be directly exercised, or delegated to governmental agencies or administrative bodies, and to public or private corporations. The authority to exercise the power of eminent domain in acquiring necessary sites for school houses is conferred upon school districts, in general terms, by R. L. 1905, § 1320. No procedure nor tribunal, peculiar to such ■ condemnation, is provided.
The method of taking property by the exercise of the power of eminent domain, and the rights acquired, are regulated and defined by E. L. 1905, §§ 2520-2542. Section 2520 is as follows:
“Whenever the taking of private property for any public use shall be authorized by law, it may be acquired, under the right of eminent domain, in the manner prescribed by this chapter; but nothing herein shall apply to the condemnation of property by any incorporated place whose charter provides a different mode of exercising the rights [380]*380of eminent domain by it possessed, or to tbe taking of property under tbe chapters relating to roads and drainage.”
Section 2521 provides for tbe filing of a petition, tbe method of acquiring jurisdiction, and tbe fixing of tbe time and place of hear-bi-
section 2526 provides that at the time and place fixed the court' “shall bear all competent evidence offered for or against the granting-of said petition, regulating the order of proof as it may deem best. If the proposed taking shall appear to be necessary, and such as is-authorized by law, the court, by an order, shall appoint three disinterested commissioners, residents of said county, to ascertain and. report the amount of damages that will be sustained by the several owners on account of such taking. * * * It may also, in the discretion of the court, limit the title or easement to be acquired by the-petitioner. * * * ”
No question is made but that the taking of property for purposes-of a school-house site is a taking for an authorized purpose and fora public use.
the petition alleged the necessity of the taking, and the court, found it. No evidence of the necessity of the taking was offered.
A majority of the court are of the opinion that the judgment of condemnation is justified, without proof of necessity; and they place-their conclusion upon the ground that the prior proceedings, regularly taken by the school district and terminating in a fixing of the-site, resulted in the necessity for its taking.
It is without question that the power of eminent domain is a sovereign power, inherent in government, resting- in the legislature, unlimited except as the Constitution guarantees compensation, exercisable directly by the legislature or by a body to which it delegates the-power, the act of such body in taking being the act of the state. The-question of necessity is a legislative one, not subject to judicial review, unless it is so provided by the Constitution or by legislative-act. the view adopted is that the state, by the statute, delegates to-school districts the power to select a site, and when such selection i& made, in the authorized way, the necessity of acquiring the site comes, and with such necessity the court has nothing to do. the question of [381]*381necessity is a legislative one, definitely and finally determined by tbe .school district by virtue of the power delegated to it. The pertinent language now quoted from Fohl v. Common Council of Sleepy Eye Lake, 80 Minn. 67, 70, 82 N. W. 1097, involving the condemnation •of land for streets, under a different statute, expresses in a general way the thought of the majority in this connection:
“The power and authority to establish and lay out streets and highways is legislative, and all questions of expediency and necessity are exclusively committed to that branch of the government. The power may be delegated to municipalities or municipal boards or commissioners, and their conclusion and determination as to the propriety and necessity of a proposed street or highway is as final and conclusive as though the legislature itself had determined the same. Such -questions are not open to judicial review. The whole subject of the right of eminent domain for the purpose of taking private property for public use, such as laying out and establishing streets and highways, is, within certain constitutional limitations and restrictions, •one of exclusive legislative cognizance; the proceedings, of course, being guided and regulated by legal rules and principles.”
The view of the majority is that the fixing of the site made the ■necessity of taking it and that no question of necessity is open to judicial inquiry.
Judgment affirmed.
Philip E. Brown, J., took no part.