No person shall have a right to attend school, or to send any scholar to the school, in any district of which he not an inhabitant, without the consent of the district or of the prudential committee. Gen. Stats., ch. 83, sec. 1.
This provision includes and limits all the exception which our laws permit to the enjoyment or the rights and privileges of free, popular education. These rights and advantages are not peculiar to any condition of mind, body, or estate. No previous length of residence in the school district is required, provided the scholar, when he goes to the school, is rightfully and properly inhabiting the district. His residence there for the purpose of schooling is not the residence declared essential for taxation, or the exercise of the right of suffrage.
Neither is the scholar or his parent required to possess a property qualification. If the poor man or the poor child behaves himself honestly and uprightly, the state owes him the services of a schoolmaster; and it taxes the property of its more favored children in order to pay this debt. Herein the municipal law is but an exemplification of the law of Christian charity.
Although the almshouse itself is exempted from taxation (Laws of 1869, ch. 37), the county poor-farm in Brentwood is thus taxed for the support of education in school district No. 2. Gen. Stats., ch. 49, sec. 2. And although it may happen, by reason of the number of children temporarily dwelling upon the poor-farm, that the county may not always pay its equitable proportion of the school tax, still ita lex scripta est; and if a grievance therefore exists, its remedy must be sought at the doors of the legislature, and cannot be applied by the court.
The question is, whether these children, dwelling for the present within the limits of this school district because their poverty but not their will consents, are to be regarded as inhabitants of the district, within the meaning of the school laws.
It has been decided in this state, that a person who is temporarily and fraudulently located in a district for the sole purpose of acquiring an education there, in preference to enjoying the advantages of a similar condition in the place of his actual residence, is not an inhabitant of the district within the meaning of the law. School District v. Bragdon,23 N.H. 507.
I am not aware of any other judicial interpretation of the statute; but it was suggested by the court, in McIntire v. Pembroke, 53 N.H. 467, that persons afflicted with an infections disease, and who in consequence thereof may be removed to a pest-house, while thus secluded from their friends and under municipal control, may, perhaps, be in a temporary condition of pauperism, and entitled to medical aid at the expense of the town: there seems to be an analogy between such a case and the present.
It is not the ordinary law of domicile, as affected by the animus manendi or the animus revertendi, which is to govern this case.
Who, then, is an inhabitant of a school district, in the legal sense?
He need not be a resident of the district. The word inhabit is derived from the Latin verb habito, which is defined, "to dwell, to abide, to inhabit, or live in." Reside is from re and sedeo, "to sit down;" and dwell, from the Danish dwelger, "to abide."
All these terms are usually classed as synonymes, but not, strictness,
properly so; for the word inhabit does not convey the idea of permanent residence. To dwell, or to abide, does not indicate permanency of location or of time, — for the angels abode with Lot one night, and the Arabs dwell in tents; but, they
"fold their tents like the Arabs" And as silently steal away."
Inhabit conveys the idea of a home, but not necessarily of a full and fixed settlement, such as is conveyed by the term residence; for Dr. Johnson tells us. "being obliged to remove my habitation, I was led by my evil genius to a convenient house in the street where the nobility reside" — precisely the condition, it would seem, of these unfortunate children of the public. The statutory definition of the term inhabitant — Gen. Stats., ch. 1, sec. 6 — is not very important, but it is ambiguous and uncertain. "The word inhabitant may mean [not shall be] a resident, or person dwelling and having his home, in any city, town, or place."
A person's home may be his own house, or his hired lodgings. Webster's Dic.
It need not be denied, that, while a person is actually residing in one place with the intention of remaining there, or with no intention of returning to his former residence, he is not, in any commonly received sense, an inhabitant of the latter for the purposes of taxation. The case from 1 Metcalf, cited by the learned counsel for the plaintiff, decides no more than this. If it bears any analogy to the present case, it does not help the plaintiffs. If the fathers of these children, instead of being temporarily inhabitants of the poor-farm, against their will, perhaps, and with no definite intention of returning to their former place and condition of life, have in fact taken up their abode in the almshouse as a permanent residence, they are inhabitants of the district, and not the less inhabitants because residents.
It need not be denied that there may be authority and power vested in the county commissioners to establish a school within the limits of the county farm, for the special uses and necessities of the children located there; but the law does not require it, and the commissioners have not done it; and if these children are denied the privileges of schooling in the district school, they are denied altogether. They are in as woeful plight as Wordsworth's sorrow-burdened "traveller on the skirt of Sarum's plain:"
"And homeless near a thousand homes he stood, And near a thousand tables pined and wanted food."
In the earliest days of the government, more than a century and a quarter before the framers of our present state constitution prescribed "the duty of the legislators and magistrates, in all future periods of this government, to cherish the interests of literature and the sciences, and all seminaries and public schools, — declaring that "knowledge and learning, generally diffused through a community," are "essential to the preservation of a free government, "- the town of Dover, "at a
publique Towne Meetinge the 5:2 mo. 58," voted that "Twenty pounds per annum shall be yearly rayzed for the mayntenance of a School master * * that is to say, for the teachings of all the children within the Township."
New Hampshire was not an independent colony then, and the laws of the province of Massachusetts imposed a penalty of £ 10 upon every town of one hundred families and upwards that should "neglect or omitt to keepe a grammer schoole." 1 N.H. Prov. Pap. 234. The good men of Dover gave this practical interpretation of the law: this "grammer schoole," so costly in the days when £ 10 was a great sum, is for "all the children" in Dover.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
No person shall have a right to attend school, or to send any scholar to the school, in any district of which he not an inhabitant, without the consent of the district or of the prudential committee. Gen. Stats., ch. 83, sec. 1.
This provision includes and limits all the exception which our laws permit to the enjoyment or the rights and privileges of free, popular education. These rights and advantages are not peculiar to any condition of mind, body, or estate. No previous length of residence in the school district is required, provided the scholar, when he goes to the school, is rightfully and properly inhabiting the district. His residence there for the purpose of schooling is not the residence declared essential for taxation, or the exercise of the right of suffrage.
Neither is the scholar or his parent required to possess a property qualification. If the poor man or the poor child behaves himself honestly and uprightly, the state owes him the services of a schoolmaster; and it taxes the property of its more favored children in order to pay this debt. Herein the municipal law is but an exemplification of the law of Christian charity.
Although the almshouse itself is exempted from taxation (Laws of 1869, ch. 37), the county poor-farm in Brentwood is thus taxed for the support of education in school district No. 2. Gen. Stats., ch. 49, sec. 2. And although it may happen, by reason of the number of children temporarily dwelling upon the poor-farm, that the county may not always pay its equitable proportion of the school tax, still ita lex scripta est; and if a grievance therefore exists, its remedy must be sought at the doors of the legislature, and cannot be applied by the court.
The question is, whether these children, dwelling for the present within the limits of this school district because their poverty but not their will consents, are to be regarded as inhabitants of the district, within the meaning of the school laws.
It has been decided in this state, that a person who is temporarily and fraudulently located in a district for the sole purpose of acquiring an education there, in preference to enjoying the advantages of a similar condition in the place of his actual residence, is not an inhabitant of the district within the meaning of the law. School District v. Bragdon,23 N.H. 507.
I am not aware of any other judicial interpretation of the statute; but it was suggested by the court, in McIntire v. Pembroke, 53 N.H. 467, that persons afflicted with an infections disease, and who in consequence thereof may be removed to a pest-house, while thus secluded from their friends and under municipal control, may, perhaps, be in a temporary condition of pauperism, and entitled to medical aid at the expense of the town: there seems to be an analogy between such a case and the present.
It is not the ordinary law of domicile, as affected by the animus manendi or the animus revertendi, which is to govern this case.
Who, then, is an inhabitant of a school district, in the legal sense?
He need not be a resident of the district. The word inhabit is derived from the Latin verb habito, which is defined, "to dwell, to abide, to inhabit, or live in." Reside is from re and sedeo, "to sit down;" and dwell, from the Danish dwelger, "to abide."
All these terms are usually classed as synonymes, but not, strictness,
properly so; for the word inhabit does not convey the idea of permanent residence. To dwell, or to abide, does not indicate permanency of location or of time, — for the angels abode with Lot one night, and the Arabs dwell in tents; but, they
"fold their tents like the Arabs" And as silently steal away."
Inhabit conveys the idea of a home, but not necessarily of a full and fixed settlement, such as is conveyed by the term residence; for Dr. Johnson tells us. "being obliged to remove my habitation, I was led by my evil genius to a convenient house in the street where the nobility reside" — precisely the condition, it would seem, of these unfortunate children of the public. The statutory definition of the term inhabitant — Gen. Stats., ch. 1, sec. 6 — is not very important, but it is ambiguous and uncertain. "The word inhabitant may mean [not shall be] a resident, or person dwelling and having his home, in any city, town, or place."
A person's home may be his own house, or his hired lodgings. Webster's Dic.
It need not be denied, that, while a person is actually residing in one place with the intention of remaining there, or with no intention of returning to his former residence, he is not, in any commonly received sense, an inhabitant of the latter for the purposes of taxation. The case from 1 Metcalf, cited by the learned counsel for the plaintiff, decides no more than this. If it bears any analogy to the present case, it does not help the plaintiffs. If the fathers of these children, instead of being temporarily inhabitants of the poor-farm, against their will, perhaps, and with no definite intention of returning to their former place and condition of life, have in fact taken up their abode in the almshouse as a permanent residence, they are inhabitants of the district, and not the less inhabitants because residents.
It need not be denied that there may be authority and power vested in the county commissioners to establish a school within the limits of the county farm, for the special uses and necessities of the children located there; but the law does not require it, and the commissioners have not done it; and if these children are denied the privileges of schooling in the district school, they are denied altogether. They are in as woeful plight as Wordsworth's sorrow-burdened "traveller on the skirt of Sarum's plain:"
"And homeless near a thousand homes he stood, And near a thousand tables pined and wanted food."
In the earliest days of the government, more than a century and a quarter before the framers of our present state constitution prescribed "the duty of the legislators and magistrates, in all future periods of this government, to cherish the interests of literature and the sciences, and all seminaries and public schools, — declaring that "knowledge and learning, generally diffused through a community," are "essential to the preservation of a free government, "- the town of Dover, "at a
publique Towne Meetinge the 5:2 mo. 58," voted that "Twenty pounds per annum shall be yearly rayzed for the mayntenance of a School master * * that is to say, for the teachings of all the children within the Township."
New Hampshire was not an independent colony then, and the laws of the province of Massachusetts imposed a penalty of £ 10 upon every town of one hundred families and upwards that should "neglect or omitt to keepe a grammer schoole." 1 N.H. Prov. Pap. 234. The good men of Dover gave this practical interpretation of the law: this "grammer schoole," so costly in the days when £ 10 was a great sum, is for "all the children" in Dover.
Since those early days, there has not only been no condition imposed restricting the privileges of a public school education to any class, sect, or condition, political or social, but every child, almost as soon as he can speak his native tongue, is permitted, if not required, to attend school in the district which he inhabits (no length of time being prescribed for his previous residence therein); and, since his education is thus assured at the public expense, he is prohibited from entering into certain employments of life until and unless he shall have, through his own moral and mental discipline and culture, contributed something to the preservation of a free government. Gen. Stats., ch. 83, secs. 11-13.
In this city of Concord, all the pauper children attend school in the common school-house of the district in which the almshouse is located. All the children of the Orphans' Home at Franklin are provided for in the same way; and neither in these nor any other instances, prior to the present suit, am I aware that the rights of the children in this respect have ever been questioned.
Counsel for the plaintiffs apprehend danger to the health, the manners, and the morals of the more fortunate children from "association with such a class as make up the larger share of county paupers." I apprehend this is a groundless fear. An enlightened community will not tolerate, on the part of the guardians of the poor, such negligence or inhumanity as would tend to the generation, promotion, or dissemination of infectious disease. And it is to be hoped that a condition of vice is not all ordinary inference from the condition of poverty.
It was a maxim of the late emperor of the French, that the first duty of a charitable administration is to prevent the need of charity; but the greatest preventive of pauperism, — that is to say, popular education, — has not yet been introduced into France. The influences of free institutions, general suffrage, and popular education are essential to the cultivation of individual respect and independence. These influences cure and eradicate pauperism; for "whatever elevates the political and social condition of the poor and laboring man, or sharpens his faculties, or improves his character, or strengthens his capacity for self-control, in so far tends to prevent the peculiar debasement, dependence, and misery which constitute pauperism." The children of the more fortunate classes may become degraded by contact with the dependent and
idle poor, if no restraint is imposed upon the latter and upon free association; but, under the combined discipline of the workhouse and the school, there can be no great danger of contamination from the vice or misfortune which is undergoing the process of curative treatment.
However this may be, it is contrary to the policy of our institutions to exclude from the advantages of free schooling those whom misfortune has cast upon the public charity. That charity will continue to dipense [dispense] not bread alone, but, without distinction of person, the blessings of moral culture and the means of mental illumination, even as God pours his sunbeams alike upon the just and the unjust.