Opinion of the'Court by
Turner, Commissioner
Affirming.
Appellee brought this action for damages against appellant, alleging that because of defendant's negligence and that of his employee an automobile truck iu which defendant and his said-- employee were at the time driving was caused to 'come in collision with the car in which appellee was at the time riding, at or near the intersection of Fourth and Overton streets in Newport, whereby the car in which plaintiff; was riding was caused to be overturned and the plaintiff thrown therefrom, and both bones in his right leg broken and other injuries received. The first paragraph of the answer was a traverse of the material allegations of the petition, and specifically denied any collision; and in a second paragraph contributory negligence was relied upon.
The petition sought a recovery for medical attention, loss of time, and impairment of the plaintiff’s earning power; and the verdict separated the three, and. found $75.00 for medical attention, $1,425.00 for loss of time and $1,500.00 for impairment of earning power and physical and mental pain and suffering, a total of $3,000.00.
The evidence for the plaintiff showed that he and his employee were going east on Fourth street and when they name to the intersection of Fourth and Overton they saw appellant’s truck some 75 or 100 feet away coming north on Overton street and approaching the intersection at a high rate of speed. It was the purpose of plaintiff and his employee to go south on Overton street, and they proceeded at a slow rate of speed to cross Overton street, while the truck of defendant continued its high rate of speed and the two cars collided at or about the intersection, bringing about plaintiff’s injury. The evidence for the defendant is that the two cars reached the intersection about the same time, and that defendant’s car, as they thought, had the right of way, and that while the two cars came near together at the intersection, because of the foresight and careful driving’ of defendant’s driver a collision was avoided and there.was in fact no collision of the two cars. Defendant also introduces evidence tending to show that plaintiff’s car in making a short turn, either for the purpose of avoiding the collision or for some other purpose, overturned itself, and expert evidence is introduced to show that cars of the kind plaintiff was using are arc to so overturn when they have been used for some time without any repair of the radius rod.
The first insistence for appellant is that the evidence as a whole and the physical facts disclose that there was in fact no collision. In this counsel is plainly in error, for not only do the two occupants of plaintiff’s car testify there was a collision but three other witnesses, two of whom were only 50 to 60 feet away, testify they saw the collision and heard the crash of the cars coming together. It is true appellant and his driver testify there was no collision between the cars, and some three or four witnesses testify that there was no evidence shortly thereafter on appellant’s car-of a collision, but some of them do say there was an abrasion or scratch of some kind upon one of the wheels of appellant’s machino. Clearly, therefore, there was a conflict in the evidence on
this issue, and the jury must have found on it for the plaintiff, for under the instructions there could have been no verdict for the plaintiff otherwise.
Defendant likewise contends that plaintiff and his driver were guilty of contributory negligence, and that he could not therefore recover at all. And that contention is based upon the provisions of section 2739g-37 which provides:
“Except where otherwise directed by a traffic officer the operator' of a vehicle shall yield the right of way at the intersection of their paths to a vehicle approaching from the right unless such vehicle approaching from the right is further from the point of the intersection of their paths than such first named vehicle.’’
The defendant’s .evidence did tend to show that the two vehicles reached the point, of intersection about the same time, 'but the evidence for the plaintiff was positive that when his car reached the corner defendant’s car was 75 or .100 feet away approaching the intersection. Clearly, therefore, if defendant’s car was that distance from the intersection when plaintiff’s car undertook to cross Overton street there was no contributory negligence, for under those circumstances the statute clearly means that although a car is approaching from, the right, the other car has the right of way because it reached the intersection first. This question was distinctly submitted in the instructions, and the finding was evidently against defendant’s contention.
On the trial plaintiff introduced a witness who was interrogated by appellee’s counsel concerning the rate of speed and the manner of driving one of appellant’s trucks by his employee who was driving at the time of this accident, but having reference to an earlier period on the same day and at a different time and place. Upon objection the court sustained the defendant’s objection to this testimony, and as a matter of fact the evidence was never placed before the jury. It is true that another witness upon motion of plaintiff’s counsel gave similar-evidence before the court outside of the presence of the jury, which plaintiff’s counsel wanted to use in the form of an avowal. The defendant’s counsel objected to all of this evidence, and his objection was sustained, and no
part of it was- heard by the jury. However, he contends on this appeal that his motion made at the time to set aside the swearing of the jury, because such evidence was offered, should have been sustained.
The ruling of the court manifestly was correct in excluding this evidence, and as no part of it was placed before the jury we are at a loss to understand how appellant could have been prejudiced. In the presence of the jury this evidence was offered only once, and when the court excluded it there was thereafter no effort by plaintiff’s counsel, either directly or indirectly, to get before the jury this incompetent evidence. Clearly therefore the situation is essentially different from that class of cases relied upon by appellant where counsel persistently and repeatedly, by indirection and otherwise, sought to get before the jury evidence which the court had properly excluded.
After this accident appellant’s driver was charged in court with reckless driving and exceeding the speed limit upon the occasion in question, and pleaded guilty to that charge. On the trial in this case his evidence was wholly inconsistent with his plea of guilty which he had' formerly entered, and the court permitted plaintiff to introduce in evidence the fact that he had entered such a plea, but it was admitted only for the purpose of impeaching or contradicting his evidence given on this trial.
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Opinion of the'Court by
Turner, Commissioner
Affirming.
Appellee brought this action for damages against appellant, alleging that because of defendant's negligence and that of his employee an automobile truck iu which defendant and his said-- employee were at the time driving was caused to 'come in collision with the car in which appellee was at the time riding, at or near the intersection of Fourth and Overton streets in Newport, whereby the car in which plaintiff; was riding was caused to be overturned and the plaintiff thrown therefrom, and both bones in his right leg broken and other injuries received. The first paragraph of the answer was a traverse of the material allegations of the petition, and specifically denied any collision; and in a second paragraph contributory negligence was relied upon.
The petition sought a recovery for medical attention, loss of time, and impairment of the plaintiff’s earning power; and the verdict separated the three, and. found $75.00 for medical attention, $1,425.00 for loss of time and $1,500.00 for impairment of earning power and physical and mental pain and suffering, a total of $3,000.00.
The evidence for the plaintiff showed that he and his employee were going east on Fourth street and when they name to the intersection of Fourth and Overton they saw appellant’s truck some 75 or 100 feet away coming north on Overton street and approaching the intersection at a high rate of speed. It was the purpose of plaintiff and his employee to go south on Overton street, and they proceeded at a slow rate of speed to cross Overton street, while the truck of defendant continued its high rate of speed and the two cars collided at or about the intersection, bringing about plaintiff’s injury. The evidence for the defendant is that the two cars reached the intersection about the same time, and that defendant’s car, as they thought, had the right of way, and that while the two cars came near together at the intersection, because of the foresight and careful driving’ of defendant’s driver a collision was avoided and there.was in fact no collision of the two cars. Defendant also introduces evidence tending to show that plaintiff’s car in making a short turn, either for the purpose of avoiding the collision or for some other purpose, overturned itself, and expert evidence is introduced to show that cars of the kind plaintiff was using are arc to so overturn when they have been used for some time without any repair of the radius rod.
The first insistence for appellant is that the evidence as a whole and the physical facts disclose that there was in fact no collision. In this counsel is plainly in error, for not only do the two occupants of plaintiff’s car testify there was a collision but three other witnesses, two of whom were only 50 to 60 feet away, testify they saw the collision and heard the crash of the cars coming together. It is true appellant and his driver testify there was no collision between the cars, and some three or four witnesses testify that there was no evidence shortly thereafter on appellant’s car-of a collision, but some of them do say there was an abrasion or scratch of some kind upon one of the wheels of appellant’s machino. Clearly, therefore, there was a conflict in the evidence on
this issue, and the jury must have found on it for the plaintiff, for under the instructions there could have been no verdict for the plaintiff otherwise.
Defendant likewise contends that plaintiff and his driver were guilty of contributory negligence, and that he could not therefore recover at all. And that contention is based upon the provisions of section 2739g-37 which provides:
“Except where otherwise directed by a traffic officer the operator' of a vehicle shall yield the right of way at the intersection of their paths to a vehicle approaching from the right unless such vehicle approaching from the right is further from the point of the intersection of their paths than such first named vehicle.’’
The defendant’s .evidence did tend to show that the two vehicles reached the point, of intersection about the same time, 'but the evidence for the plaintiff was positive that when his car reached the corner defendant’s car was 75 or .100 feet away approaching the intersection. Clearly, therefore, if defendant’s car was that distance from the intersection when plaintiff’s car undertook to cross Overton street there was no contributory negligence, for under those circumstances the statute clearly means that although a car is approaching from, the right, the other car has the right of way because it reached the intersection first. This question was distinctly submitted in the instructions, and the finding was evidently against defendant’s contention.
On the trial plaintiff introduced a witness who was interrogated by appellee’s counsel concerning the rate of speed and the manner of driving one of appellant’s trucks by his employee who was driving at the time of this accident, but having reference to an earlier period on the same day and at a different time and place. Upon objection the court sustained the defendant’s objection to this testimony, and as a matter of fact the evidence was never placed before the jury. It is true that another witness upon motion of plaintiff’s counsel gave similar-evidence before the court outside of the presence of the jury, which plaintiff’s counsel wanted to use in the form of an avowal. The defendant’s counsel objected to all of this evidence, and his objection was sustained, and no
part of it was- heard by the jury. However, he contends on this appeal that his motion made at the time to set aside the swearing of the jury, because such evidence was offered, should have been sustained.
The ruling of the court manifestly was correct in excluding this evidence, and as no part of it was placed before the jury we are at a loss to understand how appellant could have been prejudiced. In the presence of the jury this evidence was offered only once, and when the court excluded it there was thereafter no effort by plaintiff’s counsel, either directly or indirectly, to get before the jury this incompetent evidence. Clearly therefore the situation is essentially different from that class of cases relied upon by appellant where counsel persistently and repeatedly, by indirection and otherwise, sought to get before the jury evidence which the court had properly excluded.
After this accident appellant’s driver was charged in court with reckless driving and exceeding the speed limit upon the occasion in question, and pleaded guilty to that charge. On the trial in this case his evidence was wholly inconsistent with his plea of guilty which he had' formerly entered, and the court permitted plaintiff to introduce in evidence the fact that he had entered such a plea, but it was admitted only for the purpose of impeaching or contradicting his evidence given on this trial. It is said that this evidence was incompetent for any purpose because evidence of conviction of a penal offense is not competent to establish a fact in a civil proceeding; but the evidence here was not introduced to establish a fact, but only by express admonition of the court, for the purpose of impeachment or contradiction, and we are aware of no reason why a man’s admission in open court may not be used to contradict a subsequent statement made by him, as well as his statement outside of court. It is likewise said that there is no such offense as reckless driving, and assuming that to be true, still his admission in open court of the fact that he did drive recklessly may be used to contradict his subsequent statement that he did not. We think this evidence was competent for the purpose for which it was admitted.
But it is said that the assessment of damages as to loss of time is excessive under the evidence. We know of no better answer to that contention than to insert that
■part of the lower court’s opinion on that subject upon a motion for a new trial, to-wit:
“The jury, in their verdict, separated the award for loss of time from that awarded for medical attention, pain and suffering, and impairment of the power to earn money, and awarded for loss of time the sum of $1,425.00, which sum it is contended exceeds that which was testified to by any of the witnesses, that is to say, that the time testified to as having been lost when computed or measured by its value in money, by a witness or witnesses, does not equal the sum of $1,425.00.
‘ ‘ The time of trial was December 15, 1923. Tie was injured December 1, 1922.
“The evidence discloses that the plaintiff was a cut stone contractor with his place of business in Newport, he being the owner and manager of the business, and the amount of business done by him per year was about $50,000.00. The work required of him, or which he did do wias everything from manager of the business, which includes the procurement of business and the making of Contracts, and boss of the men engaged in preparing and cutting stone in the yard and in the doing of the work contracted for, down to laborer. As described by him, he takes off plans, goes out in the yard and sees the stone is put on trestles for the stone cutters, gets on roofs and measures the roof, coping and chimney caps, examines the' piles of stone in the yard, and climbs-over the piles- of stone in making selection and' arranging the stone for work upon it, and if he did not do this latter work he would have to have a stone cutter do it, which would cost the wages of a stone cutter during such time as they were engaged in it. That while or during his absence from the business he was required to have stone cutters there the year around, whereas when he was present he could lay them off or practically all of them off during the slack period, and during his absence he would require some one in the office. During his absence he was required to keep a stone cutter or cutters there, and did do so all the time. I do not remember the wages of a stone cutter, and it does not appear from the plaintiff’s testimony that he testified to what it was,
bat I think it otherwise appeared. Now, as to his absence from his work and partial loss of time, it is shown that he was taken to the hospital and remained there nine days, when he was taken to his home with his leg' in a cast, which was removed after eight weeks, then it was taken off and by exercising his toes he was able in a few weeks to pat his toes to the floor, and he first got oat on March 2, on cratcibes, and had a driver to take him to his place of basiness where he stayed an hoar. He continaed on cratches antil March 20, and after that ased a cane, which he continaed to ase antil September 1. At the time of trial if he walked five or six squares he woald have to sit down for half an hoar. This condition did not exist every day bat aboat every two or three days. That at the time of trial he was only able to go oat among the piles of stone and climb over and among them to the extent of aboat one-half of that which he was formerly able to do. Aboat the middle of April, 1923, he began going regularly back to his basiness, and taking charge of it. When he was hart he employed a man in the office to take his. place and paid him $55.00 per week. This man could take plans, bat he could not ran the basiness like the plaintiff woald. After he went back regnlarly to his place of basiness in April he stayed there nearly all of the day, bat was required to leave earlier each day to bathe his limb and treat it. The man he employed to take his place in the office, he kept antil aboat August 15th.
“It is apparent that his loss of time, bearing as it does to the various character and kinds of work the relation shown by the proof, and being a total loss of time for part of the period to the time of trial, and partial for another part, can not be measured by a yard stick. If we take only the salary of the office man to replace him, and count his salary only daring the period when the plaintiff was entirely absent from his basiness, it woald amount to something over 22 weeks at $55.00 per week, or about $1,210.00. Bat this was not the value of the time lost by the plaintiff, for the office man did not and could not do the work which the plaintiff did, and other men had to be employed, and were employed, and it also leaves oat of consideration the
value of the plaintiff’s lost time from April 15th to •December 15th, during which period it was not a total but only a partial loss of time during which he lost such time during each day as he was required to leave his business to bathe and treat his wounds, or ' leg, and during the whole of which period he did not do and could not do the work in the stone yard, and even at the time of trial could only do about half what he had formerly done, and it omits from consideration any portion of the $935.00 paid the office man from April 15th to August 15th and omits any sum or compensation for the time lost for which he was required to and did employ stone cutters to do the work which he had formerly done, all of which was made necessary by reason of his partial loss of time to the extent which he was unable to perform the work after his return that he did and was able to do before the injury. In the opinion of the court the evidence does not fail to sustain the award of $1,425.00' for loss of time.”
It is contended for appellant that the instructions are erroneous because the court did not require the jury to believe, before finding for plaintiff, that the alleged acts of negligence by defendant, or some of them, were the proximate cause of the collision and the resultant injury to plaintiff. The argument appears to be that it is essential in such instruction to use the term proximate cause, and that it is error not to do so. To this we cannot assent; the instruction in this case authorizing a recovery for plaintiff, after stating the duties of the parties and referring to the several alleged acts of negligence by defendant, authorized a recovery for the plaintiff only if the jury should believe such action upon defendant’s part “caused the defendant’s motor vehicle to come in contact with or to collide with the plaintiff’s motor vehicle.” Clearly this was a requirement that some one or more of the alleged acts of negligence should have been the cause of the collision, and is a sufficient compliance with the requirements of the law. City of Louisville v. Hart’s Admr., 143 Ky. 171.
There are other complaints of the instructions, but an examination of those given by the court convinces us that the issues were all fairly and properly submitted.
Judgment affirmed.