Mr. Justice Boggs
delivered the opinion of the court:
Section 39 of chapter 22 of the Revised Statutes, entitled “Chancery,” provides a cause may be referred to the master in chancery to take and report the evidence with or without his conclusions thereupon. In the case at bar the cause was referred to the master to take the proof in the cause and report the same, together with his “opinion of the law and the evidence.” It was the duty of the master, under this order of reference, to cause the witnesses to be brought before him and examined, to have their testimony reduced to writing and to embody-such testimony in his report, together with his conclusions as to the facts established by the testimony and his opinion as to the rights of the parties under the law applicable to that state of facts. “The document exhibiting the referee’s or master’s findings and conclusions is called his report, the object of which is to show the proceedings which have been had under the order of reference, the evidence which has been taken, and the findings and conclusions reached by the master or referee, according to the terms of the order of reference, in such a manner that intelligent action maybe had thereon by the court.” (17 Ency. of Pl. & Pr. 1033.) In Hayes v. Hammond, 162 Ill. 133, we said (p. 135): “In the absence of any statute the master did not report the evidence to the,/court, and it was necessary for the parties to apply to him for certified copies of such evidence as they might require, relating to matters excepted to; but by our statute the whole of the evidence is reported to the court, and the parties may select from it such portions as are relevant to the exceptions and present them to the court.” In Ronan v. Bluhm, 173 Ill. 277, we said (p. 284): “The cause having" been referred to the master to take and report the proofs and his conclusions on points of law and fact, the proofs taken by the master should have been submitted with his report.”
The master to whom this case was referred holds his office by virtue of appointment thereto under the provisions of section 1 of chapter 90 of the Revised Statutes, entitled, “Masters in Chancery.” Section 9 of said chapter 90 reads as follows: “Masters in chancery shall receive for their services such compensation as shall be allowed by law, to be taxed as other costs.” Section 20 of chapter 53 of our statutes, entitled “Pees and Salaries,” (Hurd’s Stat. 1897, p. 830,) fixes the compensation to be allowed to be charged and collected by masters for their services. Said section 20, so far as it relates to services rendered by the master in this instance, is as follows:
“Masters in Chancery.—Sec. 20.—Fees of. * * * For taking depositions and certifying, for every one hundred words, fifteen cents. For taking and reporting testimony under order of court, the same fees as for taking depositions. * * * For examining questions of law and fact in issue by the pleadings, and reporting conclusions, whenever specially ordered by the court, a sum not exceeding ten dollars. * * * And no other fee or allowance whatever shall be made for services by masters in chancery. In counties of the third class, masters in chancery may receive for examining questions .in issue referred to them, and reporting conclusions thereon, such compensation as the court may deem just, and for services not enumerated above in this section, and which have been and may be imposed by statute or special order, they may receive such fee as the court may allow.”
The fees which masters are entitled to charge for official services in the matter of taking and reporting the evidence are enumerated in said section 20. The concluding portion of the section, which relates to the fees of masters in the county of Cook, that county being of the third class, changes the provision of the preceding portions of the section relating to the fees to be allowed for examining questions in issue referred to them and reporting conclusions, but in no respect affects the provisions fixing the fees for taking and reporting testimony. The fees for taking and reporting testimony are the same in each of the counties of the State, viz., fifteen cents per hundred words. Said section 20 expressly prohibits the allowance to masters of any fee or allowance not provided for in the section. The fees which an incumbent of the office of master in chancery may lawfully exact depend upon the terms of the statute, and the rule is that such statutes are to be strictly construed. (4 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, 314.) “Neither court, jury nor referees can award costs unless authorized by law, and where the rule is fixed by statute it must be followed strictly.” (4 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, 315.) “It may be safely asserted as a legal proposition/ that fees or costs cannot be allowed or recovered unless fixed by law. * * * A witness or officer of the law has no legal right to recover on a quantum meruit for services rendered under the requirements of the law. For such services he is limited to the fee or compensation fixed by the statute.” Smith v. McLaughlin, 77 Ill. 596.
If a master deems it desirable to have the services of a stenographer to enable him to perform the duty of taking or reporting the evidence, the services rendered by the stenographer are to the master, and the stenographer must look to the master,—not the parties, or either of them,—for his compensation. The compensation of the master fixed by the statute for taking and reporting testimony is fifteen cents per hundred words, and no more can be legally demanded of the parties, or either of them, for or on account of such services. Nor has the court power to order the payment of a greater sum or allowance for such service, or to order the parties, or either of them, to pay any sum to a stenographer for assisting the master in taking and reporting the proof, If the court had been clothed with power to order the appellants to procure a transcript of the evidence from the stenographer, there would be force in the contention the amount to be received by the stenographer should have been fixed in the order,—that the appellants should not have been left wholly in the power of the stenographer as to the amount to be paid. The sense of justice is not always strong enough to moderate and restrain the desire for gain. But the stenographer is not an officer of the court, had no legal connection with the court, the master or the case. The law has not fixed his compensation or authorized the court to do so, and the order in its entirety must be reversed. ' ‘
Counsel for appellee says: “The practice before the master uniformly contemplates the reduction of the testimony to writing by a stenographer. The stenographers do not work for nothing., When a party to litigation calls witnesses and examines them at length, with knowledge that their testimony is to be taken by the stenographer, he must expect that before a master can consider the evidence it shall be presented to him in writing. * * * The master cannot make up his report until the evidence is before him in written form.” The duty of a master is to have the witnesses brought before him and examined in his presence. The testimony of the witnesses is presented to the master orally, and is thus before him for consideration. His duty is to reduce it to writing, or have -it so reduced to writing, and report it to the court.
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Mr. Justice Boggs
delivered the opinion of the court:
Section 39 of chapter 22 of the Revised Statutes, entitled “Chancery,” provides a cause may be referred to the master in chancery to take and report the evidence with or without his conclusions thereupon. In the case at bar the cause was referred to the master to take the proof in the cause and report the same, together with his “opinion of the law and the evidence.” It was the duty of the master, under this order of reference, to cause the witnesses to be brought before him and examined, to have their testimony reduced to writing and to embody-such testimony in his report, together with his conclusions as to the facts established by the testimony and his opinion as to the rights of the parties under the law applicable to that state of facts. “The document exhibiting the referee’s or master’s findings and conclusions is called his report, the object of which is to show the proceedings which have been had under the order of reference, the evidence which has been taken, and the findings and conclusions reached by the master or referee, according to the terms of the order of reference, in such a manner that intelligent action maybe had thereon by the court.” (17 Ency. of Pl. & Pr. 1033.) In Hayes v. Hammond, 162 Ill. 133, we said (p. 135): “In the absence of any statute the master did not report the evidence to the,/court, and it was necessary for the parties to apply to him for certified copies of such evidence as they might require, relating to matters excepted to; but by our statute the whole of the evidence is reported to the court, and the parties may select from it such portions as are relevant to the exceptions and present them to the court.” In Ronan v. Bluhm, 173 Ill. 277, we said (p. 284): “The cause having" been referred to the master to take and report the proofs and his conclusions on points of law and fact, the proofs taken by the master should have been submitted with his report.”
The master to whom this case was referred holds his office by virtue of appointment thereto under the provisions of section 1 of chapter 90 of the Revised Statutes, entitled, “Masters in Chancery.” Section 9 of said chapter 90 reads as follows: “Masters in chancery shall receive for their services such compensation as shall be allowed by law, to be taxed as other costs.” Section 20 of chapter 53 of our statutes, entitled “Pees and Salaries,” (Hurd’s Stat. 1897, p. 830,) fixes the compensation to be allowed to be charged and collected by masters for their services. Said section 20, so far as it relates to services rendered by the master in this instance, is as follows:
“Masters in Chancery.—Sec. 20.—Fees of. * * * For taking depositions and certifying, for every one hundred words, fifteen cents. For taking and reporting testimony under order of court, the same fees as for taking depositions. * * * For examining questions of law and fact in issue by the pleadings, and reporting conclusions, whenever specially ordered by the court, a sum not exceeding ten dollars. * * * And no other fee or allowance whatever shall be made for services by masters in chancery. In counties of the third class, masters in chancery may receive for examining questions .in issue referred to them, and reporting conclusions thereon, such compensation as the court may deem just, and for services not enumerated above in this section, and which have been and may be imposed by statute or special order, they may receive such fee as the court may allow.”
The fees which masters are entitled to charge for official services in the matter of taking and reporting the evidence are enumerated in said section 20. The concluding portion of the section, which relates to the fees of masters in the county of Cook, that county being of the third class, changes the provision of the preceding portions of the section relating to the fees to be allowed for examining questions in issue referred to them and reporting conclusions, but in no respect affects the provisions fixing the fees for taking and reporting testimony. The fees for taking and reporting testimony are the same in each of the counties of the State, viz., fifteen cents per hundred words. Said section 20 expressly prohibits the allowance to masters of any fee or allowance not provided for in the section. The fees which an incumbent of the office of master in chancery may lawfully exact depend upon the terms of the statute, and the rule is that such statutes are to be strictly construed. (4 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, 314.) “Neither court, jury nor referees can award costs unless authorized by law, and where the rule is fixed by statute it must be followed strictly.” (4 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, 315.) “It may be safely asserted as a legal proposition/ that fees or costs cannot be allowed or recovered unless fixed by law. * * * A witness or officer of the law has no legal right to recover on a quantum meruit for services rendered under the requirements of the law. For such services he is limited to the fee or compensation fixed by the statute.” Smith v. McLaughlin, 77 Ill. 596.
If a master deems it desirable to have the services of a stenographer to enable him to perform the duty of taking or reporting the evidence, the services rendered by the stenographer are to the master, and the stenographer must look to the master,—not the parties, or either of them,—for his compensation. The compensation of the master fixed by the statute for taking and reporting testimony is fifteen cents per hundred words, and no more can be legally demanded of the parties, or either of them, for or on account of such services. Nor has the court power to order the payment of a greater sum or allowance for such service, or to order the parties, or either of them, to pay any sum to a stenographer for assisting the master in taking and reporting the proof, If the court had been clothed with power to order the appellants to procure a transcript of the evidence from the stenographer, there would be force in the contention the amount to be received by the stenographer should have been fixed in the order,—that the appellants should not have been left wholly in the power of the stenographer as to the amount to be paid. The sense of justice is not always strong enough to moderate and restrain the desire for gain. But the stenographer is not an officer of the court, had no legal connection with the court, the master or the case. The law has not fixed his compensation or authorized the court to do so, and the order in its entirety must be reversed. ' ‘
Counsel for appellee says: “The practice before the master uniformly contemplates the reduction of the testimony to writing by a stenographer. The stenographers do not work for nothing., When a party to litigation calls witnesses and examines them at length, with knowledge that their testimony is to be taken by the stenographer, he must expect that before a master can consider the evidence it shall be presented to him in writing. * * * The master cannot make up his report until the evidence is before him in written form.” The duty of a master is to have the witnesses brought before him and examined in his presence. The testimony of the witnesses is presented to the master orally, and is thus before him for consideration. His duty is to reduce it to writing, or have -it so reduced to writing, and report it to the court. It would seem from the statements of counsel for appellee it has become the practice of masters in Cook county to commit the duty of hearing the witnesses testify to a stenographer,—not in the presence and hearing of the master,—and of requiring the parties to produce a transcript of the testimony so taken for the consideration of the master, in order he may thereby be informed as to what has been testified to, and consider and weigh the testimony as disclosed by the transcript, and make his findings from such transcript and hse such transcript for his report of the testimony, and that the practice further is to impose upon suitors the burden of compensating the' stenographer for doing work which it is the duty of the master to do, and for which the master also collects the full allowance authorized by the statute to be paid for such service. If such practice has obtained it should no longer be tolerated. When the order of reference requires no more than that the master shall take and report the evidence, the evil of the practice is the illegal exaction of the sum of- money demanded from suitors as for the compensation of the stenographer, which, if not submitted to, shall, as counsel for appellee contends, be enforced by the denial of a hearing in the courts.
But the practice is fraught with another and not less serious evil when indulged in a case where, as here, the order of reference requires the master shall also make report of his conclusions of law and fact. In order to discharge the duty of arriving at conclusions as to the facts the master should see the witnesses and hear them testify. In 17 Ency. of Pl. & Pr. 1028, it is said: “One of the most important duties and powers of the referee is to hear the parties and such evidence as may be presented bearing upon the issues involved.”
The order entered by the court, on the motion of the appellee, that the master should not consider the testimony which had been taken before him in behalf of the appellants unless the appellants should procure and submit to the master a stenographer’s transcript of the said testimony, should not have been entered but the motion should have been denied. The action of the master in considering only the testimony of the appellee and forming his conclusions therefrom should not have been approved by the court, but the objections and exceptions in that respect presented to the report should have been sustained. It was the right of the master to demand compensation for taking and reporting the proof at the statutory rate of fifteen cents per hundred words. For examining the questions of law and fact and reporting his conclusions thereon the master was entitled to such compensation as the court should deem just,—that is, such amount as the court, upon consideration of such services, should judicially determine to be just and reasonable and should order to be paid. The master cannot arbitrarily fix upon an amount to be paid him as his compensation for examining questions of fact and reporting his conclusions, but before he is entitled to demand the parties, or either of them, shall compensate him in any sum for such services, it is his duty to have the court determine the amount he is justly entitled to receive for such services. In the determination of that question the parties are entitled to be heard. The hearing should be had after the master has considered the evidence, made his finding of law and fact and completed his report, so that it is ready to be filed on payment of the amount the court finds should be paid for such services, for the reason an inspection of the report is necessary to enable the court to ascertain and determine as to the just compensation to be paid the master and by whom it shall be paid. The course is désirable for the further reason, before the master has acted he is, in a sense, clothed with power to declare judgment on the rights and interests of the parties, and their condition and relation to the master is such they should not then be required to accede to or contest his demands for services to be rendered in the matter of deciding for or against them. The report in this case as to the fees and charges of the master is as follows: “Master’s fee this report, $50.” This mode of reporting fees and charges can be easily made a cover for illegal and oppressive exactions. An itemized statement of services rendered, and the fees allowed therefor by the statute, should be made, and if services are rendered for which the fees are not fixed by the statute but are left to be determined by the chancellor, the report should state such service and the action of the court in the matter of the master’s compensation therefor, and also should show whether such costs had been paid, and if paid, by whom.
It is urged it does not appear from the record, otherwise than from the statements in the exceptions to the report of the master, that the witnesses named in such exceptions gave testimony before the master, or that the master did not consider all the testimony produced by the appellants on the hearing before the master. The court, on the motion of the appellee, ordered that the appellants should, on or before a day named, submit to the master a stenographer’s transcript of the evidence taken on behalf of said appellants, and that in default of compliance with such order the master should make up and return his report upon the evidence appearing from transcripts of stenographer’s notes submitted to him. This order clearly established that the testimony of witnesses produced by appellants had been heard and taken down in shorthand. The master’s report contains no testimony taken on behalf of appellants. The certificate attached by the master to his0 report states, in express terms, the report contained all the evidence “submitted” to him and on which he acted, and that such evidence was that, only, which had been produced by and on behalf of appellee. That the master did not regard the testimony of witnesses taken under the order of reference but not transcribed into longhand as “submitted” and that he excluded such testimony from his report and from consideration, is too clear to admit of doubt or require discussion.
It is urged that thg exceptions to the action and report of the master should have been supported by a showing of the testimony on behalf of the appellants which the exceptions allege was erroneously excluded from the report. This testimony had been produced before the master. It was the duty of the master to have embraced it within his report as a proper part of the record of the cause. It was omitted from the report and excluded from consideration under authority of an order which the appellee procured to be improperly entered. It was enough for the appellants to show .that the master had thus omitted the testimony produced in their behalf. On such showing the report should have been disapproved and the master ordered to make report of the testimony produced before him.
The judgment of the Appellate Court and the decree of the circuit court are each reversed, and the cause will be remanded to the circuit court, with directions to deny the motion entered by appellee to require the appellants to procure and submit to the master transcripts of the testimony produced before the master by the appellants, and to take such further proceedings in the cause as to justice and equity shall appertain.
Reversed and remanded, with directions.