[J-90-2024] IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA MIDDLE DISTRICT
TODD, C.J., DONOHUE, DOUGHERTY, WECHT, MUNDY, BROBSON, McCAFFERY, JJ.
MARK R. SCHMIDT : No. 32 MAP 2024 : : Appeal from the Order of the v. : Commonwealth Court at No. 1039 : CD 2021, entered on November 14, : 2023, Reversing the Decision of the SCHMIDT, KIRIFIDES AND RASSIAS, PC : Workers' Compensation Appeal (WORKERS' COMPENSATION APPEAL : Board at No. A20-0368 entered on BOARD) : September 8, 2021 : : ARGUED: November 20, 2024 APPEAL OF: SCHMIDT, KIRIFIDES AND : RASSIAS, PC :
OPINION
JUSTICE BROBSON DECIDED: March 20, 2025 Pursuant to Section 306(f.1)(1)(i) of the Workers’ Compensation Act
(WCA), 1 77 P.S. § 531(1)(i), “[t]he employer shall provide payment in accordance with
this section for reasonable surgical and medical services, services rendered by
physicians or other health care providers, including an additional opinion when invasive
surgery may be necessary, medicines and supplies, as and when needed.” In this
discretionary appeal, we must determine whether cannabinoid oil (CBD oil) prescribed to
a claimant by a health care provider is included in the meaning of the phrase “medicines
and supplies.” For the reasons set forth below, we hold that any item that is part of a
health care provider’s treatment plan for a claimant’s work-related injury falls within the
1 Act of June 2, 1915, P.L. 736, as amended, 77 P.S. §§ 1-1041.4, 2501-2710. purview of the broad-encompassing phrase “medicines and supplies” as provided in
Section 306(f.1)(1)(i). We further hold that, in such circumstances, the cost containment
provisions of the WCA 2 and the attendant Pennsylvania Department of Labor
(Department) regulations, both of which apply to a health care provider, do not apply to a
claimant. We, therefore, affirm the Commonwealth Court’s order.
I. Background
On April 14, 2017, Mark R. Schmidt (Claimant), a workers’ compensation attorney,
sustained a work-related injury in the course and scope of his employment with Schmidt,
Kirifides and Rassias, PC (Employer). On that date, Claimant was squatting to load files
into a trial bag, tipped the trial bag onto its wheels, experienced “a sudden sharp increase
in low back and right leg pain,” and fell over onto his side. (Workers Compensation
Judge’s Decision, 04/07/2020, at 3.) A workers’ compensation judge (WCJ), through
claim proceedings, described Claimant’s work-related injury as an aggravation of his
preexisting degenerative disc disease at L4-5 and L5-S1 with radiculopathy.
Claimant continued to work since the date of his work-related injury, but his pain
progressively worsened. The treatment for Claimant’s work-related injury, however, was
limited to pain management. This is because Claimant expressed a desire to exhaust all
non-surgical options before undergoing surgery due to the inherent risks associated
therewith and the likelihood of a prolonged recovery time. To that end, Claimant took,
inter alia, OxyContin and Oxycodone multiple times per day as prescribed by his medical
provider.
2 See, e.g., 77 P.S. § 531(5) (providing, in relevant part, that “[t]he employer or insurer
shall make payment and providers shall submit bills and records in accordance with the provisions of this section”).
[J-90-2024] - 2 The extensive driving and sitting in courtroom chairs associated with Claimant’s
employment continued to aggravate his pain. In order to manage that aggravation,
William Murphy, D.O., Claimant’s physician, recommended that Claimant increase his
medication dosages. Claimant opposed Dr. Murphy’s recommendation, explaining that
an increase in his medication would affect his ability to think, focus, and adequately
represent his clients. After trying other non-surgical interventions, such as aqua therapy
and injections, Dr. Murphy prescribed CBD oil in lieu of increasing Claimant’s OxyContin
and Oxycodone dosages. Dr. Murphy’s prescription for CBD oil provided: “CBD
oil/topical. Apply to affected area PRN as directed.” (Reproduced Record (R.R.) at 79a.)
Claimant purchased both CBD topical lotion 3 and CBD oil over the counter from a
specialty natural remedy store, rather than a pharmacy. Claimant used the CBD topical
lotion and the CBD oil in accordance with the directions on the packaging materials,
namely by applying the CBD topical lotion on the skin of his lower back and using the
provided dropper to place the CBD oil under his tongue. Claimant’s use of the CBD
topical lotion and CBD oil to treat the pain he is experiencing as a result of the
work-related injury appears to have been successful; he continues to avoid the immediate
need for surgery and has not increased his Oxycontin and Oxycodone dosages.
According to Claimant, the CBD oil is more effective than the CBD topical lotion in treating
his pain.
Claimant provided Employer with his CBD oil prescription and the receipts for his
purchases thereof. Employer, however, refused to reimburse Claimant for his
out-of-pocket CBD oil costs on the basis that CBD oil is not a pharmaceutical drug. As a
result, on October 2, 2019, Claimant filed a penalty petition against Employer, claiming
that Employer violated the WCA by failing to reimburse him for his out-of-pocket costs for
3 While we acknowledge that Claimant purchased both CBD oil and CBD lotion, we
discern no distinction therewith for the purpose of our discussion.
[J-90-2024] - 3 medical treatment—i.e., the costs associated with his use of CBD oil. By decision and
order dated April 7, 2020, the WCJ granted Claimant’s penalty petition and ordered
Employer to pay the costs associated with Claimant’s use of CBD oil; the WCJ did not,
however, assess penalties against Employer. In doing so, the WCJ concluded that
Claimant’s CBD oil is a “supply” under Section 306(f.1)(1)(i) of the WCA and that Claimant
is not a “health care provider.” The WCJ also concluded that, because Claimant did not
acquire the CBD oil from a “health care provider,” the workers’ compensation cost
containment regulations do not apply, and, therefore, Employer is liable for the entirety of
the costs associated with Claimant’s use of CBD oil.
Employer appealed to the Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board (Board), and the
Board, in a divided decision, reversed the WCJ’s decision and order. In doing so, the
Board concluded that, regardless of “whether CBD [o]il constitutes medical ‘supplies’
under Section 306(f.1)(1)(i) of the [WCA],” Employer’s failure to reimburse Claimant for
the costs associated with his use thereof did not constitute a violation of the WCA because
“Claimant did not follow the rules triggering [Employer’s] obligation to pay” and, even if he
did, CBD oil cannot be a “supply” under the WCA “as the [Food and Drug Administration
(FDA)] has concluded that it has not been proven safe or effective.” (Board’s Decision,
09/08/2021, at 5, 9-10.) For these reasons, the Board determined that the WCJ should
have denied Claimant’s penalty petition.
Three of the Board’s Commissioners dissented. Commissioner James Zurick,
joined by Commissioner David Wilderman, authored a dissenting opinion, wherein he
explained that, in light of the humanitarian purposes of the WCA, he would have affirmed
the WCJ’s decision and order on the basis that CBD oil, as a supplement, is included
within the WCA’s broad definition of supplies. As a result, he would have concluded that
the WCJ did not err by requiring Employer to reimburse Claimant for the costs associated
[J-90-2024] - 4 with his use of CBD oil. Commissioner Zurick further opined that the WCA does not
require Claimant, who is not a health care provider, to submit his reimbursement requests
on HCFA forms or any other standard form and that, by requiring him to do so, the majority
placed an “impossible” burden on Claimant. (Board’s Decision (Zurick, C., dissenting)
at 4.)
In a divided, reported opinion, an en banc panel of the Commonwealth Court
reversed the Board’s order. Schmidt v. Schmidt, Kirifides and Rassias, PC,
305 A.3d 1137 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2023). In doing so, the Commonwealth Court acknowledged
that, because this case involved a penalty petition, Claimant had the burden of proving
that Employer violated the WCA by not paying for the expenses associated with his
purchase of CBD oil. To support that claim, Claimant submitted receipts for his CBD oil
but no other form or other records because he is not a provider.
The Commonwealth Court first determined that the Board erred and violated its
standard of review by disregarding the factual findings of the WCJ that were supported
by substantial evidence, including: (1) Employer was declared liable to pay for the
medical expenses which are reasonable and necessary for the treatment of Claimant’s
work-related injury, (2) Dr. Murphy prescribed Claimant CBD oil to treat his work-related
injury, 4 (3) CBD oil is a supply, and, thus, (4) Employer is responsible to pay for the
expenses Claimant incurred associated therewith but did not do so.
4 The Commonwealth Court also determined that the Board erred by disregarding the
WCJ’s findings of fact, which, according to that court, were supported by substantial evidence, by “suggesting that Claimant misused a topical lotion by ingesting it.” Schmidt, 305 A.3d at 1151. In doing so, the Commonwealth Court noted that “Dr. Murphy’s April 8, 2019 prescription stated: ‘CBD oil/topical,’” and, “[t]hus, the prescription gave Claimant the option of using CBD oil or topical treatments.” Id. at 1150 (quoting R.R. at 74a). Further, the Commonwealth Court highlighted, “Dr. Murphy stated in his November 5, 2019 note regarding the CBD oil prescription: ‘In addition to medications, I have recommended that [Claimant] try CBD oil.’” Id. at 1150-51 (quoting R.R. at 82a (…continued)
[J-90-2024] - 5 The Commonwealth Court also concluded that the Board erred by expressly
declining to address the central issue presented in this matter—i.e., whether CBD oil is a
medicine or supply within the meaning of Section 306(f.1) of the WCA. In doing so, the
Commonwealth Court explained that the Board emphasized Section 306(f.1)(5) of the
WCA (providing “employer or insurer shall make payment and providers shall submit bills
and records in accordance with the provisions of this section”), rather than
Section 306(f.1)(1)(i) of the WCA, and incorrectly determined that Claimant is not entitled
to reimbursement because he did not submit the necessary bills and records. The
Commonwealth Court noted, however, that, because Claimant is not a “provider,”
Claimant only needed to demonstrate that CBD oil is a medicine or supply. 5 The
Commonwealth Court also stated that, “[t]o the extent that the issue before [the c]ourt is
strictly an issue of statutory interpretation, [the c]ourt must determine specifically whether
CBD oil fits within either the definition of ‘medicines’ or ‘supplies.’” Id. at 1155. To that
end, the Commonwealth Court explained that “[m]edicine is commonly defined as ‘a
substance or preparation used in treating disease[;]’ [‘]something that affects well-being;[’]
[‘]a substance (such as a drug or potion) used to treat something other than disease.[’]”
Id. at 1156 (some alterations in original) (quoting Medicine, Merriam Webster,
(emphasis omitted)). “Importantly,” the Commonwealth Court recognized, “Dr. Murphy does not state in his note that the CBD is for topical use only. The first receipt reflects Claimant purchased two items—a lotion and an oil. The WCJ credited Claimant’s explanation that he used each type as directed by the package instructions.” Id. at 1150 (emphasis in original) (citation omitted); (see R.R. at 70a).
5 In this regard, the Commonwealth Court stated that, “[t]o the extent the issue before [the
c]ourt is a mixed question of law and fact, based upon [the c]ourt’s review, and drawing all reasonable inferences in Claimant’s favor on the [p]enalty [p]etition, as it must, the credible record evidence supports [the] WCJ[’s] . . . conclusion that CBD oil is a supply for purposes of Section 306(f.1)(1)(i) of the [WCA].” Schmidt, 305 A.3d at 1154 (emphasis in original).
[J-90-2024] - 6 https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/medicine (last visited February 5, 2025)).
The Commonwealth Court further explained that, “[s]imilarly, the term ‘medical supplies’
is defined as ‘[a]ny item that is essential for treating illness or injury.’” Id. (second
alteration in original) (emphasis in original) (quoting Medical Supplies, Segen’s Medical
Dictionary (2012), https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/medical+supplies
(last visited February 5, 2025)).
Applying the foregoing definitions here, the Commonwealth Court concluded that,
for purposes of Section 306(f.1)(1)(i), CBD oil is both a medicine and supply, reasoning
that, in this matter, “Dr. Murphy prescribed CBD oil to Claimant to treat his pain” and that
“[t]he CBD oil has benefitted Claimant’s well-being by reducing his pain, eliminating his
need to increase the use of highly addictive opioid medications, and forestalling
expensive and risky surgery.” Id. (citations omitted). The Commonwealth Court also
noted that there was no utilization review (UR) petition before that court, such that any
argument regarding whether Claimant’s use of CBD oil is reasonable and necessary was
not properly before the court. In that regard, the Commonwealth Court further explained
that whether a treatment is FDA-approved for a particular purpose is a challenge to the
reasonableness and necessity of the treatment that may be raised only in the context of
the UR process provided in Section 306(f.1)(1)(6) of the WCA. See 77 P.S. § 531(6)
(providing, in relevant part, that “disputes as to reasonableness or necessity of treatment
by a health care provider shall be resolved in accordance with the . . . provisions” set forth
in Section 306(f.1)(6)(i)-(iv)). “Moreover,” the Commonwealth Court stated, “FDA
approval of a treatment is not a requirement under the [WCA], and despite that the FDA
has not approved some firms’ marketing of CBD oil as a dietary supplement, its use is not
otherwise illegal.” Schmidt, 305 A.3d at 1164 (emphasis omitted). To that end, the
Commonwealth Court noted that “the [WCA] does not expressly prohibit Claimant’s CBD
[J-90-2024] - 7 oil use merely because some firms’ illegally marketed CBD oil, and the WCJ found that
Claimant used the CBD oil . . . as directed.” Id. (emphasis omitted).
Lastly, the Commonwealth Court concluded that “the Board erred by finding that
Claimant was required to submit the type of billing forms and medical reports required of
treatment providers to obtain reimbursement for the costs of medicine and supplies to
treat his work injuries.” Id. at 1160 (emphasis omitted) (citing Fegley v. Firestone Tire &
Rubber (Workers’ Comp. Appeal Bd.), 291 A.3d 940 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2023)). Relying on
Section 306(f.1)(5) of the WCA and Sections 127.201 and 127.202(a) of the Department’s
regulations, 34 Pa. Code §§ 127.201, 127.202(a), the Commonwealth Court explained
that “the clear statutory and regulatory language mandates providers, not employees, to
submit bills on specified forms for a billed treatment to be paid.” Schmidt, 305 A.3d
at 1158. “Consequently,” the Commonwealth Court stated “Claimant was not required to
submit a [Health Care Financing Administration (]HCFA[)] form and/or periodic medical
reports in order to receive reimbursement from Employer. Rather, in order to obtain
reimbursement, Claimant only had to submit his doctor’s prescription for CBD oil to treat
the pain caused by his work injury and his receipts therefor, which he did.” Id. at 1159
(footnotes omitted).
Judge Wallace authored a concurring opinion, wherein she agreed with the
majority in most respects and indicated that she, too, would reverse the Board’s order,
albeit on alternative grounds. Judge Wallace wrote separately to express her belief that
CBD oil is a medicine rather than a supply. 6 In doing so, Judge Wallace opined that “[t]he
6 Preliminarily, Judge Wallace noted that she understood how the majority and the dissent
could differ on the issue of whether Dr. Murphy prescribed CBD oil for oral ingestion because Dr. Murphy’s prescription is subject to different interpretations. Schmidt, 305 A.3d at 1178 (Wallace, J. concurring). Judge Wallace explained, however, that when she considered “Claimant’s receipts, [Claimant’s credible] testimony, . . . and Dr. Murphy’s treatment notes in chronologic order, [she could] only conclude Dr. Murphy intended his (…continued)
[J-90-2024] - 8 definition the [m]ajority attribute[d] to ‘supplies’ is so broad that all ‘medicines’ are also
‘supplies,’” and, consequently, such an interpretation effectively renders the word
“medicine” in the WCA as meaningless. Id. at 1180 (Wallace, J., concurring). Engaging
in her own statutory construction, Judge Wallace reasoned, “when [she] consult[s] a
dictionary to ascertain the meanings of ‘medicines’ and ‘supplies’ in accordance with
common and approved usage, [she] would utilize only definitions that do not subsume
one another.” Id. In this regard, Judge Wallace noted that “‘medicine’ is defined as ‘any
drug or remedy.’” Id. For purposes of Section 306(f.1) of the WCA, Judge Wallace stated
that “[a] medicine is not a drug . . . because Section 306(f.1) separately uses the term
‘drug’ on numerous occasions.” Id. at 1180-81. On the other hand, Judge Wallace noted,
“[a] ‘remedy’ is defined as ‘an agent that cures disease or alleviates its symptoms.’” Id.
at 1181. Judge Wallace, thus, like the majority, opined that “Dr. Murphy prescribed CBD
oil as an agent to alleviate Claimant’s pain symptoms,” and, consequently, she “would
conclude that, under the facts presented in this case, CBD oil qualifies as a ‘medicine’
under Section 306(f.1) of the [WCA].” Id.
Judge Fizzano Cannon, joined by Judge Dumas, authored a dissenting opinion,
wherein she opined that Employer cannot be subject to a penalty under the WCA for
refusing to reimburse Claimant for the costs associated with his use of CBD oil based on
a variety of reasons. First, she explained that “Claimant did not provide proper medical
support for his reimbursement request and did not trigger Employer’s duty to pay.”
Schmidt, 305 A.3d at 1177 (Fizzano Cannon, J., dissenting). Additionally, she noted that
“CBD oil cannot be marketed for a therapeutic purpose, or even as a dietary supplement,
without premarketing approval from the FDA, which has not been given. Claimant’s oral
use of CBD oil as a treatment for pain is not legal; it has not been approved by the FDA
prescription to include CBD oil for oral ingestion and that Claimant’s oral ingestion of CBD oil was consistent with Dr. Murphy’s treatment plan.” Id. at 1179 (Wallace, J., concurring).
[J-90-2024] - 9 because it has not been shown to be either safe or effective for such a use.” Id. For
these reasons, Judge Fizzano Cannon concluded that Claimant’s CBD oil “is not subject
to reimbursement under the [WCA].” 7 Id. Finally, Judge Fizzano Cannon stated that
“[t]he Board correctly declined to decide whether dietary supplement CBD oil is a ‘supply’
under the [WCA]. Further, it does not fit the intended statutory meaning of a supply.
Moreover, even designating it as a supply would not render it subject to reimbursement.”
Id.
II. ISSUES
This Court granted discretionary review to consider the following issues, rephrased
by this Court for clarity: (1) Do the terms “medical services” and “medicines and supplies” as used in Section 306(f.1), 77 P.S. § 531, of the [WCA], include [CBD oil], specifically, as well as dietary supplements, generally, and products that may be purchased without a prescription from a health[]care provider? (2) Do the cost containment regulations of the [WCA] apply to CBD oil? (3) Does Section 306(f.1) of the [WCA], 77 P.S. § 531, require employers/insurers to reimburse claimants, directly, for out of-pocket expenses for “medical services” and “medicine and supplies,” and if so, are claimants obligated to submit supporting documentation, such as medical records or prescriptions, or specified forms, such as HCFA forms, before they may receive such reimbursement? Schmidt v. Schmidt, Kirifides and Rassias, PC, 318 A.3d 92 (Pa. 2024) (per curiam). In
order to resolve these issues, we must engage in statutory interpretation and, therefore,
7 In Judge Fizzano Cannon’s view, Dr. Murphy only prescribed CBD oil for topical use,
not oral consumption as evinced by the lack of record evidence “to support an interpretation of either the prescription or the contemplation of Claimant’s doctor as relating to other than topical use of CBD.” Schmidt, 305 A.3d at 1174 (Fizzano-Cannon, J., dissenting). While she acknowledged the WCJ’s findings concerning the benefits Claimant received from his use of CBD oil, she reiterated that “the pertinent legal issue is not whether Claimant obtains pain relief from ingesting CBD oil, but rather, whether such a use, which is both off-label and not approved by the FDA, and which was not included in his doctor’s treatment plan, is subject to reimbursement by Employer under the [WCA].” Id. at 1175 (footnote omitted).
[J-90-2024] - 10 we are presented with questions of law. Accordingly, our standard of review is de novo,
and our scope of review is plenary. Hartford Ins. Grp. Ex rel. Chunli Chen v. Kamara,
199 A.3d 841, 845 (Pa. 2018); Cruz v. Workers’ Comp. Appeal Bd. (Kennett Square
Specialties), 99 A.3d 397, 406 (Pa. 2014).
We are guided in our analysis by the Statutory Construction Act of 1972 (Statutory
Construction Act), 1 Pa. C.S. §§ 1501-1991, which provides that the object of all statutory
interpretation “is to ascertain and effectuate the intention of the General Assembly.” 1 Pa.
C.S. § 1921(a). Generally, the plain language of the statute “provides the best indication
of legislative intent.” Miller v. Cnty. of Centre, 173 A.3d 1162, 1168 (Pa. 2017) (citing
1 Pa. C.S. § 1921(b)). It is also true that “we interpret statutory language not in isolation[]
but with reference to the context in which it appears.” Commonwealth v. Kingston,
143 A.3d 917, 922, (Pa. 2016). We do not “dissect statutory text and interpret it in a
vacuum.” Id. at 924. The foregoing is an essential recognition of the reality that “[t]o strip
a word from its context is to strip that word of its meaning.” Biden v. Nebraska, 600 U.S.
482, 511 (2023) (Barrett, J., concurring). With respect to the WCA, we have recognized
that it “is remedial in nature and is intended to benefit workers.” Martin v. Workers’ Comp.
Appeal Bd. (Emmaus Bakery), 652 A.2d 1301, 1303 (Pa. 1995). It, thus, “must be liberally
construed in order to effectuate its humanitarian objectives.” Id.
If the statutory language is clear and unambiguous in setting forth the intent of the
General Assembly, then “we cannot disregard the letter of the statute under the pretext
of pursuing its spirit.” Fletcher v. Pa. Prop. & Cas. Ins. Guar. Ass’n, 985 A.2d 678, 684
(Pa. 2009) (citing 1 Pa. C.S. § 1921(b)). It is only “[w]hen the words of the statute are not
explicit” that we will glean the intention of the General Assembly by resorting to other
considerations. 1 Pa. C.S. § 1921(c). “Words and phrases shall be construed according
to rules of grammar and according to their common and approved usage,” but "technical
[J-90-2024] - 11 words and phrases and such others as have acquired a peculiar and appropriate meaning
or are defined in [the Statutory Construction Act] shall be construed according to such
peculiar and appropriate meaning or definition.” 1 Pa. C.S. § 1903(a).
III. DISCUSSION
We begin our analysis by setting forth the relevant statute. Section 306(f.1)(1)(i)
of the WCA provides, in relevant part: “The employer shall provide payment in
accordance with this section for reasonable surgical and medical services, services
rendered by physicians or other health care providers, including an additional opinion
when invasive surgery may be necessary, medicines and supplies, as and when needed.”
77 P.S. § 531(1)(i). Focusing on the terms “medicines” and “supplies,” we observe that
neither the WCA nor Section 1991 of the Statutory Construction Act provide a default
definition for either of those terms. Insofar as this matter concerns whether CBD oil is a
“medicine” or “supply” as those terms are used in Section 306(f.1)(1)(i), we are
unconvinced that we must consider those terms independently and fit CBD oil into either
category in order for an employer to be responsible to pay for it pursuant to this section.
Rather, we can consider the terms together as the single phrase “medicines and
supplies.” Under the plain language of Section 306(f.1)(1)(i), “[t]he employer shall provide
payment . . . for. . . medicines and supplies.” 77 P.S. § 531(1)(i) (emphasis added). Given
that an employer is responsible for payment for both “medicines and supplies,” ascribing
separate meanings to the individual terms would present a distinction without a difference.
For that reason, in this case, we consider the meaning of the phrase “medicines and
supplies” as set forth in the relevant statute.
In pursuit of our objective, we also note our previous recognition that the WCA
“clearly and unambiguously provides that employers and insurers are obligated to pay
providers . . . for reasonable and necessary treatment or services connected to claimants’
[J-90-2024] - 12 work-related injuries.” Keystone RX LLC v. Bureau of Workers’ Comp. Fee Rev. Hearing
Off., 265 A.3d 322, 332 (Pa. 2021) (citing 77 P.S. § 531(1)(i)) (emphasis added). We
have also noted that Section 306(f.1) of the WCA “is the one clause in Article III [of the
WCA] devoted to the employer’s obligation to pay medical expenses.” Giant Eagle, Inc.
v. Workers’ Comp. Appeal Bd. (Givner), 39 A.3d 287, 292 (Pa. 2012) (emphasis added).
Similarly, appellate courts of this Commonwealth have relied on Section 306(f.1)(1)(i)
when mandating that employers pay for employees’ reasonable and necessary medical
expenses and treatment. See Fegley, 291 A.3d at 951 (relying on, inter alia,
Section 306(f.1)(1)(i) and stating court “presume[s], as [it] must, that the General
Assembly was aware of [the WCA’s] mandate that employers pay for employees’
reasonable and necessary medical treatment of work injuries when it authorized medical
marijuana as a medical treatment”) (emphasis added). 8 Given the foregoing, it appears
that we have viewed Section 306(f.1)(1) as the defining provision of employers’ and
insurers’ responsibilities regarding payment of medical expenses for certain treatments
and services—i.e., those that are reasonable and necessary to a claimant’s work-related
injury. Accordingly, we do not limit our construction of Section 306(f.1)(1)(i) to the
individual terms “medicines” and “supplies.” Rather, in so construing, we give effect to
8 See also Luzerne Cnty. v. Groner (Pa. Cmwlth., No. 1057 C.D. 2020, filed Apr. 11, 2022),
slip op. at 7 (“Section 306(f.1)(1)(i) of the [WCA] requires an employer to pay for reasonable medical expenses necessary to treat a work injury.” (emphasis added)); W&W Contractors, Inc. v. Workers’ Comp. Appeal Bd. (Pa. Cmwlth, No. 836 C.D. 2020, filed Jun. 28, 2021), slip op. at 20 (“An employer’s obligation to pay for medical expenses extends to those that are causally related to the work injury.” (citing 77 P.S. § 531(1)(i) (emphasis added))); see also Physical Therapy Inst., Inc. v. Bureau of Workers’ Comp. Fee Rev. Hearing Off. (Donegal Mutual Ins. Co.) (Pa. Cmwlth, No. 1599 C.D. 2018, filed Jul. 10, 2019), slip op. at 2 & n.3 (determining petitioner was “‘provider’ of the services rendered pursuant to the [WCA]” (citing, inter alia, 77 P.S. § 531(f)(1)(i) (emphasis added))).
[J-90-2024] - 13 “medicines and supplies” as provided in the statute as the broad-encompassing phrase
intended by the General Assembly, evinced by the plain language thereof.
Based on the above, we construe “medicines and supplies” as any item that is part
of a health care provider’s treatment plan for a work-related injury. To that end,
Section 306(f.1)(1)(i) of the WCA requires an employer to provide payment irrespective
of an item’s specific denotation as a “medicine” or “supply” so long as the item is part of
a health care provider’s treatment plan for a work-related injury. 9 Consequently, we do
not resort to other principles of statutory construction to elicit the meaning of the individual
terms “medicines” and “supplies” where we find nothing in the plain reading of the
statutory language to be unclear or ambiguous. See Pa. Sch. Bds. Ass’n, Inc. v. Pub.
Sch. Emps. Ret. Bd., 863 A.2d 432, 436 (Pa. 2004) (explaining that “the best indication
of legislative intent is the plain language of a statute” and that “[c]ourts may resort to other
considerations to divine legislative intent only when the words of the statute are not
explicit”); Zane v. Friends Hosp., 836 A.2d 25, 31 (Pa. 2003) (“Only after the words of the
statute are found to be unclear or ambiguous should a reviewing court further engage in
an attempt to ascertain the intent of the Legislature through use of the various tools
provided in the Statutory Construction Act.”).
In light of our construction of the phrase “medicines and supplies,” we clarify that
the proper inquiry to resolve whether an employer is responsible for payment of a certain
item under Section 306(f.1)(1)(i) of the WCA is whether a health care provider prescribes
the item as part of the treatment plan associated with the work-related injury, not whether
9 While we recognize that not every item that is part of a health care provider’s treatment
plan may be deemed reasonable and/or necessary, challenges thereto may be raised before a utilization review organization as part of the utilization review process under the WCA. See 77 P.S. § 531(6)(i)-(iv). Those challenges, however, do not inform whether an item is a “medicine or supply” in the first instance under Section 306(f.1)(1)(i) of the WCA.
[J-90-2024] - 14 that item is distinctly either a “medicine” or “supply.” Further, our construction allows us
to separate ourselves from the process by which a licensed physician, presumedly using
his or her professional judgment, determines that a certain item is a component of a
treatment plan for a work-related injury. In other words, we refrain from stepping into the
shoes of a health care provider merely because an item—i.e., here, CBD oil—might not
squarely fit into the separate terms “medicines” or “supplies.” See, e.g., Kretchmar v.
Com., 831 A.2d 793, 799 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2003) (“Courts will ‘disavow any attempt to
second-guess the propriety or adequacy of a particular course of treatment . . . (which)
remains a question of sound professional judgment.’” (quoting Inmates of Allegheny Cnty.
Jail v. Pierce, 612 F.2d 754, 762 (3d Cir. 1979))). In sum, we reiterate that we refrain
from ascribing separate meaning to the terms “medicines” and “supplies” in
Section 306(f.1)(1)(i); rather, we construe the phrase “medicines and supplies” as a
broad-encompassing phrase that includes any item that is part of a health care provider’s
plan for a work-related injury.
In an effort to circumvent our construction of the plain and unambiguous language
of Section 306(f.1)(1)(i) of the WCA, Employer argues that CBD 10 is “an unregulated
chemical compound extracted from hemp and marijuana that the [FDA] has determined
is unsafe and cannot be sold or marketed for any purpose.” (Employer’s Brief (Br.) at 7.)
Employer explains that the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 (2018 Farm Bill),
7 U.S.C. § 1639o(1), “‘legalized’ hemp only if the hemp has a delta-9
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentration of less than 0.3 percent on a dry weight basis.”
(Id. at 9.) Employer further explains that “[d]elta-8 THC products and delta-10 THC
10 In making its arguments to this Court, Employer generally refers to “CBD products.”
For the purpose of our discussion, however, the distinction between “CBD products” generally and “CBD oil” is irrelevant. We, thus, for the sake of consistency, only refer to “CBD oil” in our discussion.
[J-90-2024] - 15 products made from CBD in hemp became very popular in the United States after
the 2018 Farm Bill because delta-8 and delta-10 THC were technically ‘legal’ under the
definition of hemp”—i.e., they are excluded from the Schedule I definition of hemp under
the federal Controlled Substances Act, 21 U.S.C. §§ 801-904. (Id. at 10, 15.) Employer
maintains that “‘CBD oil’ is sometimes made from CBD that has high concentrations of
delt[a]-8 THC,” and “Claimant . . . never proved that the CBD oil he was ingesting was
indeed THC free or that it had no serious side effects.” (Id. at 10)
Employer also contends that “CBD oil is not always THC free and is potentially
harmful with various side effects according to the [FDA] and the Centers for Disease
Control” (CDC). (Id. (capitalization omitted)). More specifically, Employer suggests that
“the FDA mandated that CBD products cannot be [marketed or] sold as dietary
supplements,” “refused to regulate CBD under existing regulations,” explained that
“selling unapproved CBD products with unsubstantiated medical claims violated federal
law and put consumers at risk,” and “reported multiple adverse effects in patients who
had consumed CBD delta-8 THC products,” while the CDC has “warned consumers about
the dangers of CBD products”—i.e., “that delta-8 THC intoxication could lead to adverse
effects (similar to delta-9 THC), including lethargy, coordination problems, slurred speech,
heart rate problems, low blood pressure, difficulty breathing, and coma.” (Id. at 11, 12,
14, 18 (capitalization omitted)). Employer notes that, despite the FDA’s and CDC’s
concerns, “[t]here is no regulation of delta[-]8 CBD products like CBD oil in the
Commonwealth or at the federal level because hemp-derived delta-8 CBD products such
as ‘CBD oil’ are technically ‘legal’ under the 2018 Farm Bill because the delta-9 THC
concentration is less than 0.3 percent.” (Id. at 15 (emphasis omitted).) Additionally, in
anticipation of Claimant’s argument that he is seeking reimbursement only for THC free
CBD oil, Employer maintains that “[t]here is no way for an uneducated consumer to
[J-90-2024] - 16 determine if CBD oil is THC[]free because of the lack of federal or state labeling
regulations for CBD products.” (Id. at 16.) Employer explains that “[t]he label in this case
says nothing about specific THC content” but, instead, simply “says that the product is a
‘hemp extract.’” (Id. (citing R.R. at 174a).)
In making these arguments, Employer focuses its attention, not on the plain and
unambiguous language of the statute in question—i.e., Section 306(f.1)(1)(i) of the WCA–
but on CBD oil’s alleged shortcomings. Simply stated, there is nothing in the statute that
requires “medicines and supplies” to be regulated by the FDA. Also, the biggest obstacle
which Employer must overcome, which it does not, is showing that the CBD oil purchased
by Claimant herein is illegal. Contrary to Employer’s claim, CBD oil is lawfully sold over
the counter in this Commonwealth. See 7 U.S.C. § 1639o(1) (providing hemp is legal if
it has a delta-9 THC “concentration of not more than 0.3 percent on a dry weight basis”).
To the extent that Employer suggests that, in these circumstances, workers’
compensation tribunals need to evaluate the contents of CBD oil every time that it is
challenged before them to determine, effectively, the legality of the CBD oil, such a
suggestion is implausible. Further, contrary to Employer’s suggestion, claimants do not
bear the burden of proving that the CBD oil which they are using is THC free or has been
attributed to any serious side effects. As a matter of fact, Employer, here, conceded that
it had not raised any challenge relative to the CBD oil used by Claimant herein before the
WCJ or the Board. Insofar as Employer desires to challenge the reasonableness and
necessity of Claimant’s treatment for his work-related injury, those challenges are better
raised before a utilization review organization (URO) and otherwise are extraneous to our
disposition in this matter—i.e., ascribing meaning to the phrase “medicines and supplies”
as used in Section 306(f.1)(1)(i) of the WCA. See Am. Mfrs. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Sullivan, 526
U.S. 40, 46 (1999) (“The purpose of utilization review, and the sole authority conferred
[J-90-2024] - 17 upon a URO, is to determine ‘whether the treatment under review is reasonable or
necessary for the medical condition of the employee’ in light of ‘generally accepted
treatment protocols.’ [34 Pa. Code §§ 127.470(a), 127.467. Reviewers must examine the
treating provider’s medical records, [34 Pa. Code] § 127.459, 127.460], and must give the
provider an opportunity to discuss the treatment under review, [34 Pa. Code] § 127.469.
Any doubt as to the reasonableness and necessity of a given procedure must be resolved
in favor of the employee. [34 Pa. Code] § 127.471(b).” (footnote omitted)).
Given the above, we are unpersuaded by Employer’s attempt to exclude CBD oil
from the phrase “medicines and supplies.” Instead, we reiterate our conclusion that any
item that is part of a health care provider’s treatment plan falls within the purview of the
broad-encompassing phrase “medicines and supplies” as provided in
Section 306(f.1)(1)(i) of the WCA. Employers, thus, are required to provide payment for
the expenses associated therewith.
In light of our foregoing conclusion, we next turn to consider whether the cost
containment provisions of the WCA and attendant Department regulations require
Claimant, who is not a provider, to comply therewith. 11 For example, Section 306(f.1)(2)
of the WCA provides, inter alia, that “[a]ny provider who treats an injured employe shall
11 Employer did not offer any arguments regarding this issue. Instead, Employer maintained that “[b]ecause CBD oil and dietary supplements purchased at a health food store without presenting a prescription are not ‘medicines’ or ‘supplies’ or ‘medical services’ this Court does not need to reach the cost containment and out-of-pocket reimbursement issues.” (Employer’s Br. at 37). The American Property Casualty Insurance Association, the Insurance Federation of Pennsylvania, the Pennsylvania Defense Institute, the School District Insurance Consortium, the United Parcel Service, and the Pennsylvania Chamber of Business and Industry (collectively, Employer’s Amici) assert that the Commonwealth Court erred by concluding that the cost containment provisions of the WCA and attendant Department regulations do not apply to Claimant because employers and insurers have a “right” to medical reports in order establish the causal connection between a work-related injury and the treatment therefor prior to being required to pay for the treatment.
[J-90-2024] - 18 be required to file periodic reports with the employer on a form prescribed by the
department.” 77 P.S. § 531(2) (emphasis added). Section 127.201(b) of the
Department’s regulations provides that “[c]ost-based providers shall submit a detailed bill
including the service codes consistent with the service codes submitted to the Bureau on
the detailed charge master in accordance with [Section] 127.55(b).” 34 Pa. Code
§ 127.201(b) (emphasis added). Section 127.202(a) also provides that “[u]ntil a provider
submits bills on one of the forms specified in [Section] 127.201 (relating to medical bills—
standard forms) insurers are not required to pay for the treatment billed.” 34 Pa. Code
§ 127.202(a) (emphasis added). Notably, the preceding provisions and regulations all
relate to the obligations of providers. Accordingly, we must determine whether Claimant
is a “provider” under the WCA.
Section 109 of the WCA defines a “provider” as a “health care provider” and further
defines “health care provider,” in relevant part, as “any person, corporation, facility or
institution licensed or otherwise authorized by the Commonwealth to provide health care
services.” 77 P.S. § 29. Here, there is no dispute that Claimant is not a “provider” as that
term is plainly and unambiguously defined under the WCA. Accordingly, like the
Commonwealth Court, we conclude that Claimant was not required to comply with the
cost containment provisions of the WCA and attendant Department regulations. Although
non-providers are not required to comply with the cost containment provisions and
regulations, we, nevertheless, emphasize that our holding in no way absolves health care
providers, who prescribe medicines and supplies for work-related injuries, from their
obligations under the relevant cost containment provisions and regulations12
12 We note that the parties appear to dispute whether Claimant’s use of CBD oil—i.e., by
oral ingestion—was part of Dr. Murphy’s treatment plan for the work-related injury. That issue, however, is not before this Court.
[J-90-2024] - 19 In sum, we conclude that any item that is part of a health care provider’s treatment
plan for a work-related injury falls within the purview of the broad-encompassing phrase
“medicines and supplies” as provided in Section 306(f.1)(1)(i) of the WCA. We further
hold that the cost containment provisions of the WCA and attendant Department
regulations do not apply to non-providers, such that Claimant, a non-provider, was not
required to comply therewith. We, therefore, affirm the Commonwealth Court’s order.
Chief Justice Todd and Justices Donohue, Dougherty, Wecht, Mundy, and
McCaffery join the opinion.
[J-90-2024] - 20