Dixon, C. J.
This cause was tried before the court and a jury, and judgment rendered and perfected in favor of the plaintiffs, at the March term of the Washington county circuit court, 1873. After the judgment was so perfected, and at the special June term of the circuit court for that judicial circuit, held in the county .of Ozaukee, on the 18th day of June, 1873, the defendant moved, on a case made and settled, for a new trial, which motion was denied; and this is an appeal from the order denying the same. It is objected that the court had no power, after the term at which the judgment was so regularly entered, to set it aside, and therefore that the motion for a new trial was properly denied. We are of that opinion. It is set-[353]*353tied by tbe decisions of this court, almost too numerous to be cited, that, except as authorized by tbe statute (R. S., ch. 125, sec. 38; 2 Tay. Stats., 1446, § 42), tbe court, in causes tried by it, can not, upon motion, vacate a judgment after tbe term at which it was entered, for error in law or fact committed in rendering it, or occurring before it was pronounced. Edwards v. Janesville, 14 Wis., 26; Spafford v. Janesville, 15 id., 474; Flanders v. Sherman, 18 id., 575, 593; Ins. Co. v. McCormick, 20 id., 265; Hartshorn v. Railway Co., 23 id., 692; Landon v. Burke, 33 id., 452. The case in 20 Wis., 265, is a leading one upon this subject; and tbe rule and its exceptions, or apparent exceptions, are correctly stated on pages 268, 269. Tbe rule does not prohibit the setting aside of an order or judgment at tbe same term at which, it is made or rendered. Such a case is not within the rule. R- v. R-, 20 Wis., 331; Servatius v. Pichel. 30 id., 507. It does not include motions for the correction of errors which were not the errors of the judges, but of the clerks or other officers of the court. The judgment may be vacated or amended at a subsequent term so as to correct such errors and mistakes, and to make the record conform to the judgment actually pronounced, or the entry such as should have been made at the time the judgment was rendered. Hill v. Hoover, 5 Wis., 386; Hill v. Railway Co., 11 id., 214; Schmidt v. Gilson, 14 id., 514; Wyman v. Buckstaff, 24 id., 477. Nor does the rule prevent the vacation of a void judgment at a subsequent term (Carr v. Commercial Bank, 16 Wis., 50; S. C., 18 id., 255; Sayles v. Davis, 20 id., 302; Weatherbee v. Weatherbee, id., 499; Wendell v. Durbin, 26 id., 391); unless it be the judgment of a court of last resort (Hungerford v. Cushing, 8 id., 324; State v. Waupaca County Bank, 20 id., 640). And neither does it forbid the setting aside of judgments on cognovit or by confession. The courts, on motion, exercise a supervisory equitable jurisdiction over such judgments. Remington v. Cummings, 5 Wis., 138; Dilley v. Van Wie, 6 id., 209; Blakie v. Griswold, 10 id., 293; Thompson v. Hintgen, 11 id., 212; Reid [354]*354v. Case, 14 id., 429; Second Ward Bank v. Upman, id., 596; Jones v. Keyes, 16 id., 562; Van Steenwyck v. Sackett, 17 id., 645; Wadsworth v. Willard, 22 id., 238, Nor is the court forbidden upon motion to vacate the judgment, order it satisfied, or to stay proceedings upon it, according to circumstances, to inquire into facts occurring after judgment, or before judgment and after the time when the party could avail himself of them in the action, which facts show that the judgment, or some part of it, ought not to be enforced against the person making the application. Cooley v. Gregory, 16 Wis., 303; McDonald v. Falvey, 18 id., 571; Smith v. Lockwood, ante, p. 72. Aside from the foregoing cases, and perhaps some others of a like kind, not embraced in the rule, or which form exceptions to it, we know of no authority for a court to vacate, amend, modify or correct its own judgment after the term at which it was pronounced and recorded. We know of no authority for setting aside a j udgment for the purpose of letting in a motion for a new trial made at a subsequent term, .and believe it to be strictly incompetent for the court to do so; and if the judgment can not be set aside, it follows as of course that the motion for a new trial must prove unavailing. We are' of opinion that the motion in this case was properly denied on this ground, and that the order appealed from should be affirmed.
The practice in New York, as settled by a late decision in the court of appeals, Tracy v. Altmyer, 46 N. Y., 598, of allowing a motion for a new trial to be made at special term after the entry of judgment on the verdict, depends, as will be seen by an examination of the case, upon the provisions of a statute of that state specially authorizing it. We have no such statute, or at least none has been brought to the attention of the court; and it is conceded by the court of appeals, as it was indeed formerly held, that no such practice could exist but for the statutory enactment. The statute cited by connsel for the defendant in this action, R. S., ch. 132, sec. 20 (2 Tay. Stats., 1499, § 23), relates only to the making of a case or exceptions [355]*355“ for tlie purpose of an appeal,” and to obtain a review in the appellate court, as has frequently been decided by this court. Merwins v. O'Day, 9 Wis., 156; Hutchinson v. Eaton, id., 226; Dunbar v. Hollinshead, 10 id., 505, 507; Stevens v. Campbell, 13 id., 375; Cameron v. Sullivan, 15 id., 510. The practice, as indicated by several cases which have come before this court, and so far as we understand it, has always been, if the party wished to move at a subsequent term on a case or exceptions made or settled, to obtain a stay of proceedings, so as to prevent the entry of judgment until after the motion could be heard and determined.
A few remarks upon another question argued and submitted may possibly save an appeal from the judgment. The defendant offered evidence that the character of the plaintiff Albertine was bad in the neighborhood, and especially in regard to theft. It is impossible to believe that a. fact of this nature, if it existed, would not have been admissible in evidence on the part of the defendant, as tending, in connection with the other facts and circumstances-shown by him, to prove that he had reasonable ground to suspect the plaintiff Albertine of the larceny which had been committed. The only difficulty about the admissibility of the evidence was, that the fact was not pleaded. The defendant answered in general denial merely. It was probably on this ground that the court below excluded the testimony; and we think the court was right. The nearest approach to any authority in this court for the admission of such testimony under the general denial, are the cases of B-v. I-, 22 Wis., 372, and Wilson v. Noonan (unreported.) The first was an action for slander, and the second for libel. In the first it was held that evidence of the plaintiff’s bad character, before the words alleged were uttered, in respect of the particular crime or fault charged, was admissible under the general denial. In the second it was decided that the intent of the defendant, as a conception of his own mind at the time of publication, might be testified to by him without the fact being [356]*356specially pleaded in his answer.
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Dixon, C. J.
This cause was tried before the court and a jury, and judgment rendered and perfected in favor of the plaintiffs, at the March term of the Washington county circuit court, 1873. After the judgment was so perfected, and at the special June term of the circuit court for that judicial circuit, held in the county .of Ozaukee, on the 18th day of June, 1873, the defendant moved, on a case made and settled, for a new trial, which motion was denied; and this is an appeal from the order denying the same. It is objected that the court had no power, after the term at which the judgment was so regularly entered, to set it aside, and therefore that the motion for a new trial was properly denied. We are of that opinion. It is set-[353]*353tied by tbe decisions of this court, almost too numerous to be cited, that, except as authorized by tbe statute (R. S., ch. 125, sec. 38; 2 Tay. Stats., 1446, § 42), tbe court, in causes tried by it, can not, upon motion, vacate a judgment after tbe term at which it was entered, for error in law or fact committed in rendering it, or occurring before it was pronounced. Edwards v. Janesville, 14 Wis., 26; Spafford v. Janesville, 15 id., 474; Flanders v. Sherman, 18 id., 575, 593; Ins. Co. v. McCormick, 20 id., 265; Hartshorn v. Railway Co., 23 id., 692; Landon v. Burke, 33 id., 452. The case in 20 Wis., 265, is a leading one upon this subject; and tbe rule and its exceptions, or apparent exceptions, are correctly stated on pages 268, 269. Tbe rule does not prohibit the setting aside of an order or judgment at tbe same term at which, it is made or rendered. Such a case is not within the rule. R- v. R-, 20 Wis., 331; Servatius v. Pichel. 30 id., 507. It does not include motions for the correction of errors which were not the errors of the judges, but of the clerks or other officers of the court. The judgment may be vacated or amended at a subsequent term so as to correct such errors and mistakes, and to make the record conform to the judgment actually pronounced, or the entry such as should have been made at the time the judgment was rendered. Hill v. Hoover, 5 Wis., 386; Hill v. Railway Co., 11 id., 214; Schmidt v. Gilson, 14 id., 514; Wyman v. Buckstaff, 24 id., 477. Nor does the rule prevent the vacation of a void judgment at a subsequent term (Carr v. Commercial Bank, 16 Wis., 50; S. C., 18 id., 255; Sayles v. Davis, 20 id., 302; Weatherbee v. Weatherbee, id., 499; Wendell v. Durbin, 26 id., 391); unless it be the judgment of a court of last resort (Hungerford v. Cushing, 8 id., 324; State v. Waupaca County Bank, 20 id., 640). And neither does it forbid the setting aside of judgments on cognovit or by confession. The courts, on motion, exercise a supervisory equitable jurisdiction over such judgments. Remington v. Cummings, 5 Wis., 138; Dilley v. Van Wie, 6 id., 209; Blakie v. Griswold, 10 id., 293; Thompson v. Hintgen, 11 id., 212; Reid [354]*354v. Case, 14 id., 429; Second Ward Bank v. Upman, id., 596; Jones v. Keyes, 16 id., 562; Van Steenwyck v. Sackett, 17 id., 645; Wadsworth v. Willard, 22 id., 238, Nor is the court forbidden upon motion to vacate the judgment, order it satisfied, or to stay proceedings upon it, according to circumstances, to inquire into facts occurring after judgment, or before judgment and after the time when the party could avail himself of them in the action, which facts show that the judgment, or some part of it, ought not to be enforced against the person making the application. Cooley v. Gregory, 16 Wis., 303; McDonald v. Falvey, 18 id., 571; Smith v. Lockwood, ante, p. 72. Aside from the foregoing cases, and perhaps some others of a like kind, not embraced in the rule, or which form exceptions to it, we know of no authority for a court to vacate, amend, modify or correct its own judgment after the term at which it was pronounced and recorded. We know of no authority for setting aside a j udgment for the purpose of letting in a motion for a new trial made at a subsequent term, .and believe it to be strictly incompetent for the court to do so; and if the judgment can not be set aside, it follows as of course that the motion for a new trial must prove unavailing. We are' of opinion that the motion in this case was properly denied on this ground, and that the order appealed from should be affirmed.
The practice in New York, as settled by a late decision in the court of appeals, Tracy v. Altmyer, 46 N. Y., 598, of allowing a motion for a new trial to be made at special term after the entry of judgment on the verdict, depends, as will be seen by an examination of the case, upon the provisions of a statute of that state specially authorizing it. We have no such statute, or at least none has been brought to the attention of the court; and it is conceded by the court of appeals, as it was indeed formerly held, that no such practice could exist but for the statutory enactment. The statute cited by connsel for the defendant in this action, R. S., ch. 132, sec. 20 (2 Tay. Stats., 1499, § 23), relates only to the making of a case or exceptions [355]*355“ for tlie purpose of an appeal,” and to obtain a review in the appellate court, as has frequently been decided by this court. Merwins v. O'Day, 9 Wis., 156; Hutchinson v. Eaton, id., 226; Dunbar v. Hollinshead, 10 id., 505, 507; Stevens v. Campbell, 13 id., 375; Cameron v. Sullivan, 15 id., 510. The practice, as indicated by several cases which have come before this court, and so far as we understand it, has always been, if the party wished to move at a subsequent term on a case or exceptions made or settled, to obtain a stay of proceedings, so as to prevent the entry of judgment until after the motion could be heard and determined.
A few remarks upon another question argued and submitted may possibly save an appeal from the judgment. The defendant offered evidence that the character of the plaintiff Albertine was bad in the neighborhood, and especially in regard to theft. It is impossible to believe that a. fact of this nature, if it existed, would not have been admissible in evidence on the part of the defendant, as tending, in connection with the other facts and circumstances-shown by him, to prove that he had reasonable ground to suspect the plaintiff Albertine of the larceny which had been committed. The only difficulty about the admissibility of the evidence was, that the fact was not pleaded. The defendant answered in general denial merely. It was probably on this ground that the court below excluded the testimony; and we think the court was right. The nearest approach to any authority in this court for the admission of such testimony under the general denial, are the cases of B-v. I-, 22 Wis., 372, and Wilson v. Noonan (unreported.) The first was an action for slander, and the second for libel. In the first it was held that evidence of the plaintiff’s bad character, before the words alleged were uttered, in respect of the particular crime or fault charged, was admissible under the general denial. In the second it was decided that the intent of the defendant, as a conception of his own mind at the time of publication, might be testified to by him without the fact being [356]*356specially pleaded in his answer. But it is obvious, from the course of reasoning there pursued and the grounds of decision given, that the doctrine of those cases is not to be extended farther. They rest on their own peculiar circumstances, and furnish no rule for the admission of evidence to facts not within or clearly suggested by the issue joined, nor to external probative facts, or such as indicate themselves to minds of, or may be known by other persons, and which, either alone or coupled with others, go to establish a cause of action or defense. The general rule of pleading as it respects the answer of the defendant is, that every matter of fact which goes to defeat the cause of action, and which the plaintiff is not under the necessity of proving in order to make out his case, must be alleged in the answer. The bad character of the plaintiff Albertine in the particular named, if relied upon by the defendant as one of the circumstances going to show that he had reasonable ground to suspect her of the theft, and so to establish his defense, was a fact of no inconsiderable materiality and importance, and as such should have been set forth in the answer. It was necessary to allege it in order that the plaintiffs might come prepared to meet and disprove it, if they could. It is the purpose of all pleadings to inform the parties respectively of the facts relied upon, and of which proofs will be adduced on the other side; and that rule is to be preferred which will best promote this purpose and prevent surprise in the proofs offered, or secure to the adverse party the fullest and fairest opportunity of meeting and rebutting them. The plaintiffs might have been taken very greatly by surprise, if the testimony had been received. In Whitman v. Lake, 32 Wis., 189, it was held that evidence that the defendant was insane when he made the contract sued upon, was inadmissible, unless the defense was set up in the answer. And in actions like the present the rule of pleading is, that the answer should set forth the grounds of the suspicion, so that the court may judge of them and determine whether they afford reasonable or probable cause or not. Wade [357]*357v. Chaffee, 8 R. I, 224; S. C., 5 Am. R., 572. This is the rale, and the reason for it, upon demurrer. The rule, and the reason for it, on trial, are as above stated.
By the Court. — Order affirmed.