Schaefer v. General Casualty Co. of Wisconsin, Inc.

498 N.W.2d 855, 175 Wis. 2d 80, 1993 Wisc. App. LEXIS 214
CourtCourt of Appeals of Wisconsin
DecidedMarch 2, 1993
DocketNo. 92-2138
StatusPublished
Cited by6 cases

This text of 498 N.W.2d 855 (Schaefer v. General Casualty Co. of Wisconsin, Inc.) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals of Wisconsin primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Schaefer v. General Casualty Co. of Wisconsin, Inc., 498 N.W.2d 855, 175 Wis. 2d 80, 1993 Wisc. App. LEXIS 214 (Wis. Ct. App. 1993).

Opinion

CANE, P.J.

Darrin Schaefer appeals a nonfinal declaratory judgment1 holding that he is entitled to $25,000 under each of three uninsured motorist policies, or a total of $75,000. Schaefer claims he is entitled to $100,000 under each of the three policies, or a total of $300,000. We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

Schaefer, riding a motorcycle, collided with a truck driven by Randy Hill. The truck was pulling a trailer. Neither Schaefer nor his motorcycle came into contact with any portion of the trailer. At the time of the accident, Hill owned the truck and was within the scope of his employment for Paid Crum, who operated a painting business. The trailer was owned by Hill's father. Just before the accident, Crum and Hill had left a warehouse leased by Crum. The parties stipulate that Hill was negligent and Schaefer was not.

Neither Hill, Crum nor Hill's father had insured the truck or trailer.2 Schaefer did have uninsured motorist [83]*83coverage under three policies obtained by his family. Each policy limited uninsured motorist coverage to $25,000 per person, $50,000 per accident. General Casualty agrees that Schaefer is entitled to the $25,000 per person limit on each policy and to stack the benefits available for a total coverage of $75,000. Schaefer, however, argues that in addition to stacking the policies, each policy's limit should be doubled because Hill was pulling a trailer, which is a second uninsured vehicle, and doubled again because both Hill and Crum qualify as an "owner or operator of an 'uninsured motor vehicle.'" Thus, Schaefer claims he is due $100,000 under each policy, or a total of $300,000.

The Schaefer policy provides:

We will pay damages which an "insured" is legally entitled to recover from the owner or operator of an "uninsured motor vehicle" because of "bodily injury:"
1. Sustained by an "insured;" and
2. Caused by an accident.
. . . "Uninsured motor vehicle" means a land motor vehicle or trailer of any type [which lacks insurance].

The policy also limits the uninsured coverage under the heading "Limit of Liability" as follows:

The limit of liability shown in the Declarations for "each person" for Uninsured Motorist Coverage is our maximum limit of liability for all damages, including damages for care, loss of services or death, arising out of "bodily injury" sustained by any one person in any one auto accident. . ..
[84]*84This is the most we will pay regardless of the number of "insureds," claims made, vehicles or premiums shown in the Declarations, or vehicles involved in the auto accident.

The interpretation and application of an insurance policy to undisputed facts is a question of law that we decide without deference to the trial court. Garcia v. Regent Ins. Co., 167 Wis. 2d 287, 293, 481 N.W.2d 660, 663 (Ct. App. 1992). Words or phrases in an insurance policy are ambiguous when they are susceptible to more them one reasonable construction; however, when terms of an insurance policy are plain on their face, the policy must not be rewritten by construction. Smith v. Atlantic Mut. Ins. Co., 155 Wis. 2d 808, 811, 456 N.W.2d 597, 598-99 (1990). An insurance contract is interpreted from the standpoint of what a reasonable person in the position of the insured would have understood the specific words to mean. Kremers-Urban Co. v. American Employers Ins. Co., 119 Wis. 2d 722, 735, 351 N.W.2d 156, 163 (1984). In construing and interpreting an insurance policy, the policy is considered as a whole to give each of its provisions the meaning the parties intended. Kraemer Bros. v. United States Fire Ins. Co., 89 Wis. 2d 555, 562, 278 N.W.2d 857, 860 (1979).

Schaefer and General Casualty make a variety of arguments and counterarguments regarding whether the two "owners or operators" or two uninsured vehicles open the door to a double recovery. We conclude that both issues are resolved by looking to the plain language of the policies' "Limit of Liability" provision.

Schaefer contends that because the "Limit of Liability" language, insofar as it attempts to prevent the stacking of uninsured motorist policies is invalid because of sec. 631.43(1), Stats., see Krause v. Massachusetts [85]*85Bay Ins. Co., 161 Wis. 2d 711, 717, 468 N.W.2d 755, 757-58 (Ct. App. 1991), the entire clause must be held invalid.

Section 631.43(1), Stats., states in part:

When 2 or more policies promise to indemnify an insured against the same loss, no "other insurance" provisions of the policy may reduce the aggregate protection of the insured below the lesser of the actual insured loss suffered by the insured or the total indemnification promised by the policies if there were no "other insurance" provisions.

Wisconsin courts have held that the "Limit of Liability" clause at issue here is an "other insurance" provision referred to in sec. 631.43(1). Krause v. Massachusetts Bay Ins. Co., 161 Wis. 2d 711, 717, 468 N.W.2d 755, 757-58 (Ct. App. 1991).

Citing Streiff v. American Family Mut. Ins. Co., 118 Wis. 2d 602, 348 N.W.2d 505 (1984), Schaefer argues that the entire clause must be held invalid because the clause is indivisible. Streiff involved clauses in an insurance agency contract. One clause restricted solicitation within a territory, and the other purported to forfeit future extended earnings of a former agent who sold insurance in that territory. The court held these clauses constituted an indivisible covenant that violated a statute prohibiting unreasonable restraints of trade and, thus, were void and unenforceable even as to so much of the covenant as would be a reasonable restraint standing alone. Id. at 614-15, 348 N.W.2d at 512. Conversely, in this case, the "Limit of Liability" language at issue is divisible. It is void so far as it prevents stacking, or additional coverage promising to indemnify against the same loss. However, it is valid so far as it limits coverage [86]*86for other reasons. In fact, sec. 631.45(1), Stats., explicitly provides for such limitations. It states in part:

An insurance policy indemnifying an insured against loss may by clear language limit the part of the loss to be borne by the insurer to a specified or determinable maximum amount .... If the policy covers various risks, different limitations may be provided separately for each risk if the policy clearly so states.

The fact that the limit of liability language has previously been held as invalid for the purpose of preventing stacking does not mean that it has no effect.

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Bluebook (online)
498 N.W.2d 855, 175 Wis. 2d 80, 1993 Wisc. App. LEXIS 214, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/schaefer-v-general-casualty-co-of-wisconsin-inc-wisctapp-1993.