Ellison, J.
This action was commenced before a justice of the peace on an account for goods purchased of plaintiffs who are merchants. Plaintiffs recovered below and defendant prosecutes this writ of error. The evidence shows the goods to have been furnished to defendant' s wife and were mostly articles for the use of their daughter. If any purchases were made by the daughter they appear to have been made in the mother's presence. Both wife and daughter lived with defendant as members of his family. The objections urged here by defendant are as to the instructions given and refused; and in refusing to permit the wife to testify in defendant’s favor.
The case does not appear from the instructions and evidence with sufficient clearness to enable us to determine accurately as to the theory on which the cause was tried, but as the judgment will be reversed on account of an error in a ruling upon the evidence we will not discuss the instructions', but content ourselves with a statement of the legal principles which should govern a case of this kind.
Since the evidence seems to show that the goods, though mostly for the use of the daughter, were pur[155]*155chased by the mother, or by the daughter in the mother ’ s presence, I shall consider the purchases as made by the-mother.
I. In cases of this nature the plaintiffs should prove, either, that the goods were purchased by authority of defendant, expressed or implied, or, that they were necessaries and that he had neglected or refused to furnish them. If necessaries no authority is needed when not furnished by the husband. Raynes v. Bennett, 114 Mass. 424; Miller v. Brown, 47 Mo. 508. If the goods purchased extend to matters affecting the household, of which she is generally in charge, the presumption is she had authority from the ‘husband for the purchase. 2 Smith’s Leading Cases, 512. “Thus, in the division of labor between a husband and his wife, she commonly looks after the household, and more or less after the family supplies. If, therefore, she orders things from a grocery, or, indeed, from any other dealer, of the sort commonly consumed in the family, the presumption is more or less violent that she was authorized.” 1 Bishop M. & D. sect. 411. To the same effect is Chitty on Contracts, 234. In Parsons on Contracts, 386 (bottom page), it is said, the purpose and comfort of married life would be defeated or obstructed if the wife had not a general authority to purchase such articles as are necessary for the use of the family. So, in keeping with this, it is held in an English case(Phillipson v. Hayter, L. R. 6 C. P. 38) that a wife has-an implied or presumptive authority to pledge her husband’s credit for such things as fall within the domestic department, ordinarily confided to the wife’s management, and are necessary and suitable to the style in which her husband chooses to live. “Her authority extends to all those matters which fall within the department, as, for instance, the supply of provisions for-the house, clothing for herself and children, and things of that sort.”
This principle belongs wholly to the law of agency, and has nothing to do with the legal obligation devolv[156]*156ing on tlie husband, by virtue of the marriage tie. 2 Smith’s Leading Cases, 512 (top page). I should, therefore, hold that if the articles purchased are such as are ordinarily used in households, such as the husband maintains, he will be liable, notwithstanding it may turn out that the articles were not necessary to the comfort of the family, or were not needed, unless it was known they were not needed. The tradesman, in such cases, will not be required to look into the state of the family larder or the condition of the family wardrobe. This, upon the principle of a general agent acting within the apparent scope of his discretion and authority. This presumptive authority may be withdrawn by a cessation of cohabitation (Reese v. Chilton, 26 Mo. 598), or by notice to the tradesman, or by proof that the husband had never given such authority. In either of such events, the tradesman could only supply necessaries, and these he would furnish at his peril. It would be incumbent on him not only to show the articles furnished were necessaries, but that the husband failed or refused to supply them. Barr v. Armstrong, 56 Mo. 577, 588.
II. As to such necessaries, I will add that the wife and children are entitled to, at least, support from the husband, regardless of his financial condition, and by the marriage, it is said, she becomes an irrevocable agent to pledge his credit for necessaries for her support if he fails to supply them himself. 1 Bishop M. & D, sects. 551, 558; 1 Bishop Married Women, sect. 403. At least she is such agent so long as she is not separated from him by her fault. While, following the old books, it is said the wife is the agent in such cases, yet, in point of fact, his liability does not depend on the doctrine of agency, “but is rather an authority to do for him what law and duty require him to do, and which he neglects and refuses to do for himself; and is applicable as well to supplies furnished to the wife when she is sick, insensible, or insane, and to the care of her lifeless remains, as to contracts expressly made by her.” Cunningham v. Reardon, 98 Mass. 538. That case was for [157]*157funeral expenses. That such liability does not depend on the theory or doctrine of agency is apparent when we consider that the goods may be furnished against the husband’s command, and, as was said in the case last cited, the liability may arise for supplies furnished to the insane or for the dead: two conditions in which an agency certainly could not exist. It would present the singular aspect of an agency without an agent. It would be far more reasonable to regard it as an original and direct liability in the husband, created by the marriage. 2 Smith’s Lead. Cas. 512 (top page).
Necessaries, it is said, consist of food, drink, clothing, washing, physic, instruction, and a suitable place of residence. St. Johns Parish v. Bronson, 40 Conn. 75. These may be regarded as the strict necessities of support; but the husband, who may control the style of living, may, by the mode of life which he adopts, confer upon her a power to pledge his credit for more than the mere necessities of life. Such power is under the control of the husband ; that is to say, by a change in his style or mode of life, he may enlarge or restrict the authority. Practically, what shall be considered as necessaries will vary with the rank, position, and fortune of the husband (1 Bishop M. & D. sect. 554), though it should never go to the extravagance of mere luxury. What then should be considered necessaries, in the given case, is generally a question for the jury. This is so when the articles in dispute are such as may be used in household affairs, whether of the affluent or the poor. But if they be articles clearly outside of household affairs, or luxuries, the court would so declare as a matter of law. Raynes v. Bennett, 114 Mass. 424; Eames v. Sweetzer, 101 Mass. 78; Willey v. Beach, 115 Mass. 559; Phillipson v. Hayter, L. R. 6 C. P. 38.
III. The next question presented is whether the defendant’s wife was a competent witness in the cause; and if she was, could she be a witness for her husband ? The statute of 1879 (sect. 4014) provides that she shall not be disqualified as a witness in any “matters of busi[158]*158ness transactions when the transaction was had.
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Ellison, J.
This action was commenced before a justice of the peace on an account for goods purchased of plaintiffs who are merchants. Plaintiffs recovered below and defendant prosecutes this writ of error. The evidence shows the goods to have been furnished to defendant' s wife and were mostly articles for the use of their daughter. If any purchases were made by the daughter they appear to have been made in the mother's presence. Both wife and daughter lived with defendant as members of his family. The objections urged here by defendant are as to the instructions given and refused; and in refusing to permit the wife to testify in defendant’s favor.
The case does not appear from the instructions and evidence with sufficient clearness to enable us to determine accurately as to the theory on which the cause was tried, but as the judgment will be reversed on account of an error in a ruling upon the evidence we will not discuss the instructions', but content ourselves with a statement of the legal principles which should govern a case of this kind.
Since the evidence seems to show that the goods, though mostly for the use of the daughter, were pur[155]*155chased by the mother, or by the daughter in the mother ’ s presence, I shall consider the purchases as made by the-mother.
I. In cases of this nature the plaintiffs should prove, either, that the goods were purchased by authority of defendant, expressed or implied, or, that they were necessaries and that he had neglected or refused to furnish them. If necessaries no authority is needed when not furnished by the husband. Raynes v. Bennett, 114 Mass. 424; Miller v. Brown, 47 Mo. 508. If the goods purchased extend to matters affecting the household, of which she is generally in charge, the presumption is she had authority from the ‘husband for the purchase. 2 Smith’s Leading Cases, 512. “Thus, in the division of labor between a husband and his wife, she commonly looks after the household, and more or less after the family supplies. If, therefore, she orders things from a grocery, or, indeed, from any other dealer, of the sort commonly consumed in the family, the presumption is more or less violent that she was authorized.” 1 Bishop M. & D. sect. 411. To the same effect is Chitty on Contracts, 234. In Parsons on Contracts, 386 (bottom page), it is said, the purpose and comfort of married life would be defeated or obstructed if the wife had not a general authority to purchase such articles as are necessary for the use of the family. So, in keeping with this, it is held in an English case(Phillipson v. Hayter, L. R. 6 C. P. 38) that a wife has-an implied or presumptive authority to pledge her husband’s credit for such things as fall within the domestic department, ordinarily confided to the wife’s management, and are necessary and suitable to the style in which her husband chooses to live. “Her authority extends to all those matters which fall within the department, as, for instance, the supply of provisions for-the house, clothing for herself and children, and things of that sort.”
This principle belongs wholly to the law of agency, and has nothing to do with the legal obligation devolv[156]*156ing on tlie husband, by virtue of the marriage tie. 2 Smith’s Leading Cases, 512 (top page). I should, therefore, hold that if the articles purchased are such as are ordinarily used in households, such as the husband maintains, he will be liable, notwithstanding it may turn out that the articles were not necessary to the comfort of the family, or were not needed, unless it was known they were not needed. The tradesman, in such cases, will not be required to look into the state of the family larder or the condition of the family wardrobe. This, upon the principle of a general agent acting within the apparent scope of his discretion and authority. This presumptive authority may be withdrawn by a cessation of cohabitation (Reese v. Chilton, 26 Mo. 598), or by notice to the tradesman, or by proof that the husband had never given such authority. In either of such events, the tradesman could only supply necessaries, and these he would furnish at his peril. It would be incumbent on him not only to show the articles furnished were necessaries, but that the husband failed or refused to supply them. Barr v. Armstrong, 56 Mo. 577, 588.
II. As to such necessaries, I will add that the wife and children are entitled to, at least, support from the husband, regardless of his financial condition, and by the marriage, it is said, she becomes an irrevocable agent to pledge his credit for necessaries for her support if he fails to supply them himself. 1 Bishop M. & D, sects. 551, 558; 1 Bishop Married Women, sect. 403. At least she is such agent so long as she is not separated from him by her fault. While, following the old books, it is said the wife is the agent in such cases, yet, in point of fact, his liability does not depend on the doctrine of agency, “but is rather an authority to do for him what law and duty require him to do, and which he neglects and refuses to do for himself; and is applicable as well to supplies furnished to the wife when she is sick, insensible, or insane, and to the care of her lifeless remains, as to contracts expressly made by her.” Cunningham v. Reardon, 98 Mass. 538. That case was for [157]*157funeral expenses. That such liability does not depend on the theory or doctrine of agency is apparent when we consider that the goods may be furnished against the husband’s command, and, as was said in the case last cited, the liability may arise for supplies furnished to the insane or for the dead: two conditions in which an agency certainly could not exist. It would present the singular aspect of an agency without an agent. It would be far more reasonable to regard it as an original and direct liability in the husband, created by the marriage. 2 Smith’s Lead. Cas. 512 (top page).
Necessaries, it is said, consist of food, drink, clothing, washing, physic, instruction, and a suitable place of residence. St. Johns Parish v. Bronson, 40 Conn. 75. These may be regarded as the strict necessities of support; but the husband, who may control the style of living, may, by the mode of life which he adopts, confer upon her a power to pledge his credit for more than the mere necessities of life. Such power is under the control of the husband ; that is to say, by a change in his style or mode of life, he may enlarge or restrict the authority. Practically, what shall be considered as necessaries will vary with the rank, position, and fortune of the husband (1 Bishop M. & D. sect. 554), though it should never go to the extravagance of mere luxury. What then should be considered necessaries, in the given case, is generally a question for the jury. This is so when the articles in dispute are such as may be used in household affairs, whether of the affluent or the poor. But if they be articles clearly outside of household affairs, or luxuries, the court would so declare as a matter of law. Raynes v. Bennett, 114 Mass. 424; Eames v. Sweetzer, 101 Mass. 78; Willey v. Beach, 115 Mass. 559; Phillipson v. Hayter, L. R. 6 C. P. 38.
III. The next question presented is whether the defendant’s wife was a competent witness in the cause; and if she was, could she be a witness for her husband ? The statute of 1879 (sect. 4014) provides that she shall not be disqualified as a witness in any “matters of busi[158]*158ness transactions when the transaction was had. and conducted by such married woman as the agent of her husband.” It is contended, and properly so, that if she is to testify as the agent of her husband such agency must be proven by some other testimony than her own. Williams v. Williams, 67 Mo. 661. But if the purchases are of such character and description as to fall under the principle stated in the first division of this opinion, and it is shown she was the wife of the defendant, cohabiting with him as such, her agency is established, prima facie. The law attaches the presumption of agency, as has been shown.
IY. If the goods were necessaries which the defendant failed or refused to furnish, thereby falling under the principle stated in the second division of this opinion, the wife would still be a competent witness in the cause, if not on account of agency, on the ground of necessity. A married woman is excluded as a witness from motives of public policy. Lucas v. Brooks, 18 Wallace 453. “Whenever, therefore, the policy or necessity of admitting her as a witness against her husband is sufficiently strong to overbalance the principle of public policy upon which the general rule of exclusion is based, she ought to be received as a witness.” People v. Merrien, 8 Paige, 47; Bishop M. & D., sect. 624. I think a case of this kind should form one of the exceptions to the rule that a wife is debarred from being a witness for or against her husband. The fact that she has not been supplied with the necessaries of life is a matter peculiarly within her own knowledge, and in the privacy of domestic life, is generally unknown to others. As was said by Dixon, C. J., in Bach v. Parmely (35 Wis. 238): “If the wife were not competent to testify in such case, it would often, and probably in a majority of instances, happen that proof of the facts and circumstances attending her expulsion and showing that she was driven from her home by the cruelty and misbehavior of her husband, could be given; and the result would be that no means would exist of enforcing that duty which the law im[159]*159poses upon the husband to pay for the necessaries furnished. to the wife thus driven out homeless and. starving into the world.” It was held in this state, under á statute making the husband guilty of misdemeanor who should abandon his wife and fail to support or provide for her, that she was a competent witness against him on the ground of necessity. State v. Newberry, 43 Mo. 429. Such is the practice under the English vagrant act. Ib. While the wife would not be competent as to all matters which might arise in such a case, because the reason of the rule would not apply to all such matters, yet I have no doubt as to her competency to prove her husband had failed and refused to provide necessaries.
V. In this case the wife was offered as a witness for her husband and the question arises, if she is a competent witness against him, is she for him % I am of the opinion she is. 2 Russell on Crimes, 986; Rex v. Seargent, R. & M. 352. The question, it seems, had been decided in King v. Perry before the case of Rex v. Sear gent and in the latter case Abbott, C. J., said, "The King v. Perry was much talked about at the time, and Chief Justice Gibbs expressed his surprise that any doubt should have been entertained that a wife was in all cases a competent witness for her husband, when admissible against him.” Greenleaf (sect. 336) gives the rule his sanction, resting for authority alone on the case of Rex v. Seargent. But I find the rule has received direct approval in the following cases: State v. Neill, 6 Ala. 685; Tucker v. State, 71 Ala. 342; Commonwealth v. Murphy, 4 Allen, 491; The People v. Fitzpatrick, 5 Park. Cr. [N. Y.] 26.
The other judges concurring, the judgment will be reversed and the cause remanded.