Saso-Marroquin v. Garland

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
• Decided: November 14, 2024
• Docket: 23-3434
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS NOV 14 2024 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

JOSUE SASO-MARROQUIN, No. 23-3434 Agency No. Petitioner, A240-304-489 v. MEMORANDUM*

MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General,

Respondent.

On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals

Submitted November 5, 2024** Pasadena, California

Before: WARDLAW, HURWITZ, and DESAI, Circuit Judges.

Josue Saso-Marroquin (“Saso-Marroquin”), a native and citizen of

Guatemala, petitions for review of a Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) decision

affirming the denial of his claims for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”).

We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252. We review denials of asylum,

withholding of removal, and CAT relief for substantial evidence. Garcia-Milian v.

Holder, 755 F.3d 1026, 1031 (9th Cir. 2014). We deny the petition.

1. The BIA’s denial of asylum and withholding of removal is supported

by substantial evidence. A petitioner must demonstrate a likelihood or clear

probability of persecution “on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in

a particular social group, or political opinion” to obtain relief through asylum or

withholding of removal. Sharma v. Garland, 9 F.4th 1052, 1059 (9th Cir. 2021)

(quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A)). A particular social group is cognizable when

it is “(1) composed of members who share a common immutable characteristic, (2)

defined with particularity, and (3) socially distinct within the society in question.”

Akosung v. Barr, 970 F.3d 1095, 1103 (9th Cir. 2020) (quoting Matter of M-E-V-G-

, 26 I. & N. Dec. 227, 237 (B.I.A. 2014)).

Saso Marroquin alleges persecution on account of his membership in two

proposed social groups: “individuals charged with enforcing COVID-19 protocols,”

and “immediate family members of Josue Saso-Marroquin.” But the Immigration

Judge found that the proposed social groups lacked particularity and social

2 23-3434 distinction, and the BIA affirmed this finding on appeal.1 Saso-Marroquin points to

no evidence in the record indicating that his proposed social groups are socially

distinct. See Conde Quevedo v. Barr, 947 F.3d 1238, 1243 (9th Cir. 2020) (holding

that a proposed social group lacks social distinction when “the record is devoid of

any society specific evidence” demonstrating that a proposed social group is

“perceived or recognized as a group by society.”). Thus, the BIA did not err in

finding that Saso-Marroquin failed to establish membership in a particular social

group.

2. The BIA’s denial of CAT relief is supported by substantial evidence.

To qualify for withholding under CAT, an applicant must show “it is more likely

than not” that he “would be tortured” in his country of removal. 8 C.F.R

§ 1208.16(c)(2). Torture “need not be on account of a protected ground,” but it must

be “inflicted by, or at the instigation of, or with the consent or acquiescence of, a

public official.” Flores-Vega v. Barr, 932 F.3d 878, 887 (9th Cir. 2019); 8 C.F.R.

§ 1208.18(a)(1). Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s finding that Saso-

Marroquin failed to demonstrate government acquiescence or consent to torture.

Saso-Marroquin argues that two unknown assailants on a motorcycle targeted him

1 The government argues that Saso-Marroquin waived any challenge to the dispositive determination by the IJ that his proposed social groups lacked particularity and social distinction. Even assuming no waiver, Saso-Marroquin’s claim fails.

3 23-3434 in a drive-by shooting because of his work with the government. Even assuming that

the drive-by shooting was motivated by his work at the hospital, the assailants’

motive demonstrates only that Saso-Marroquin’s work for the government was a

reason for the violence; it does not demonstrate that the government consented or

acquiesced to—or was even aware of—the harms he experienced.

The petition is DENIED.

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