FIFTH DIVISION February 8, 2008
No. 1-06-2069
GEORGE SARKIS, ) Appeal from the ) Circuit Court of Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County ) ) v. ) ) THE CITY OF DES PLAINES, THE DES PLAINES ) Honorable POLICE PENSION BOARD and NICK CHIARO, EFREN ) Stuart Palmer, SALAS, GASTON FREEMAN, ROBERT ) Judge Presiding. MUEHLENBACK and LARRY MARKS, as Members and ) Trustees of the Des Plaines Police Pension Board, ) ) Defendants-Appellants. )
JUSTICE GALLAGHER delivered the opinion of the court:
This case involves the administrative review of the decision of the Des Plaines Police
Pension Board (the Board) to deny plaintiff George Sarkis a line-of-duty disability pension after
Sarkis injured his shoulder while lifting a malfunctioning railroad crossing gate. On appeal to the
circuit court, that court reversed the Board’s decision and held that because Sarkis was
dispatched to the scene and was acting for the public’s protection, the Board’s decision to deny
Sarkis a line-of-duty pension was clearly erroneous. The Board, its members and the City of Des
Plaines (collectively, defendants) now appeal that ruling. For the reasons stated below, we
reverse the Board’s decision denying Sarkis a line-of-duty disability pension. 1-06-2069
BACKGROUND
The facts are largely uncontroverted. Sarkis, a Des Plaines police officer, injured his left
shoulder in October 1999. Sarkis was on duty as a patrol officer and was dispatched to a Des
Plaines railroad crossing at which the gates were malfunctioning. Des Plaines has about 30
railroad crossings at which traffic is often disrupted when the crossing gates lower in the absence
of an approaching train.
Sarkis lifted the railroad gate and inserted a wooden block to keep the gate up and allow
traffic to proceed through the crossing. He and other officers keep the wood blocks in their
squad cars for that purpose and were instructed how to block the gates in the upright position.
As Sarkis lifted the gate with his left hand, his foot slipped in mud, and the crossing gate
dropped onto his left shoulder. Sarkis felt a “pop” in his shoulder, and his left arm became numb.
In the following weeks, Sarkis sought medical treatment and was diagnosed with a torn rotator
cuff. Sarkis completed one prescribed physical therapy session in December 1999. Sarkis
returned to full duty and injured his left shoulder again in July 2000 while jumping over a chain-
link fence in pursuit of a suspect. He had surgery on that shoulder in 2003.
The Board also heard the testimony of James Prandini, the Des Plaines chief of police,
who stated that Des Plaines officers are often called to crossings to lift the gates when no trains
are nearby. Because of the recurrent problem, a group of citizen volunteers known as “Citizens
on Patrol” is trained to lift the gates and insert the wood blocks. Other emergency management
personnel also lift and prop up the crossing gates and, in addition, Prandini has observed other
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people lifting the crossing gates, although he stated that they are “not supposed to” do so.
Regarding the incident in question, Prandini could not confirm that Sarkis was dispatched
to the railroad crossing to raise the gate, stating that Sarkis may have encountered the downed
gate on his own. Although Sarkis stated that he received instruction on how to prop up
malfunctioning railroad gates, Prandini said officers are not shown how to use the wood blocks.
In 2003, Sarkis applied for a line-of-duty disability pension. In a written decision issued
on September 14, 2004, the Board found that although Sarkis was injured in both the crossing
gate incident and the suspect chase in 2000, his “present injury was caused by the 1999 railroad
gate incident.” The Board found that Sarkis had a “recurrent, chronic left shoulder rotator cuff
tear” that prevented him from performing his job as a police officer.
The Board noted that “non-sworn volunteers and ordinary citizens do frequently hold up
railroad gates” and further noted Prandini’s testimony that police are not instructed how to raise
the gates. The Board concluded that the railroad crossing gate incident did not occur “in the
performance of an act of duty,” as defined in the Illinois Pension Code.
Sarkis sought administrative review of the Board’s decision. On June 7, 2005, the circuit
court held that the Board’s determination that Sarkis’s disability arose from the 1999 railroad gate
incident was not against the manifest weight of the evidence. However, the circuit court
concluded that, contrary to the Board’s decision, Sarkis’s raising of the crossing gate constituted
the performance of an “act of duty” and that Sarkis therefore was entitled to a line-of-duty
disability pension. Defendants now appeal that order.
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ANALYSIS
The Illinois Pension Code (40 ILCS 5/1-101 et seq. (West 2002)) provides different
pension benefits depending on the circumstances of a police officer’s disability. An officer who is
physically or mentally disabled “as the result of sickness, accident or injury incurred in or resulting
from the performance of an act of duty” is entitled to a “line-of-duty” pension equal to 65 % of
the salary attached to his or her rank. 40 ILCS 5/3-114.1 (West 2002). An officer disabled “as a
result of any cause other than the performance of an act of duty” is entitled to a disability pension
of 50 % of the applicable salary. 40 ILCS 5/3-114.2 (West 2002). Here, Sarkis filed an
application for a “line-of-duty” pension under section 3-114.1 and requested, alternatively, that
the Board award him an “off-duty” pension if it determined he was not eligible for the larger
pension. The Board found that because Sarkis’s injury did not occur in the performance of his
police duty, he should receive an “off-duty” disability pension under section 3-114.2.
The Board and the City of Des Plaines have filed separate briefs on appeal, and the City, in
particular, argues at length that the circuit court applied an incorrect standard of review.
However, in an appeal from a circuit court’s judgment in an administrative review proceeding,
this court reviews the decision of the administrative agency, not the decision of the circuit court.
Marconi v. Chicago Heights Police Pension Board, 225 Ill. 2d 497, 531, 870 N.E.2d 273, 292
(2006).
Although the testimony of Sarkis and Prandini was slightly contradictory, the relevant
facts are not in dispute. As to what standard of review this court should apply to the Board’s
decision, defendants contend that this appeal presents a mixed question of law and fact, i.e., the
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legal effect of the facts presented regarding Sarkis’s injury, and that the Board’s decision is to be
disturbed only if clearly erroneous. Sarkis responds that our review should be de novo because it
involves the interpretation of the statutory term “act of duty.”
We therefore must determine whether this case involves the interpretation of the statutory
term “act of duty” or whether it requires our examination of the legal effect of a given set of facts,
which presents a mixed question of fact and law. See Illinois Landscape Contractors Ass’n v.
Department of Labor, 372 Ill. App. 3d 912, 920-21, 866 N.E.2d 592, 600 (2007) (a mixed
question of law and fact occurs when reviewing court is asked if facts satisfy statutory standard or
if the rule of law as applied to the established facts is violated). In cases involving whether an
officer’s disability arose from an “act of duty,” this court has held that, when the facts are
undisputed, the interpretation of the term “act of duty” in the Pension Code is an issue of
statutory construction to be reviewed de novo. Fedorski v. Board of Trustees of Aurora Police
Pension Fund, 375 Ill. App. 3d 371, 372-73, 873 N.E.2d 15, 17 (2007); Alm v. Lincolnshire
Police Pension Board, 352 Ill. App. 3d 595, 598, 816 N.E.2d 389, 390 (2004); White v. City of
Aurora, 323 Ill. App. 3d 733, 735, 753 N.E.2d 1244, 1246 (2001).
Because we agree that this appeal requires us to interpret the language of the statute, we
apply a de novo standard of review to the Board’s decision. However, we remain mindful that
although a reviewing court is not bound by an agency’s interpretation of a statute, the agency’s
reading “remains relevant where there is a reasonable debate about the meaning of the statute.”
Elementary School District 159 v. Schiller, 221 Ill. 2d 130, 142, 849 N.E.2d 349, 358 (2006).
We therefore proceed to the merits of this appeal. A disability for which an officer may
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receive a “line of duty” pension must result from an “act of duty.” That phrase is defined as:
“[a]ny act of police duty inherently involving special risk, not ordinarily
assumed by a citizen in the ordinary walks of life, imposed on a policeman by the
statutes of this State or by the ordinances or police regulations of the city in
which this Article is in effect or by a special assignment; or any act of heroism
performed in the city having for its direct purpose the saving of the life or property
of a person other than the policeman.” (Emphasis added.) 40 ILCS 5/5-113
(West 2002).
Because no act of heroism occurred here, nor is it asserted that raising the railroad
crossing gates was an act imposed by statute, ordinance, regulation or special assignment, our
analysis involves the italicized portion of section 5-113 and focuses on whether Sarkis’s action
involved a special risk not ordinarily assumed by citizens.
As an initial consideration, we reject Sarkis’s assertion that the fact that he was “on duty
as a patrol officer at the time he was lifting the gate is of primary importance.” An officer does
not perform an “act of duty” merely by being on duty at the relevant time. See, e.g., Morgan v.
Retirement Board of the Policemen’s Annuity & Benefit Fund, 172 Ill. App. 3d 273, 276-77, 526
N.E.2d 493, 496 (1988) (officer not entitled to line-of-duty pension for injury sustained when
desk chair rolled out from under him as he completed police report). The performance of an “act
of duty” is not synonymous with an action taken by an officer on duty. In Harroun v. Addison
Police Pension Board, 372 Ill. App. 3d 260, 264, 865 N.E.2d 273, 277 (2007), a police officer,
although off duty, performed an “act of duty” in attempting to apprehend a person he observed
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trying to break into the home of his neighbor. See also English v. Village of Northfield, 172 Ill.
App. 3d 344, 348, 526 N.E.2d 588, 591 (1988) (board’s decision that police officer was not
entitled to line-of-duty pension for back injury resulting from various on-duty and off-duty
incidents was not contrary to manifest weight of the evidence).
The Illinois Supreme Court has found that the term “special risk” used in section 5-113 is
not limited to inherently dangerous activities. Johnson v. Retirement Board of Policemen’s
Annuity & Benefit Fund, 114 Ill. 2d 518, 521, 502 N.E.2d 718, 719 (1986). In Johnson, the
officer was performing his assigned traffic control duties when he crossed the street to respond to
a citizen’s request for help, falling on wet pavement and incurring injuries that resulted in a
paralyzed right hand. Johnson, 114 Ill. 2d at 520, 502 N.E.2d at 719. The retirement board
denied the officer’s request for disability benefits for an injury sustained in the line of duty,
reasoning that the injury was not sustained by assuming a “special risk” but simply was “traversing
a street” as any other person would. Johnson, 114 Ill. 2d at 520, 502 N.E.2d at 719.
The supreme court rejected that assertion, holding that the touchstone of an “act of duty”
is not whether the officer is performing an act unique to his or her occupation but, rather, the
capacity in which the officer is acting. Johnson, 114 Ill. 2d at 522, 502 N.E.2d at 720. Affirming
the decision of the appellate court, which had disagreed with the retirement board, the supreme
court stated:
“In the case at bar, at the time of his disabling injury, the plaintiff was discharging
his sworn duties to the citizens of Chicago by responding to the call of a citizen to
investigate an accident. There is no comparable civilian occupation to that of a
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traffic patrolman responding to the call of a citizen.” Johnson, 114 Ill. 2d at 522,
502 N.E.2d at 720.
See also Johnson v. Retirement Board of Policemen’s Annuity & Benefit Fund, 137 Ill. App. 3d
546, 484 N.E.2d 1250 (1985).
The supreme court concluded in Johnson that the officer was injured while responding to
a citizen’s request for help, which was an act of duty, noting that the officer had no choice but to
respond. Johnson, 114 Ill. 2d at 522-23, 502 N.E.2d at 720. Two separate dissents in Johnson,
however, criticized the majority’s interpretation of an “act of duty” as overly broad. The
dissenting justices construed the officer’s act more narrowly, stating that the officer fell while
crossing the street, an act that involved no special risk not faced by citizens in everyday life.
Johnson, 114 Ill. 2d at 523-27, 502 N.E.2d at 721-22 (Ryan, J., and Moran, J., dissenting).
In keeping with the majority in Johnson, this court held in Alm that a police officer
assigned to bicycle patrol was entitled to a line-of-duty pension for a disabling injury when he had
knee surgery after experiencing pain while pedaling the bike. Alm, 352 Ill. App. 3d at 596, 816
N.E.2d at 390. Noting Johnson, the court in Alm held that a line-of-duty benefit is not available
“if the officer is performing a function that civilians commonly perform.” Alm, 352 Ill. App. 3d at
600, 816 N.E.2d at 393, citing Morgan, 172 Ill. App. 3d at 276-77, 526 N.E.2d at 496.
Alm held that the bike patrol involved “special risk” under section 5-113 because the
officer was required to ride the bike at night, carrying between 25 and 30 pounds of equipment,
and was required to patrol and face “dangerous encounters with unsavory elements of society,”
which the court concluded “has no clear counterpart in civilian life.” Alm, 352 Ill. App. 3d at 601,
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816 N.E.2d at 394. The court in Alm rejected the characterization of the officer’s act as merely
riding a bicycle, noting the observation in Johnson that “the proper focus is on the capacity in
which the officer is acting, not the precise act leading to injury.” (Emphasis in original.) Alm,
352 Ill. App. 3d at 602, 816 N.E.2d at 395.
Alluding to the language of Alm, the City contends that Sarkis’s injury was not sustained
as the result of a “dangerous encounter.” However, a review of the factual situations presented in
Alm and Johnson reveals that an officer need not grapple with a criminal to perform an “act of
duty.” The supreme court in Johnson rejected such a restrictive view of the term “act of duty,”
noting that it “could discourage police officers from the dedicated and enthusiastic performance of
their duties.” Johnson, 114 Ill. 2d at 523, 502 N.E.2d at 720.
In Johnson and Alm, the courts speculated whether the officer faced a risk of harm to
which ordinary citizens were not exposed, both answering that hypothetical question in the
affirmative. Johnson, 114 Ill. 2d at 522, 502 N.E.2d at 720; Alm, 352 Ill. App. 3d at 600, 816
N.E.2d at 393. The instant case does not require such speculation because it is undisputed that
members of the Des Plaines community performed the same physical act that led to Sarkis’s
injury.
The existence of a civilian counterpart was discussed in White, in which the officer was
denied line-of-duty disability benefits for an injury after he slipped while exiting his vehicle to
place a parking ticket on a car’s windshield. White, 323 Ill. App. 3d at 734, 753 N.E.2d at 1245.
Relying on Morgan, the court held in White that the risk of the officer’s injury also was
encountered by community service officers who enforce parking regulations and by citizens who
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exit cars to place sales flyers on windshields, for example. White, 323 Ill. App. 3d at 737, 753
N.E.2d at 1247; but see White, 323 Ill. App. 3d at 738-41, 753 N.E.2d at 1248-50 (O’Malley, J.,
dissenting) (injury in White analogous to Johnson).
Sarkis compares his actions to those of the officers in Johnson and Alm. He asserts that in
lifting the crossing gate, he was performing official functions of maintaining control of the railroad
crossing intersection and alleviating traffic congestion. The evidence presented to the Board was
unclear whether Sarkis was called to the scene or whether he came upon the lowered crossing
gate himself. Nevertheless, whether Sarkis was dispatched to the crossing is not wholly
dispositive.
The City asserts that it is unclear whether Sarkis’s presence at the crossing was necessary
to alleviate traffic congestion. The City argues that “the evidence shows a lack of connection
between lifting the railroad gate * * * * and any traffic that might have been in the vicinity.” We
do not agree with the City that a disruption to traffic was required for Sarkis’s action to be
classified as an “act of duty” under section 5-113, nor do we find that Sarkis must be responding
to an emergency call or be acting under a general or special police order. Once Sarkis arrived at
the railroad crossing, no matter his reason for being there or the state of the surrounding traffic,
his act of lifting the crossing gate exposed him to a physical risk.
We conclude that Sarkis’s action met the definition of an “act of duty” as set out in
section 5-113 of the Pension Code. An “act of duty” must involve a risk that is “not ordinarily
assumed by a citizen in the ordinary walks of life.” 40 ILCS 5/5-113 (West 2002). A line-of-duty
pension is awarded to reflect the risks faced by an officer who is required to act and to reflect that
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those dangers are different from those encountered by officers who, while injured, are harmed in
the performance of an act that is not unique to their profession. Therefore, the key consideration
is the risks that are faced by an officer who is engaged in the duties of his job.
Defendants rely heavily on the fact that citizens in Des Plaines also raised crossing gates
that were not working properly. It is true that the “Citizens on Patrol” essentially were deputized
with that responsibility and trained as to the task. Indeed, the manual raising of the railroad gates
in Des Plaines appears to be a frequent and somewhat informal occurrence. Even so, the action
taken by Sarkis was not a risk borne by a typical citizen. Sarkis was not injured in an act that
citizens “commonly” perform, to use the term employed in Alm. See Alm, 352 Ill. App. 3d at
600, 816 N.E.2d at 393.
The City contends that Sarkis’s action is distinguishable from the “speedy, emergency-like
response” of the officer in Johnson, who was reacting to a citizen’s request for help. However, in
doing so, the City contrasts the officer in Johnson with an “ordinary pedestrian.” Sarkis was not
an “ordinary pedestrian” walking on the streets of Des Plaines. Whether he was called to the
scene or not, Sarkis, as a police officer, was required to serve and protect the public and respond
to situations involving public safety. See Johnson, 114 Ill. 2d at 522, 502 N.E.2d at 720 (“unlike
an ordinary citizen, the policeman has no option as to whether to respond; it is his duty to respond
regardless of the hazard ultimately encountered” (emphasis in original)).
The City further asserts that the railroad, and not the Des Plaines police, bears the legal
responsibility to maintain the crossing gates. However, we cannot agree with the City that the
duties of the police are limited by the responsibilities of another party. For instance, a private
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security firm may have a contractual duty to respond to an alarm sounding at a particular
property. However, we could not conclude that, given that arrangement, the police would have
no duty to respond to a call for help at the property or to aid a citizen whom an officer observed
in peril. A police officer has an overarching responsibility to act in certain circumstances, which
the “line-of-duty” requirement is intended to recognize. See generally Everitt v. General Electric
Co., 932 A.2d 831, 844 (N.H. 2007) (discussing official immunity for police officers and
observing that the “public safety entrusted to police officers demands that they remain diligent in
their duties and independent in their judgments”).
We conclude that physically raising a railroad crossing gate is not an act performed by an
ordinary person in his or her typical day, even in the unique circumstances of this case. Although
Prandini testified that motorists other than those in the volunteer group would lift crossing gates,
it was not established that those citizens propped the gates up with wooden blocks at their own
discretion. By lifting the railroad crossing gate to insert the wood block, Sarkis assumed a special
risk that, although faced by some citizens of Des Plaines, was not generally assumed by the public.
Therefore, the act that caused Sarkis’s injury was an “act of duty” under section 5-113 of the
Pension Code. Because it is not disputed that the act resulted in Sarkis’s disability, Sarkis should
receive a line-of-duty disability pension pursuant to section 3-114.1 of the Pension Code.
In closing, though our review of the Board’s decision is de novo, we question the Board’s
exclusive reliance on Robbins v. Board of Trustees of the Carbondale Police Pension Fund, 177
Ill. 2d 533, 544, 687 N.E.2d 39, 45 (1997), which discusses the classification of an officer’s stress
as a psychological disability and promotes the awarding of a line-of-duty pension for stress if the
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condition results from the performance of an act of duty. Robbins and other precedent involving
job-related stress, while well reasoned, are simply inapposite to the instant case, which centers on
a physical act that caused injury. Although several of the cases on which we have relied were
issued after the Board decided Sarkis’s case in 2004, the Board’s written decision makes no
reference to the Illinois Supreme Court’s analysis in Johnson (decided in 1986), the appellate
court decision in White (2001), or other decisions that are more germane to Sarkis’s situation. It
is not clear whether the Board was unaware of this more pertinent and recent authority or simply
chose to disregard it.
CONCLUSION
Because Sarkis’s act involved a special risk “not ordinarily assumed by a citizen in the
ordinary walks of life,” Sarkis was entitled to a line-of-duty disability pension under section 3-
114.1 of the Pension Code. Accordingly, the Board’s decision to the contrary is reversed.
Circuit court decision affirmed; Board decision reversed.
TULLY and O’MARA FROSSARD, JJ., concur.