NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAY 28 2025 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
MIKE SARIEDDINE, No. 24-6476 D.C. No. Plaintiff - Appellant, 2:22-cv-02168-DJC-AC v. MEMORANDUM* CONNECTED INTERNATIONAL INC.; SACRAMENTO COMMUNITY CANNABIS COLLECTIVE; MSTMA INC.; STOCKTON BUSINESS STRATEGIES; CALEB COUNTS; TED LIDIE; TWENTY SIXTY-NINE, LLC,
Defendants - Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California Daniel J. Calabretta, District Court, Presiding
Argued and Submitted May 16, 2025 San Francisco, California
Before: M. SMITH and BRESS, Circuit Judges, and MORRIS, Chief District Judge.**
Appellant Mike Sarieddine appeals from an order of the district court denying
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable Brian M. Morris, United States Chief District Judge for the District of Montana, sitting by designation. his motion for a preliminary injunction in this trademark-infringement case. We
have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1), and we affirm.
Because the parties are familiar with the facts and background of this case, we
provide only the information necessary to give context to our ruling. Sarieddine
owns federal registrations for several alien-themed trademarks for use in connection
with vaporizers, electronic cigarettes, and e-liquids. These include the ALIEN
VAPE mark, the ALIEN VAPE standard character mark, and the AREA 51 standard
character mark. Connected International Inc. (Connected) sells cannabis products,
including vaporizers and cannabis e-liquids, under the ALIENLABS mark and the
AREA 41 mark. Connected applied for trademark protection for the use of the
ALIENLABS mark in connection with some cannabis-related goods, but the United
States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) refused registration on grounds that
the marks were too similar to Sarieddine’s senior marks. Notwithstanding the
USPTO’s decision, Connected marketed a variety of ALIENLABS-marked cannabis
products, including vaporizers.
In February 2023, Sarieddine filed the operative First Amended Complaint
alleging, inter alia, that Connected’s use of the ALIENLABS and the AREA 41
marks infringed Sarieddine’s registered trademarks. See 15 U.S.C. § 1114(1). In
July 2024, Sarieddine requested a preliminary injunction. He sought to enjoin the
defendants “from any and all use of the ALIENLABS and AREA 41 trademarks in
2 24-6476 connection with the advertising, promotion, operation, sales, or provision of any
cannabis-related products, including but not limited to, vaping liquids and vaping
pens, as well as all related promotional materials, such as apparel.” After a hearing,
the district court denied the request for a preliminary injunction. Sarieddine appeals.
To be entitled to a preliminary injunction, a movant must establish that “(1)
he is likely to succeed on the merits of his claim, (2) he is likely to suffer irreparable
harm absent the preliminary injunction, (3) the balance of equities tips in his favor,
and (4) a preliminary injunction is in the public interest.” Baird v. Bonta, 81 F.4th
1036, 1040 (9th Cir. 2023). We review the denial of a request for a preliminary
injunction for an abuse of discretion. See Pom Wonderful LLC v. Hubbard, 775 F.3d
1118, 1123 (9th Cir. 2014).
1. Sarieddine first argues that the district court’s ruling failed to comply
with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 52 because the district court’s minute order
and oral ruling did not contain sufficient findings of fact and conclusions of law. We
disagree. “Proper findings under Rule 52(a) are ‘of the highest importance’ to
appellate review of the grant or refusal of a preliminary injunction.” Mayview Corp.
v. Rodstein, 480 F.2d 714, 718 (9th Cir. 1973) (quoting Mayo v. Lakeland Highlands
Canning Co., 309 U.S. 310, 316–17 (1940)). Reversal is not required, however,
“unless a full understanding of the question is not possible without the aid of separate
findings” because we “may affirm if the findings are sufficiently comprehensive and
3 24-6476 pertinent to the issues to provide a basis for decision or if there can be no genuine
dispute about the omitted findings.” FTC v. Enforma Nat. Prods., Inc., 362 F.3d
1204, 1212 (9th Cir. 2004). Here, the district court’s oral ruling provides more than
a sufficient basis for appellate review.
2. Sarieddine challenges the district court’s ruling that he has not shown a
likelihood of success on the merits because, after considering the Sleekcraft factors,1
it was doubtful that he could show a likelihood of consumer confusion. We review
the district court’s individual Sleekcraft-factor findings for clear error. See Pom
Wonderful, 775 F.3d at 1123.
First, Sarieddine argues that the district court erred in finding the marks
dissimilar. Importantly, “a court does not consider the similarity of the marks in the
abstract, but rather in light of the way the marks are encountered in the marketplace
and the circumstances surrounding the purchase.” Perfumebay.com v. eBay, Inc.,
506 F.3d 1165, 1174 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting Reno Air Racing Ass’n v. McCord,
452 F.3d 1126, 1137 (9th Cir. 2006)). Here, the district court did not err, let alone
clearly err, in concluding that although the parties’ marks have some similarities,
1 The Sleekcraft factors are: (1) strength of the protected mark, (2) proximity and relatedness of the goods, (3) type of goods and the degree of consumer care, (4) similarity of the protected mark and the allegedly infringing mark, (5) marketing channel convergence, (6) evidence of actual customer confusion, (7) the defendant’s intent in selecting the allegedly infringing mark, and (8) the likelihood of product expansion. See Pom Wonderful, 775 F.3d at 1125. But these factors only guide the analysis; it is ultimately the totality of the facts that is dispositive. See id.
4 24-6476 those similarities were ultimately outweighed by the differences between the marks
as encountered by consumers in the marketplace—including the stylized font and
coloration in which the ALIENLABS mark appears, which contrasts with the
futuristic design of the ALIEN VAPE mark. Contrary to Sarieddine’s argument, the
fact that he has standard character registrations for some of his marks does not
diminish the importance of looking at the marks as they appear in the marketplace
rather than in the abstract. See Pom Wonderful, 775 F.3d at 1125, 1128 & n.7
(considering similarity of the marks as encountered in the marketplace even though
standard character marks were involved). And the district court acted well within
its discretion in giving minimal weight to the USPTO’s refusal to trademark the
ALIENLABS marks. See Carter-Wallace, Inc. v.
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAY 28 2025 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
MIKE SARIEDDINE, No. 24-6476 D.C. No. Plaintiff - Appellant, 2:22-cv-02168-DJC-AC v. MEMORANDUM* CONNECTED INTERNATIONAL INC.; SACRAMENTO COMMUNITY CANNABIS COLLECTIVE; MSTMA INC.; STOCKTON BUSINESS STRATEGIES; CALEB COUNTS; TED LIDIE; TWENTY SIXTY-NINE, LLC,
Defendants - Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California Daniel J. Calabretta, District Court, Presiding
Argued and Submitted May 16, 2025 San Francisco, California
Before: M. SMITH and BRESS, Circuit Judges, and MORRIS, Chief District Judge.**
Appellant Mike Sarieddine appeals from an order of the district court denying
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable Brian M. Morris, United States Chief District Judge for the District of Montana, sitting by designation. his motion for a preliminary injunction in this trademark-infringement case. We
have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1), and we affirm.
Because the parties are familiar with the facts and background of this case, we
provide only the information necessary to give context to our ruling. Sarieddine
owns federal registrations for several alien-themed trademarks for use in connection
with vaporizers, electronic cigarettes, and e-liquids. These include the ALIEN
VAPE mark, the ALIEN VAPE standard character mark, and the AREA 51 standard
character mark. Connected International Inc. (Connected) sells cannabis products,
including vaporizers and cannabis e-liquids, under the ALIENLABS mark and the
AREA 41 mark. Connected applied for trademark protection for the use of the
ALIENLABS mark in connection with some cannabis-related goods, but the United
States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) refused registration on grounds that
the marks were too similar to Sarieddine’s senior marks. Notwithstanding the
USPTO’s decision, Connected marketed a variety of ALIENLABS-marked cannabis
products, including vaporizers.
In February 2023, Sarieddine filed the operative First Amended Complaint
alleging, inter alia, that Connected’s use of the ALIENLABS and the AREA 41
marks infringed Sarieddine’s registered trademarks. See 15 U.S.C. § 1114(1). In
July 2024, Sarieddine requested a preliminary injunction. He sought to enjoin the
defendants “from any and all use of the ALIENLABS and AREA 41 trademarks in
2 24-6476 connection with the advertising, promotion, operation, sales, or provision of any
cannabis-related products, including but not limited to, vaping liquids and vaping
pens, as well as all related promotional materials, such as apparel.” After a hearing,
the district court denied the request for a preliminary injunction. Sarieddine appeals.
To be entitled to a preliminary injunction, a movant must establish that “(1)
he is likely to succeed on the merits of his claim, (2) he is likely to suffer irreparable
harm absent the preliminary injunction, (3) the balance of equities tips in his favor,
and (4) a preliminary injunction is in the public interest.” Baird v. Bonta, 81 F.4th
1036, 1040 (9th Cir. 2023). We review the denial of a request for a preliminary
injunction for an abuse of discretion. See Pom Wonderful LLC v. Hubbard, 775 F.3d
1118, 1123 (9th Cir. 2014).
1. Sarieddine first argues that the district court’s ruling failed to comply
with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 52 because the district court’s minute order
and oral ruling did not contain sufficient findings of fact and conclusions of law. We
disagree. “Proper findings under Rule 52(a) are ‘of the highest importance’ to
appellate review of the grant or refusal of a preliminary injunction.” Mayview Corp.
v. Rodstein, 480 F.2d 714, 718 (9th Cir. 1973) (quoting Mayo v. Lakeland Highlands
Canning Co., 309 U.S. 310, 316–17 (1940)). Reversal is not required, however,
“unless a full understanding of the question is not possible without the aid of separate
findings” because we “may affirm if the findings are sufficiently comprehensive and
3 24-6476 pertinent to the issues to provide a basis for decision or if there can be no genuine
dispute about the omitted findings.” FTC v. Enforma Nat. Prods., Inc., 362 F.3d
1204, 1212 (9th Cir. 2004). Here, the district court’s oral ruling provides more than
a sufficient basis for appellate review.
2. Sarieddine challenges the district court’s ruling that he has not shown a
likelihood of success on the merits because, after considering the Sleekcraft factors,1
it was doubtful that he could show a likelihood of consumer confusion. We review
the district court’s individual Sleekcraft-factor findings for clear error. See Pom
Wonderful, 775 F.3d at 1123.
First, Sarieddine argues that the district court erred in finding the marks
dissimilar. Importantly, “a court does not consider the similarity of the marks in the
abstract, but rather in light of the way the marks are encountered in the marketplace
and the circumstances surrounding the purchase.” Perfumebay.com v. eBay, Inc.,
506 F.3d 1165, 1174 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting Reno Air Racing Ass’n v. McCord,
452 F.3d 1126, 1137 (9th Cir. 2006)). Here, the district court did not err, let alone
clearly err, in concluding that although the parties’ marks have some similarities,
1 The Sleekcraft factors are: (1) strength of the protected mark, (2) proximity and relatedness of the goods, (3) type of goods and the degree of consumer care, (4) similarity of the protected mark and the allegedly infringing mark, (5) marketing channel convergence, (6) evidence of actual customer confusion, (7) the defendant’s intent in selecting the allegedly infringing mark, and (8) the likelihood of product expansion. See Pom Wonderful, 775 F.3d at 1125. But these factors only guide the analysis; it is ultimately the totality of the facts that is dispositive. See id.
4 24-6476 those similarities were ultimately outweighed by the differences between the marks
as encountered by consumers in the marketplace—including the stylized font and
coloration in which the ALIENLABS mark appears, which contrasts with the
futuristic design of the ALIEN VAPE mark. Contrary to Sarieddine’s argument, the
fact that he has standard character registrations for some of his marks does not
diminish the importance of looking at the marks as they appear in the marketplace
rather than in the abstract. See Pom Wonderful, 775 F.3d at 1125, 1128 & n.7
(considering similarity of the marks as encountered in the marketplace even though
standard character marks were involved). And the district court acted well within
its discretion in giving minimal weight to the USPTO’s refusal to trademark the
ALIENLABS marks. See Carter-Wallace, Inc. v. Procter & Gamble Co., 434 F.2d
794, 801–02 (9th Cir. 1970); 5 J. Thomas McCarthy, McCarthy on Trademarks and
Unfair Competition § 32:95 (5th ed.), Westlaw (last updated Feb. 2025).2
Second, Sarieddine argues that the district court erred in weighing the actual-
confusion Sleekcraft factor. Contrary to Sarieddine’s argument, the district court
appears to have concluded that this factor was ultimately neutral. But even if it
weighed this factor against him, that would not be error because the absence of
2 Sarieddine also assigns error to the district court’s failure to consider the similarity of the AREA 41 and AREA 51 products. But Sarieddine barely raised the AREA 41 issue in his motion for a preliminary injunction, and he has not shown clear error in any event—especially given the dearth of images of AREA 41 products in the record.
5 24-6476 actual-confusion evidence can be weighed against a party if the circumstances are
such that a court would expect there to be actual confusion. See Cohn v. Petsmart,
Inc., 281 F.3d 837, 842–43 (9th Cir. 2002); Brookfield Commc’ns v. W. Coast Ent.
Corp., 174 F.3d 1036, 1050 (9th Cir. 1999); see generally 3 McCarthy § 23:18. The
district court reasonably could have concluded that the minimal evidence of actual
confusion, a single misdirected customer message, was probative given that the
parties’ vaporizer and e-liquid products had coexisted in the market for three years—
and other products had co-existed for almost a decade—before the filing of the
request for a preliminary injunction.
Third, there was no error in the weighing of the Sleekcraft factors.
Even if the district court concluded that only the similarity-of-the-marks factor
weighed in favor of Connected, it could still conclude that Sarieddine was unlikely
to be able to show a likelihood of confusion. The Sleekcraft factors are fluid and
designed only to channel the analysis; the district court is not required to count the
Sleekcraft factors and mechanically rule in favor of the party that has more factors
tilting in its direction. See Pom Wonderful, 775 F.3d at 1125, 1132; Entrepreneur
Media, Inc. v. Smith, 279 F.3d 1135, 1140 (9th Cir. 2002).
3. Finally, Sarieddine argues that the district court erred in concluding that
he is not likely to experience irreparable harm. The district court did not abuse its
discretion. Sarieddine failed to show a likelihood of success on the merits, so he
6 24-6476 was not entitled to the statutory presumption of irreparable harm. See 15 U.S.C.
§ 1116(a). Moreover, given the scant evidence of irreparable harm in the record—
only a declaration from Sarieddine about his reputation and goodwill and a single
instance of customer confusion—the district court did not abuse its discretion in
concluding that Sarieddine had failed to show irreparable harm.3 That is particularly
true given Sarieddine’s substantial delay in seeking a preliminary injunction; he
sought a preliminary injunction more than eighteen months after he first filed suit,
more than two years after he first learned of Connected’s allegedly infringing marks,
and three years after ALIENLABS began producing vaporizers. This undercuts any
claim of impending irreparable harm. See Oakland Trib., Inc. v. Chron. Publ’g Co.,
762 F.2d 1374, 1377 (9th Cir. 1985); see generally 4 McCarthy § 31:32.
AFFIRMED.
3 We also reject Sarieddine’s argument that the district court legally erred by requiring him to show financial harm. In context, the district court’s oral statement indicated only that Sarieddine had not adduced any evidence showing harm, such as financial impacts on its business.
7 24-6476