NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT ______________
No. 21-3161 ______________
SANG KOO PARK; BONG HO PARK, Appellants
v.
EVANSTON INSURANCE CO; MARKEL CORP ______________
On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (D.C. No. 2-19-cv-04384) District Judge: Honorable David R. Strawbridge ______________
Submitted January 27, 2023
Before: BIBAS, NYGAARD, and FUENTES, Circuit Judges
(Filed: April 11, 2023) ______________
OPINION * ______________
FUENTES, Circuit Judge.
Plaintiff-Appellants Sang Koo Park and Bong Ho Park appeal from an order of the
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania granting defendants
* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and under I.O.P. 5.7 does not constitute binding precedent. Evanston Insurance Company (Evanston) and Markel Corporation’s motion to enforce a
settlement agreement. Plaintiffs argue that the District Court erred in enforcing the
agreement because there was no “meeting of the minds” or definite terms sufficient to
constitute a binding agreement, and therefore we should vacate the District Court’s order.
Because the high-low agreement was valid, we will affirm.
I. BACKGROUND This case arises from the denial of two insurance claims filed by the Parks for water
damage that occurred in the basements of properties they owned in Philadelphia. The Parks
filed two separate lawsuits against defendants for breach of contract and bad faith in
connection with both claims. The cases were removed to the District Court, which
immediately consolidated them and set a date for a settlement conference to be conducted.
On that date, the Parks were accompanied at the conference by counsel and a Korean
interpreter.
At the conference, the Court presented the parties with a compromise to resolve the
case: the parties would agree that the case was settled, and that the Parks would receive a
sum of money to be paid by Evanston. The actual settlement amount would be selected by
a mediator but could be no more than $100,000 and no less than $60,000. The parties
agreed to this arrangement, which was memorialized in an email sent by the Court to the
parties the following day. The email stated that the case was considered settled, directed
each counsel to give the Court a “number” (between $60,000 and $100,000) on or before
2 August 30, 2021, and stated that the Court would select between those numbers thereafter. 1
On August 30, however, the Parks’ counsel sent the Court an email expressing that the
Parks did not agree to the settlement proposal and wanted to go to trial. At a subsequent
conference, counsel for Evanston submitted the number $65,000, and the Parks submitted
no number.
Defendants moved to enforce the settlement agreement arising out of the proposal
presented by the court. The Parks opposed the motion. The Parks argued that “[t]here was
no binding contract because both parties did not manifest an intention to be bound by the
terms of the settlement agreement proposed by the Court” and that “the terms [of the
settlement agreement] were not sufficiently definite to be specifically enforced.” 2
The District Court (1) granted defendants’ motion to enforce the settlement
agreement, (2) ordered defendants to pay the Parks $65,000 by December 3, 2021 “in
accordance with the settlement number the[ defendants] submitted to the Court on
September 7, 2021,” 3 and (3) ordered the action settled and dismissed without prejudice.
The Parks appealed.
II. JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. We have appellate
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. “The construction of an unambiguous contract is a
1 A25. 2 A09 (alteration in original). 3 A08. 3 matter of law for the court and therefore is subject to plenary review.” 4 We are exercising
plenary review over the District Court’s decision regarding the enforcement of the parties’
purported high-low arbitration agreement. 5 But we review the Court’s underlying factual
findings for clear error. 6
III. DISCUSSION The issue on appeal is whether the District Court properly enforced the settlement
agreement. The Parks argue that the District Court erred in doing so because there was no
meeting of the minds on a material term of the contract. They contend the “high-low”
agreement in this case was not sufficiently definite to constitute an agreement.
The validity and enforceability of a settlement agreement is governed by state
contract law. 7 Under Pennsylvania law, “high-low” agreements are construed as
settlements, subject to basic contract principles. 8 Under basic contract principles in
Pennsylvania, an agreement is enforceable if “both parties have manifested an intention to
be bound by its terms” and “the terms are sufficiently definite to be specifically enforced.” 9
4 U & W Indus. Supply, Inc. v. Martin Marietta Alumina, Inc., 34 F.3d 180, 185 (3d Cir. 1994); see Edwards v. HOVENSA, LLC, 497 F.3d 355, 357 (3d Cir. 2007). 5 See Edwards, 497 F.3d at 357. 6 Id. 7 Am. Eagle Outfitters v. Lyle & Scott Ltd., 584 F.3d 575, 582 (3d Cir. 2009). 8 See Friia v. Friia, 780 A.2d 664, 668 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2001) (Settlement agreements “are regarded as contracts and must be considered pursuant to general rules of contract interpretation.”); Power by Power v. Tomarchio, 701 A.2d 1371, 1374 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1997) (holding that a high-low agreement is a settlement under Pa. R. Civ. P.2039 which governs the role of the court in cases where a minor is a party); Cerino v. Kaduk, 55 Pa. D & C. 4th 115, 120 (Pa. Ct. Com. Pl. 2000) (“A high/low agreement constitutes a settlement.”). 9 Channel Home Ctrs. v. Grossman, 795 F.2d 291, 298-99 (3d Cir. 1986). 4 As with any contract, Pennsylvania requires “[a] meeting of minds of parties to [a]
transaction or controversy” upon all the terms of the settlement. 10 The key inquiry is not
to what extent the agreement is put into writing, but whether the parties agreed to the
essential terms of the contract. 11 With respect to the definiteness of the terms of the
agreement, “[a] contract contains an ambiguity if it is reasonably susceptible of different
constructions” 12 or “impossible to understand.” 13
In a “high-low” agreement, “a defendant agrees to pay the plaintiff a minimum
recovery in return for the plaintiff’s agreement to accept a maximum amount regardless of
the outcome” decided by the trier of fact. 14 Here, the high-low settlement agreement was
memorialized in an email sent to the parties by the District Court which stated that the case
was considered settled, directed each counsel to give the Court a “number” between
$60,000 and $100,000 on or before August 30, 2021, and stated that the Court would select
between those numbers thereafter. The Parks do not dispute that they orally agreed to settle
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT ______________
No. 21-3161 ______________
SANG KOO PARK; BONG HO PARK, Appellants
v.
EVANSTON INSURANCE CO; MARKEL CORP ______________
On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (D.C. No. 2-19-cv-04384) District Judge: Honorable David R. Strawbridge ______________
Submitted January 27, 2023
Before: BIBAS, NYGAARD, and FUENTES, Circuit Judges
(Filed: April 11, 2023) ______________
OPINION * ______________
FUENTES, Circuit Judge.
Plaintiff-Appellants Sang Koo Park and Bong Ho Park appeal from an order of the
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania granting defendants
* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and under I.O.P. 5.7 does not constitute binding precedent. Evanston Insurance Company (Evanston) and Markel Corporation’s motion to enforce a
settlement agreement. Plaintiffs argue that the District Court erred in enforcing the
agreement because there was no “meeting of the minds” or definite terms sufficient to
constitute a binding agreement, and therefore we should vacate the District Court’s order.
Because the high-low agreement was valid, we will affirm.
I. BACKGROUND This case arises from the denial of two insurance claims filed by the Parks for water
damage that occurred in the basements of properties they owned in Philadelphia. The Parks
filed two separate lawsuits against defendants for breach of contract and bad faith in
connection with both claims. The cases were removed to the District Court, which
immediately consolidated them and set a date for a settlement conference to be conducted.
On that date, the Parks were accompanied at the conference by counsel and a Korean
interpreter.
At the conference, the Court presented the parties with a compromise to resolve the
case: the parties would agree that the case was settled, and that the Parks would receive a
sum of money to be paid by Evanston. The actual settlement amount would be selected by
a mediator but could be no more than $100,000 and no less than $60,000. The parties
agreed to this arrangement, which was memorialized in an email sent by the Court to the
parties the following day. The email stated that the case was considered settled, directed
each counsel to give the Court a “number” (between $60,000 and $100,000) on or before
2 August 30, 2021, and stated that the Court would select between those numbers thereafter. 1
On August 30, however, the Parks’ counsel sent the Court an email expressing that the
Parks did not agree to the settlement proposal and wanted to go to trial. At a subsequent
conference, counsel for Evanston submitted the number $65,000, and the Parks submitted
no number.
Defendants moved to enforce the settlement agreement arising out of the proposal
presented by the court. The Parks opposed the motion. The Parks argued that “[t]here was
no binding contract because both parties did not manifest an intention to be bound by the
terms of the settlement agreement proposed by the Court” and that “the terms [of the
settlement agreement] were not sufficiently definite to be specifically enforced.” 2
The District Court (1) granted defendants’ motion to enforce the settlement
agreement, (2) ordered defendants to pay the Parks $65,000 by December 3, 2021 “in
accordance with the settlement number the[ defendants] submitted to the Court on
September 7, 2021,” 3 and (3) ordered the action settled and dismissed without prejudice.
The Parks appealed.
II. JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. We have appellate
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. “The construction of an unambiguous contract is a
1 A25. 2 A09 (alteration in original). 3 A08. 3 matter of law for the court and therefore is subject to plenary review.” 4 We are exercising
plenary review over the District Court’s decision regarding the enforcement of the parties’
purported high-low arbitration agreement. 5 But we review the Court’s underlying factual
findings for clear error. 6
III. DISCUSSION The issue on appeal is whether the District Court properly enforced the settlement
agreement. The Parks argue that the District Court erred in doing so because there was no
meeting of the minds on a material term of the contract. They contend the “high-low”
agreement in this case was not sufficiently definite to constitute an agreement.
The validity and enforceability of a settlement agreement is governed by state
contract law. 7 Under Pennsylvania law, “high-low” agreements are construed as
settlements, subject to basic contract principles. 8 Under basic contract principles in
Pennsylvania, an agreement is enforceable if “both parties have manifested an intention to
be bound by its terms” and “the terms are sufficiently definite to be specifically enforced.” 9
4 U & W Indus. Supply, Inc. v. Martin Marietta Alumina, Inc., 34 F.3d 180, 185 (3d Cir. 1994); see Edwards v. HOVENSA, LLC, 497 F.3d 355, 357 (3d Cir. 2007). 5 See Edwards, 497 F.3d at 357. 6 Id. 7 Am. Eagle Outfitters v. Lyle & Scott Ltd., 584 F.3d 575, 582 (3d Cir. 2009). 8 See Friia v. Friia, 780 A.2d 664, 668 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2001) (Settlement agreements “are regarded as contracts and must be considered pursuant to general rules of contract interpretation.”); Power by Power v. Tomarchio, 701 A.2d 1371, 1374 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1997) (holding that a high-low agreement is a settlement under Pa. R. Civ. P.2039 which governs the role of the court in cases where a minor is a party); Cerino v. Kaduk, 55 Pa. D & C. 4th 115, 120 (Pa. Ct. Com. Pl. 2000) (“A high/low agreement constitutes a settlement.”). 9 Channel Home Ctrs. v. Grossman, 795 F.2d 291, 298-99 (3d Cir. 1986). 4 As with any contract, Pennsylvania requires “[a] meeting of minds of parties to [a]
transaction or controversy” upon all the terms of the settlement. 10 The key inquiry is not
to what extent the agreement is put into writing, but whether the parties agreed to the
essential terms of the contract. 11 With respect to the definiteness of the terms of the
agreement, “[a] contract contains an ambiguity if it is reasonably susceptible of different
constructions” 12 or “impossible to understand.” 13
In a “high-low” agreement, “a defendant agrees to pay the plaintiff a minimum
recovery in return for the plaintiff’s agreement to accept a maximum amount regardless of
the outcome” decided by the trier of fact. 14 Here, the high-low settlement agreement was
memorialized in an email sent to the parties by the District Court which stated that the case
was considered settled, directed each counsel to give the Court a “number” between
$60,000 and $100,000 on or before August 30, 2021, and stated that the Court would select
between those numbers thereafter. The Parks do not dispute that they orally agreed to settle
the case subject to a final number chosen between the given range. Their email only
indicated that they wanted to renege on the agreement. They never contradicted the Judge’s
position that they verbally assented to the terms before the Court. Indeed, high-low
agreements may be entered into in this manner, before the District Court and on the
10 Power, 701 A.2d at 1374 (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary, Sixth Edition) (alteration in original); see also Mazzella v. Koken, 739 A.2d 531, 536 (Pa. 1999). 11 Mazzella, 739 A.2d at 536. 12 Murphy v. Duquesne Univ. of The Holy Ghost, 777 A.2d 418, 430 (Pa. 2001) (quotation marks omitted). 13 Am. Eagle Outfitters, 584 F.3d at 586. 14 Thompson v. T.J. Whipple Constr. Co., 985 A.2d 221, 222 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2009). 5 record, 15 to establish the floor and ceiling of an award. 16 Because the Parks’ original assent
is uncontradicted, the decision is not clearly erroneous.
Furthermore, the terms of the agreement are not ambiguous. The floor and ceiling
for the award were set by the parties before the Court, and the Court’s email clearly set
forth that it would choose a number within that range. As previously stated, high-low
agreements leaving the amount to be determined are common forms of settlements and do
not render the settlement indefinite. Moreover, the number chosen by the court was in line
with the terms of the agreement. The Parks did not provide a “number,” and therefore, by
default, the Court chose the only number given to it. The District Court’s construction of
the Agreement and actions thereon reflected “the most reasonable, probable and natural”
reading of the agreement “bearing in mind the objects manifestly to be accomplished.” 17
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s order granting
defendants’ motion to enforce the settlement agreement.
15 Beazer East, Inc. v. Mead Corp., 412 F.3d 429, 436-37 (3d Cir. 2005) (citing the “basic common law contract principle[]” that a written agreement is not necessary to render a settlement enforceable, unless specific court rules are to the contrary); Mazzella, 739 A.2d at 536. 16 See, e.g., Vargo v. Mangus, 94 F. App’x 941, 943 (3d Cir. 2004); see U.S. Fire Ins. Co. v. Royal Ins. Co., 759 F.2d 306, 308 (3d Cir. 1985) (describing a high-low settlement agreement). 17 Unit Vending Corp. v. Lacas, 190 A.2d 298, 300 (Pa. 1963). 6