COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Humphreys, O’Brien and Chaney UNPUBLISHED
Argued at Lexington, Virginia
SANDRA DENISE CAMPBELL REID MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY v. Record No. 0413-22-3 JUDGE MARY GRACE O’BRIEN APRIL 4, 2023 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF AUGUSTA COUNTY W. Chapman Goodman, Judge
(Dana R. Cormier; Dana R. Cormier, P.L.C., on brief), for appellant. Appellant submitting on brief.
John Beamer, Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. Miyares, Attorney General; Justin B. Hill, Assistant Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
After a bench trial, the Circuit Court of Augusta County convicted Sandra Denise Campbell
Reid (appellant) of felony animal cruelty, in violation of Code § 3.2-6570(F), and sentenced her to
two years’ imprisonment, all suspended.1 On appeal, appellant challenges the sufficiency of the
evidence to sustain her conviction. For the following reasons, we affirm.
BACKGROUND
In early spring 2019, appellant moved to an Augusta County campground with her pit bull
mix, Tora. Dawn Bridget Jones, appellant’s neighbor, testified that Tora appeared “fairly healthy”
at that time. However, “over the course of a couple of months,” Jones noticed that Tora was losing
weight and was “looking kind of . . . lean.” Jones saw Tora outside nearly daily when she returned
* This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413. 1 Appellant was also convicted of two misdemeanor offenses not at issue in this appeal. from work at 3:00 p.m. Jones never saw anyone feed Tora or noticed any “food or water put
outside the camper for” the dog.
On July 5, 2019, Tora “tried to approach” Jones. Tora’s hind leg “was so swollen . . . that
[she] could barely make it up to” Jones, stumbling repeatedly. Tora “acted like [she] wanted
something,” so Jones gave her a small bowl of water. Tora drank some water but “not a lot.” Jones
also saw Tora try to eat some nuts on the ground.
Jones called Augusta County Animal Control that day to report Tora’s condition. Animal
Control Officer Bill Hobgood found Tora laying under Jones’s camper. He photographed Tora at
the scene and took the dog to a veterinary clinic. Officer Hobgood spoke to appellant by phone, and
she acknowledged ownership of Tora.
Dr. Weston Mims examined Tora at the veterinary clinic. Dr. Mims, who qualified as an
expert on the diagnosis and prognosis of dogs, testified that Tora was non-ambulatory and
“completely emaciated.” On a scale of one to nine, with one being the most emaciated, Dr. Mims
categorized Tora as a one. Tora had a “heavy flea infestation,” a mild fever, and showed symptoms
of dehydration and cardiac insufficiency; she displayed weakness, apathy, and a “complete lack of
muscle.” Dr. Mims “could see virtually every bone” in Tora’s body. He concluded that it would
have taken “[m]onths at least” for Tora to have gone from a “healthy body condition” to “this level
of emaciation.”
Additionally, Tora’s left hind leg was “severely enlarged” from the foot to the hip.
Dr. Mims concluded that “there was likely cellulitis in the limb” and that the cellulitis could have
been caused by cancer or “soft tissue infections from an unknown origin.” He characterized the
condition of her leg as “very, very severe.”
When Dr. Mims spoke with appellant by phone, she again acknowledged ownership of
Tora. He told appellant that Tora’s prognosis was “[v]ery poor[,] . . . if not grave.” Dr. Mims did
-2- not think that she could survive surgical procedures because she was “severely ill.” In consultation
with Dr. Mims, appellant decided to have Tora euthanized that day.
On cross-examination, Dr. Mims stated that he did not reach a conclusion as to the cause of
either Tora’s weight loss or her leg injury. He explained that when he is “presented with a dog with
basically limited or no clinical history,” he cannot assess whether the dog is emaciated because it
had not been offered food or had been offered food but did not eat. Dr. Mims opined that Tora
would have died if she did not receive medical treatment.
Appellant testified in her defense that Tora had belonged to her mother and she assumed
responsibility for the dog when her mother died. According to appellant, she fed Tora twice a day
and took her for walks “three or four times a day when the weather was nice.”
Appellant stated that in late April 2019, she noticed Tora “was not eating [her] food” and
she switched from dry to canned food. According to appellant, in the months before Tora’s death,
she was eating four large cans of dog food a day but “wasn’t gaining” weight. On April 29, 2019,
while appellant was walking Tora, an unidentified neighbor saw Tora and stated, “That looks like a
torn ACL.” Appellant testified that she observed Tora holding up her left hind leg approximately
two-and-a-half weeks before her death. According to appellant, the swelling “didn’t happen until
three days prior” to the dog’s death, and once she saw that Tora was in pain, she applied ice and
heat to Tora’s leg and administered Tylenol.
Appellant claimed that the evening before Officer Hobgood seized Tora, she and her
boyfriend discussed whether to have the dog euthanized because they “tried everything” and she
was “not getting any better.” She also stated that she messaged a veterinary clinic to schedule an
appointment the morning Tora was seized. Appellant described the “last couple of weeks” of
Tora’s life as “normal[,] except . . . her leg was bothering her.” During that time, appellant and her
boyfriend would carry Tora outside, and she would lay on a blanket under a “tent thing,” but they
-3- wouldn’t leave her “outside long because it was hot.” Appellant said that she brought food and
water out for Tora.
Appellant admitted that she let Tora “go a little long,” but she denied “intentionally
inflict[ing] pain” on the dog and stated that she was “trying everything” to help her. She reiterated
that she gave Tora food and water and that she loved the dog. According to appellant, Tora was
inside the air-conditioned camper “most of the time” and “there were large bowls of water and
food” for her.
In rebuttal, Dr. Mims stated that it would be “unusual” for a dog with Tora’s level of
emaciation to be eating four large cans of food per day. He offered two possible explanations for
Tora’s level of emaciation: either she was not eating, or she was eating adequately but her body was
not absorbing nutrients, possibly due to cancer. While Dr. Mims could not “rule[] out” any of the
potential causes for Tora’s condition, he “maintain[ed] [that] it would have taken this dog months to
lose [the] amount of body weight” she did.
The court convicted appellant of felony animal cruelty. The court found appellant’s
testimony that she fed Tora four cans of dog food per day not credible, given the pictures of Tora
and Dr. Mims’s description of her condition. Using its “common sense and . . . observations,” the
court found that Tora “was not adequately provided for over an extended length of time.”
ANALYSIS
Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support her animal cruelty
conviction under Code § 3.2-6570(F), asserting that the Commonwealth failed to prove that she
willfully inflicted inhumane injury or pain upon Tora and that she caused Tora to suffer serious
bodily injury.
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COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Humphreys, O’Brien and Chaney UNPUBLISHED
Argued at Lexington, Virginia
SANDRA DENISE CAMPBELL REID MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY v. Record No. 0413-22-3 JUDGE MARY GRACE O’BRIEN APRIL 4, 2023 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF AUGUSTA COUNTY W. Chapman Goodman, Judge
(Dana R. Cormier; Dana R. Cormier, P.L.C., on brief), for appellant. Appellant submitting on brief.
John Beamer, Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. Miyares, Attorney General; Justin B. Hill, Assistant Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
After a bench trial, the Circuit Court of Augusta County convicted Sandra Denise Campbell
Reid (appellant) of felony animal cruelty, in violation of Code § 3.2-6570(F), and sentenced her to
two years’ imprisonment, all suspended.1 On appeal, appellant challenges the sufficiency of the
evidence to sustain her conviction. For the following reasons, we affirm.
BACKGROUND
In early spring 2019, appellant moved to an Augusta County campground with her pit bull
mix, Tora. Dawn Bridget Jones, appellant’s neighbor, testified that Tora appeared “fairly healthy”
at that time. However, “over the course of a couple of months,” Jones noticed that Tora was losing
weight and was “looking kind of . . . lean.” Jones saw Tora outside nearly daily when she returned
* This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413. 1 Appellant was also convicted of two misdemeanor offenses not at issue in this appeal. from work at 3:00 p.m. Jones never saw anyone feed Tora or noticed any “food or water put
outside the camper for” the dog.
On July 5, 2019, Tora “tried to approach” Jones. Tora’s hind leg “was so swollen . . . that
[she] could barely make it up to” Jones, stumbling repeatedly. Tora “acted like [she] wanted
something,” so Jones gave her a small bowl of water. Tora drank some water but “not a lot.” Jones
also saw Tora try to eat some nuts on the ground.
Jones called Augusta County Animal Control that day to report Tora’s condition. Animal
Control Officer Bill Hobgood found Tora laying under Jones’s camper. He photographed Tora at
the scene and took the dog to a veterinary clinic. Officer Hobgood spoke to appellant by phone, and
she acknowledged ownership of Tora.
Dr. Weston Mims examined Tora at the veterinary clinic. Dr. Mims, who qualified as an
expert on the diagnosis and prognosis of dogs, testified that Tora was non-ambulatory and
“completely emaciated.” On a scale of one to nine, with one being the most emaciated, Dr. Mims
categorized Tora as a one. Tora had a “heavy flea infestation,” a mild fever, and showed symptoms
of dehydration and cardiac insufficiency; she displayed weakness, apathy, and a “complete lack of
muscle.” Dr. Mims “could see virtually every bone” in Tora’s body. He concluded that it would
have taken “[m]onths at least” for Tora to have gone from a “healthy body condition” to “this level
of emaciation.”
Additionally, Tora’s left hind leg was “severely enlarged” from the foot to the hip.
Dr. Mims concluded that “there was likely cellulitis in the limb” and that the cellulitis could have
been caused by cancer or “soft tissue infections from an unknown origin.” He characterized the
condition of her leg as “very, very severe.”
When Dr. Mims spoke with appellant by phone, she again acknowledged ownership of
Tora. He told appellant that Tora’s prognosis was “[v]ery poor[,] . . . if not grave.” Dr. Mims did
-2- not think that she could survive surgical procedures because she was “severely ill.” In consultation
with Dr. Mims, appellant decided to have Tora euthanized that day.
On cross-examination, Dr. Mims stated that he did not reach a conclusion as to the cause of
either Tora’s weight loss or her leg injury. He explained that when he is “presented with a dog with
basically limited or no clinical history,” he cannot assess whether the dog is emaciated because it
had not been offered food or had been offered food but did not eat. Dr. Mims opined that Tora
would have died if she did not receive medical treatment.
Appellant testified in her defense that Tora had belonged to her mother and she assumed
responsibility for the dog when her mother died. According to appellant, she fed Tora twice a day
and took her for walks “three or four times a day when the weather was nice.”
Appellant stated that in late April 2019, she noticed Tora “was not eating [her] food” and
she switched from dry to canned food. According to appellant, in the months before Tora’s death,
she was eating four large cans of dog food a day but “wasn’t gaining” weight. On April 29, 2019,
while appellant was walking Tora, an unidentified neighbor saw Tora and stated, “That looks like a
torn ACL.” Appellant testified that she observed Tora holding up her left hind leg approximately
two-and-a-half weeks before her death. According to appellant, the swelling “didn’t happen until
three days prior” to the dog’s death, and once she saw that Tora was in pain, she applied ice and
heat to Tora’s leg and administered Tylenol.
Appellant claimed that the evening before Officer Hobgood seized Tora, she and her
boyfriend discussed whether to have the dog euthanized because they “tried everything” and she
was “not getting any better.” She also stated that she messaged a veterinary clinic to schedule an
appointment the morning Tora was seized. Appellant described the “last couple of weeks” of
Tora’s life as “normal[,] except . . . her leg was bothering her.” During that time, appellant and her
boyfriend would carry Tora outside, and she would lay on a blanket under a “tent thing,” but they
-3- wouldn’t leave her “outside long because it was hot.” Appellant said that she brought food and
water out for Tora.
Appellant admitted that she let Tora “go a little long,” but she denied “intentionally
inflict[ing] pain” on the dog and stated that she was “trying everything” to help her. She reiterated
that she gave Tora food and water and that she loved the dog. According to appellant, Tora was
inside the air-conditioned camper “most of the time” and “there were large bowls of water and
food” for her.
In rebuttal, Dr. Mims stated that it would be “unusual” for a dog with Tora’s level of
emaciation to be eating four large cans of food per day. He offered two possible explanations for
Tora’s level of emaciation: either she was not eating, or she was eating adequately but her body was
not absorbing nutrients, possibly due to cancer. While Dr. Mims could not “rule[] out” any of the
potential causes for Tora’s condition, he “maintain[ed] [that] it would have taken this dog months to
lose [the] amount of body weight” she did.
The court convicted appellant of felony animal cruelty. The court found appellant’s
testimony that she fed Tora four cans of dog food per day not credible, given the pictures of Tora
and Dr. Mims’s description of her condition. Using its “common sense and . . . observations,” the
court found that Tora “was not adequately provided for over an extended length of time.”
ANALYSIS
Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support her animal cruelty
conviction under Code § 3.2-6570(F), asserting that the Commonwealth failed to prove that she
willfully inflicted inhumane injury or pain upon Tora and that she caused Tora to suffer serious
bodily injury.
“When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, ‘[t]he judgment of the trial court is
presumed correct and will not be disturbed unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence to
-4- support it.’” Smith v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 450, 460 (2018) (alteration in original) (quoting
Commonwealth v. Perkins, 295 Va. 323, 327 (2018)). “In such cases, ‘[t]he Court does not ask
itself whether it believes that the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt.’” Secret v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 204, 228 (2018) (alteration in original) (quoting
Pijor v. Commonwealth, 294 Va. 502, 512 (2017)). “Rather, the relevant question is whether
‘any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt.’” Vasquez v. Commonwealth, 291 Va. 232, 248 (2016) (quoting Williams v.
Commonwealth, 278 Va. 190, 193 (2009)). “If there is evidentiary support for the conviction,
‘the reviewing court is not permitted to substitute its own judgment, even if its opinion might
differ from the conclusions reached by the finder of fact at the trial.’” Chavez v. Commonwealth,
69 Va. App. 149, 161 (2018) (quoting Banks v. Commonwealth, 67 Va. App. 273, 288 (2017)).
“Under well-settled principles of appellate review, we consider the evidence presented at
trial in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party below.” Vay v.
Commonwealth, 67 Va. App. 236, 242 (2017) (quoting Smallwood v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 625,
629 (2009)). “This principle requires us to ‘discard the evidence of the accused in conflict with that
of the Commonwealth, and regard as true all the credible evidence favorable to the Commonwealth
and all fair inferences to be drawn therefrom.’” Id. (quoting Parks v. Commonwealth, 221 Va. 492,
498 (1980)). “In conducting our analysis, we are mindful that ‘determining the credibility of the
witnesses and the weight afforded the testimony of those witnesses are matters left to the trier of
fact, who has the ability to hear and see them as they testify.’” Raspberry v. Commonwealth, 71
Va. App. 19, 29 (2019) (quoting Miller v. Commonwealth, 64 Va. App. 527, 536 (2015)).
Code § 3.2-6570(F) provides, in relevant part, that “[a]ny person who . . . willfully
inflicts inhumane injury or pain” on “any dog . . . that is a companion animal” and “as a direct
result causes serious bodily injury to such dog . . . is guilty of a Class 6 felony.” Appellant does
-5- not contest that Tora suffered both “inhumane injury or pain” and “serious bodily injury,” as
used in Code § 3.2-6570(F). Rather, she contends that the Commonwealth failed to prove that
she “willfully” inflicted inhumane injury on Tora and caused her serious bodily injury, because
Dr. Mims could not rule out other possible explanations, such as an inappetence or illness, for
Tora’s emaciated state.
In construing the animal cruelty statute, we have interpreted “willful” as meaning
“voluntary and intentional but not necessarily malicious.” Pelloni v. Commonwealth, 65
Va. App. 733, 739 (2016) (quoting Willful, Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014)). “[T]he
term ‘willful act’ [or omission] imports knowledge and consciousness that injury will result from
the act [or omission] done. The act [or omission] done must be intended or it must involve a
reckless disregard for the rights of another and will probably result in an injury.” Id. (second,
third, and fourth alterations in original) (emphasis omitted) (quoting Barrett v. Commonwealth,
268 Va. 170, 183 (2004)). The Commonwealth carries its burden if it proves that the defendant
“created a situation . . . ‘which [made] it not improbable that injury [would] be occasioned, and
[she knew], or [was] charged with the knowledge of, the probable results of [her] acts.’” Id. at
743 (alterations in original) (quoting Barrett, 268 Va. at 184).
Although Dr. Mims could not definitively conclude that Tora’s extreme emaciation
resulted from a lack of adequate food and water, the Commonwealth presented substantial
circumstantial evidence supporting that conclusion. “[C]ircumstantial evidence is competent and
is entitled to as much weight as direct evidence provided that the circumstantial evidence is
sufficiently convincing to exclude every reasonable hypothesis except that of guilt.” Kelley v.
Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 617, 629 (2019) (quoting Pijor, 294 Va. at 512). “When
examining an alternate hypothesis of innocence, the question is not whether ‘some evidence’
supports the hypothesis, but whether a rational factfinder could have found that the incriminating
-6- evidence renders the hypothesis of innocence unreasonable.” Williams v. Commonwealth, 71
Va. App. 462, 485 (2020) (quoting Vasquez, 291 Va. at 250). “The fact finder ‘determines . . .
whether to reject as unreasonable the hypotheses of innocence advanced by a defendant.’”
Young v. Commonwealth, 70 Va. App. 646, 654 (2019) (quoting Commonwealth v. Moseley, 293
Va. 455, 464 (2017)). “Consequently, whether the evidence excludes all reasonable hypotheses
of innocence is a ‘question of fact,’ and like any other factual finding, it is subject to ‘revers[al]
on appeal only if plainly wrong.’” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Thorne v. Commonwealth,
66 Va. App. 248, 254 (2016)).
After examining Tora on July 5, Dr. Mims concluded that she was “completely
emaciated.” She showed symptoms of dehydration and cardiac insufficiency, as well as
weakness, apathy, a “complete lack of muscle,” and “heavy flea infestation.” Importantly,
Dr. Mims testified that it would have taken months for Tora to reach such an extreme state of
emaciation and it would be “unusual” for a dog to reach this level of emaciation while eating
four cans of food per day. Additionally, Jones, appellant’s neighbor, testified that she saw Tora
outside alone almost every afternoon, never saw anyone give the dog food or water, and saw
Tora trying to eat nuts off the ground the day animal control seized her. Further, having rejected
as not credible appellant’s testimony that she adequately fed Tora and “tried everything” to help
her, the court was entitled to “draw the reasonable inference that [her] explanation was made
falsely in an effort to conceal [her] guilt.” Covil v. Commonwealth, 268 Va. 692, 696 (2004).
Moreover, uncontested evidence established that, although appellant knew Tora had been
losing weight for months and was in pain and unable to walk due to a hind-leg injury, she never
sought veterinary care for the dog. Indeed, photographs demonstrated that Tora’s dire condition
was readily apparent—as Dr. Mims testified, “virtually every bone” in Tora’s body was showing.
Appellant’s failure to seek veterinary care despite knowing of Tora’s serious health issues for a
-7- substantial period of time evinces appellant’s reckless disregard for the dog’s well-being. See
Pelloni, 65 Va. App. at 744 (finding that “appellant’s refusal to provide basic veterinary care for
[the dog] demonstrate[d] his intentionality and his awareness of the likely result of his inaction”).
Viewing all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, a
reasonable trier of fact could find, as the court did, that appellant failed to provide adequate care
to Tora and “created a situation . . . ‘which [made] it not improbable that injury [would] be
occasioned’” and knew “the probable results of [her] acts,” thereby willfully inflicting inhumane
injury and pain on her and causing serious bodily injury. Id. at 743 (second and third alterations
in original) (quoting Barrett, 268 Va. at 184).2
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm appellant’s conviction for felony animal cruelty.
Affirmed.
2 Given our conclusion that the evidence sufficiently proved that appellant caused Tora to suffer serious bodily injury, we need not address appellant’s argument concerning whether euthanasia was necessary. See Code § 3.2-6570(F) (requiring that a defendant’s willful actions caused “serious bodily injury to [the] dog . . . or the euthanasia of such animal” (emphasis added)). -8-