IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2023-CA-00018-COA
SANDRA BAUR APPELLANT/ CROSS-APPELLEE
v.
NANCY SHIRLEY BAGGETT RIBELIN APPELLEE/ CROSS-APPELLANT
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 10/28/2022 TRIAL JUDGE: HON. MICHAEL CHADWICK SMITH COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: PERRY COUNTY CHANCERY COURT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: ORVIS A. SHIYOU JR. TISDALE CHRISTIAN SHIYOU ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE: SAMUEL STEVEN McHARD PAUL MANION ANDERSON NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - REAL PROPERTY DISPOSITION: ON DIRECT APPEAL: AFFIRMED. ON CROSS-APPEAL: AFFIRMED - 10/22/2024 MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
BEFORE CARLTON, P.J., McDONALD AND McCARTY, JJ.
McCARTY, J., FOR THE COURT:
¶1. A woman claimed she owned 47 acres of land by adverse possession. But the chancery
court denied her claim, finding that she could not establish all the elements. Specifically, the
court determined that at the time her possession began, she knew she did not own the
property and had set out intending to use adverse possession to take the property.
¶2. In addition to defending against the claim of adverse possession, the rightful owner
filed counterclaims for removal of cloud on the title, intentional and negligent infliction of
emotional distress, slander of title, and the unlawful removal of survey markers. The chancery court confirmed title in the rightful owner and granted the request for removal of
any cloud on the title, but the court denied the other counterclaims.
¶3. Both parties appeal. We find no error and affirm on all grounds.
BACKGROUND FACTS
¶4. The property at issue is located in Perry County and consists of a combination of three
sections of mostly unimproved “wild” land. In 1960, Willis McGee conveyed the property
to J.R. Shirley. In 1996, title to the property passed from J.R. Shirley to his daughter Nancy
Ribelin and her brother. Nancy’s brother later quitclaimed his ownership to her in 2004.
¶5. At some point while title still belonged to Shirley, another family—Sandra Baur and
her father—began living on an adjacent piece of land. Baur would later testify that beginning
in 1989, she began treating the contested forty-seven acres of property as her own. She would
say that she trimmed trees and grass, conducted “burns,” raised cattle, replaced fencing and
gates, removed squatters and trespassers, and installed “no trespassing” and “no dumping”
signs.
¶6. But in a series of letters spanning the 1980s to the early 2010s, Baur repeatedly
recognized that title to the land was vested in either Nancy or her predecessor in title, Shirley.
Nonetheless, she indicated her intent to pursue ownership via adverse possession.
¶7. For instance, in 1989, Baur wrote a letter “notifying all area property owners of my
intent to occupy, maintain and establish three parcels of land” and acknowledging that “Mr.
Shirley own[s] this property[.]” A few years later, in 1998, Baur sent another letter after
people built a residence on the property. She wrote, “[Y]ou have set up residence on property
2 you do not own,” as “this property went thru probate . . . for Mr. Shirley, submitted by Nancy
Shirley Ribelin, Executor, and the court awarded this property to her and her brother[.]” Baur
also specifically stated, “I have claimed this property since 1989,” and “my claim is current
and will continue.”
¶8. In 2001, Baur sent a third letter, this time writing, “I have noticed you in the past of
my claim to this property. . . . I will continue my claim until such time to legally file for title,”
and “I consider this my property[.]” The following year, in 2002, Baur sent another letter and
asserted, “My claim of adverse possession has matured and I have met all the conditions to
the best of my knowledge[.]”
¶9. Then in 2010, Baur began to write letters to Nancy and Nancy’s lawyer in an effort
to purchase the property. There were at least three letters in which Baur acknowledged she
was aware that Nancy owned the property.
¶10. One letter from Baur dated August 2010 flatly asserted, “My position is Mrs. Ribelin,
is now the only person with sole interest in this property.” She continued, “I have asked Mrs.
Ribelin to consider selling this property to me[.]”
¶11. Another letter from Baur from September informed Nancy, “I am still interested in
purchasing this property from you[.]” And in October, Baur reiterated, “I am sincere in
wanting to purchase the 47 acres from you[.]” Throughout these communications over the
years, Nancy repeatedly refused to sell any of the property.
¶12. Despite Nancy’s numerous and clear refusals to sell, in 2015, Baur filed a quitclaim
deed attempting to convey the property to herself. She testified she paid the property taxes
3 in 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020.1 But even after she filed the quitclaim deed, Baur
continued trying to purchase the property from Nancy well into 2021.
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶13. In September 2021, Baur filed a complaint against Nancy in the Perry County
Chancery Court, asserting a claim of ownership by adverse possession and seeking to quiet
title to the property. Nancy filed an answer and asserted counterclaims for removal of cloud
on title, intentional and negligent infliction of emotional distress, slander of title, and the
unlawful removal of survey markers.
¶14. Nancy subsequently filed a motion in July 2022 requesting the chancellor to inspect
the property at issue. “To that end, the Court personally inspected the Property to ascertain
the extent and nature of the fencing and signage.” Upon personal inspection, the chancellor
observed, “One strand of barbed wire fencing” that “was not easily visible, appeared to be
new as it was not weathered, and only ran for a few feet along the Property border.” He also
saw “a few old fence posts along some of the border without any fencing” and “a couple
weathered ‘no trespassing’ signs that could have predated 2010.” There were “newer signs
installed along the border” that “were not weathered, the screws holding the signs in place
were not weathered, and certainly did not predate 2010.” In sum, the personal visit revealed
“the entire 47-acres is not currently fenced.”
¶15. After two days of trial and the visit to physically see the property, the chancellor
entered a final judgment. The chancellor found that Baur carried her burden of proving two
1 Meanwhile, Nancy paid the property taxes in 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2019, and 2021.
4 of the elements of adverse possession: exclusive and peaceful use (until 2010), but she did
not prove by clear and convincing evidence that her possession was based on a claim of
ownership; actual or hostile; open, notorious, and visible; or continuous and uninterrupted
for a period of ten years.
¶16. More specifically, the chancellor found the evidence “insufficient to prove that Baur
‘flew her flag’ on the property for any ten-year period from 1989-2010.” “Baur cannot prove
the claim of ownership element” because “[t]here was never a mistaken belief that she (Baur)
was the owner of the Property,” and “[i]t is clear Baur ‘set out to adversely claim’ Ribelin’s
Property.” Baur’s possession “was not actual or hostile, as a matter of law,” since “she was
never under a ‘mistaken belief’ that she was the record owner.” Baur could not establish the
open, notorious, and visible element by clear and convincing evidence “[d]ue to the lack of
visible evidence – in the form of a lack of established, continuous fencing and a lack of
weathered signage.” Although she “has been actively involved in the property since 1989,”
Baur cannot prove the element of continuous and uninterrupted possession for a period of
ten years because “there was no hostile or adverse claim to ownership at all, much less for
the statutory ten year period.”
¶17. Consequently, the chancellor determined, “As Baur[] cannot meet all of the elements
for adverse possession, her claim for adverse possession fails.” The court’s order concluded,
“[T]he Court finds [Nancy] Ribelin to be the legal record owner of the Property” and
consequently granted Nancy’s claim to remove cloud on title.
¶18. Next, the chancery court considered and ultimately denied Nancy’s claim for slander
5 of title. The order stated Baur “believed that she had acquired the Property by adverse
possession” and “[a]lthough Baur was mistaken, the Court finds no actual malice[.]” Thus,
Nancy “did not carry her burden in proving that the filing” of the quitclaim deed in 2015
“was malicious or consisted of evil intent,” which is required for a claim of slander of title.
¶19. The chancellor then addressed Nancy’s claim for the unlawful removal of survey
markers, denying the claim as a matter of law. The court’s order stated, “A private party
cannot bring a criminal claim against another,” and “the Chancery Court cannot convict one
of a crime, and therefore cannot assess a punishment or fine as set forth per statute.”
¶20. Lastly, the chancellor ruled on Nancy’s claim of intentional and negligent infliction
of emotional distress. He found that Nancy and her husband each “testified about stress due
to health issues and how Baur’s communications . . . exacerbated that stress,” but Nancy “did
not state she was taking any medication for emotional distress, nor was there any medical
testimony or documentation evidencing emotional distress.” The chancellor’s order
concluded that Nancy “offered no evidence to support any findings of emotional distress to
Ribelin proximately caused by Baur,” and Nancy “did not carry her burden on this claim.”
Therefore, this claim was denied.
¶21. Baur appeals the denial of her claim for adverse possession, and Nancy cross-appeals
the denials of her claims of slander of title, intentional and negligent infliction of emotional
distress, and unlawful removal of survey markers, and requests attorney’s fees and costs as
well.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
6 ¶22. This Court applies “a limited standard of review in examining and considering the
decisions of a chancellor.” Franco v. Ferrill, 342 So. 3d 1176, 1188 (¶28) (Miss. Ct. App.
2022) (quoting Frazier v. Frazier, 31 So. 3d 1218, 1219-20 (¶4) (Miss. Ct. App. 2009)).
“The chancellor, as the trier of fact, evaluates the sufficiency of the proof based on the
credibility of the witnesses and the weight of their testimony.” Revette v. Ferguson, 271 So.
3d 702, 707 (¶9) (Miss. Ct. App. 2018) (quoting Cook v. Robinson, 924 So. 2d 592, 594 (¶9)
(Miss. Ct. App. 2006)).
¶23. This Court “will accept a chancellor’s findings of fact as long as the evidence in the
record reasonably supports those findings.” Franco, 342 So. 3d at 1188 (¶28). “The
chancellor’s determinations will only be reversed when they were manifestly wrong, clearly
erroneous, or when the chancellor applie[d] an incorrect legal standard.” Powell v. Meyer,
203 So. 3d 648, 652 (¶16) (Miss. Ct. App. 2016) (quoting Pulliam v. Bowen, 54 So. 3d 331,
334 (¶10) (Miss. Ct. App. 2011)).
DISCUSSION
I. Baur cannot prove a claim of ownership for adverse possession.
¶24. Baur argues the chancellor abused his discretion when addressing the adverse
possession elements. She raises three issues in her quest to establish ownership. All three
center around the chancery court’s decision to review only the period of time between 1989
and 2010. Although Baur’s appeal focuses on her belief that it was error for the chancellor
to “limit the ten-year period in which he evaluated adverse possession,” her claim does not
actually hinge on the time period. Instead, the dispositive factor here is Baur’s inability to
7 prove a claim of ownership.
¶25. “[A] party may claim title to property after ten years’ actual adverse possession.”
Anderson v. Jackson, 338 So. 3d 629, 641 (¶25) (Miss. Ct. App. 2022). Our courts “apply a
six-part test for determining whether adverse possession has occurred[.]” Powell, 203 So. 3d
at 652 (¶18). The party asserting title by adverse possession “must show that [her] possession
was ‘(1) under claim of ownership; (2) actual or hostile; (3) open, notorious, and visible; (4)
continuous and uninterrupted for a period of ten years; (5) exclusive; and (6) peaceful.’”
Signaigo v. Grinstead, No. 2022-CA-01212-COA, 2024 WL 2284923, at *3 (¶10) (Miss. Ct.
App. May 21, 2024) (quoting Frazier, 31 So. 3d at 1220 (¶6)), reh’g denied (Miss. Ct. App.
Oct. 22, 2024). Crucially, the burden of proof is on the party claiming adverse possession,
and that party “must prove each element by clear and convincing evidence.” Id. (emphasis
added) (quoting Franco, 342 So. 3d at 1188 (¶29)).
¶26. As our Supreme Court has declared, “the initial element to be proved by clear and
convincing evidence is a claim of ownership.” Blackburn v. Wong, 904 So. 2d 134, 137 (¶19)
(Miss. 2004). “[T]he claim of ownership must have existed at the beginning of the statutory
period of possession and not possession with the intent to claim as soon as the statutory
period passed.” Id. (quoting Coleman v. French, 233 So. 2d 796, 796-97 (Miss. 1970)). We
have found, “No claim of ownership existed during any period after the [claimant] knew that
the adjacent parcel belonged to” someone else. Presley v. Stokes, 290 So. 3d 763, 767 (¶13)
(Miss. Ct. App. 2020).
¶27. In Wong, the Supreme Court found that the person seeking the property “never had
8 a claim of ownership” because he had “set out in a deliberate attempt to adversely possess”
it but actually “knew he did not own” the property. 904 So. 2d at 137 (¶¶20-22). Accordingly,
the chancery court’s decision to deny adverse possession was affirmed. Id. at (¶22).
¶28. In a recent case, we applied Wong in examining this first element where a family
“purchased lots” in a subdivision, but they “knew that the neighboring lots 36 and 37
belonged to someone else.” Signaigo, No. 2022-CA-01212-COA, 2024 WL 2284923, at *3
(¶12). “Despite that knowledge, the Signaigos built a fence encompassing a portion of their
property and all the subject property,” and then they later “sent letters to [the rightful owner]
hoping to make an offer to purchase the land but never made contact with her.” Id.
¶29. Crucially, the husband and wife “admitted in their depositions that when they
purchased their property, they knew the subject property was not theirs.” Id. at *4 (¶17). We
reasoned that since “[t]he Signaigos had actual knowledge that the subject property was not
theirs . . . no claim of ownership existed.” Id. “Following Wong’s holding, our analysis ends.”
Id.
¶30. Baur’s case mirrors the actions of those seeking possession of land in Wong and
Signaigo. The chancellor used 1989 as the starting date for its analysis because, by Baur’s
own claim, that is when she said she began taking possessory actions. The trial court had
evidence of a series of letters Baur had written, which included the following:
- In 1989, Baur said she knew “Shirley owns this property”; - In 1998, Baur identified that Nancy probated Shirley’s estate and “the court awarded this property to her and her brother”; - In August 2010, Baur stated Nancy “Ribelin, is now the only person with sole interest in this property”; - In September 2010, Baur wrote to Nancy acknowledging Nancy
9 as the owner and stating, “I asked if you would consider selling this property to me”; - In October 2010, Baur told Nancy “you are the sole owner”; and also separately identified “the sole owner of record to be Nancy” in a letter to the tax assessor; and - In June 2011, Baur acknowledged that the property belonged to Nancy.
¶31. Baur’s voluminous communications sent to Nancy and other third parties over the
decades repeatedly show she knew she did not own the property and was aware Nancy owned
it. Because Baur recognized that the 47 acres belonged to Nancy and her heirs as early as
1989, Baur could not establish ownership in that year or any period afterward. See Presley,
290 So. 3d at 767 (¶13).2
¶32. Furthermore, “Mississippi law states that ‘one cannot set out to adversely possess the
property of another[.]’” Id. (quoting Wong, 904 So. 2d at 137 (¶19)).
¶33. The letters documenting Baur’s communications with Nancy and other third parties
also reveal:
- In 1989, Baur identifed her intent to establish the property as her own; - In 1998, Baur stated she claimed the property since 1989 and intended to continue pursuing her claim; - In 2001, Baur noted that she previously sent notice of her property claim and was continuing her claim with intent to file for title; - In 2002, Baur stated, “My claim of adverse possession has matured and I have met all the conditions”; - In 2015, Baur executed an affidavit acknowledging her “claim of property thru adverse possession starting with outward notice . . . since
2 Based on the evidence in the record, the first time Baur claimed ownership separately from someone else’s ownership was in her affidavit that she attached to the 2015 quitclaim action. Even if we were to consider Baur’s 2015 quitclaim deed as the beginning of her claim of ownership, her suit for adverse possession was filed only six years later in 2021. Therefore, just as in Signaigo, Baur “fail[s] to show [her] claim of ownership existed for the ten-year statutory requirement.” Signaigo, 2024 WL 2284923, at *4 (¶17).
10 1989”; she “has consistently since 1989 (26 years) without fail, maintained & exercised all rights and privileges of a landowner and has more than met the statute requirements” for adverse possession; and she “claims ownership of this property since 1989”; - In 2016, Baur said she told a third party “in 1989 that I was pursuing adverse possession ownership of the 47 acres”; “for 20 years now I had maintained ownership of this property thru adverse possession”; and “my claim of ownership has been consistent from 1989”; and - In 2017, Baur wrote, “I claim this property and have done so since January 1989. I have done all of the steps to claim ownership thru the years[.]”
Clearly, Baur’s letters show she intended to use adverse possession to take ownership of the
property. The evidence indicates that when Baur’s possession of the property began back in
1989, she “set out in a deliberate attempt to adversely possess” the property. Wong, 904 So.
2d at 137 (¶20). This type of conduct is specifically prohibited.
¶34. Just like those attempting to claim adverse possession in Wong and Signaigo, Baur
“cannot prove the claim of ownership element of adverse possession by clear and convincing
evidence.” Signaigo, 2024 WL 2284923, at *5 (¶21). We find that the chancellor did not
abuse his discretion in denying Baur’s claim for adverse possession.
II. Baur is not liable for the tort of slander of title.
¶35. Turning to Nancy’s four-part cross-appeal, her first issue is that the trial court should
have found Baur was liable for the malicious filing of a false deed when she recorded the
2015 quitclaim to herself.
¶36. “Words spoken of property are not in themselves actionable,” our Supreme Court has
held, “[b]ut the publication of false and malicious statements, disparaging of plaintiff’s
property or the title thereto, when followed, as a natural, reasonable and proximate result, by
11 special damage to the owner, are actionable.” Walley v. Hunt, 212 Miss. 294, 305, 54 So. 2d
393, 396 (1951). “The false statement may consist of an assertion that plaintiff has no title
to the property of which he is the ostensible owner, or that his title is defective, or that
defendant has an interest in or lien upon the property.” Id.
¶37. Not all statements trigger the application of the tort. “Whatever be the statement,
however, in order for it to form the basis of a right of action it must have been made, not only
falsely, but maliciously.” Id. “Malice requires a showing of evil intent or ill will toward
another, either through conduct or statements, without just cause or excuse.” Zebe LLC v.
Robinson, 296 So. 3d 211, 216 (¶12) (Miss. Ct. App. 2020) (internal quotation marks
omitted). So “a party who commits an act under reasonable belief of title will not be said to
have acted maliciously when committing the act.” Id. at (¶13) (internal quotation marks
omitted).
¶38. Here, the trial court found that “Baur’s action in filing the quitclaim deed in 2015 was
false and improper.” But the court further made a finding of fact that “[a]s early as 1998 and
again in 2002 in letters penned from Baur . . . she believed that she had acquired the Property
by adverse possession” and, indeed, “reasserted this belief in 2016 in her response to
Ribelin’s attorney.” The trial court found that while she “was mistaken,” this error did not
constitute “actual malice on Baur’s part.”
¶39. We addressed a similar circumstance in Zebe, which “involve[d] a property boundary
disagreement between neighboring landowners” that devolved into “posting ‘no trespassing’
signs, using profane language and gestures, and filing criminal charges[.]” Id. at 213 (¶1).
12 We affirmed the trial court’s finding of lack of malice by the neighbor since these actions
“were taken with the erroneous belief that he owned the subject property in question.” Id. at
216 (¶13).
¶40. The proof in this case echoes Zebe. The record is replete with Baur’s confident, if
mistaken, belief that she owned the 47 acres. She testified that she “treated it like I was the
landowner” and that she did “anything and everything that a true landowner would do.” The
thrust of her letters from 1989 to the 2010s was that she knew Nancy (or her predecessors)
was the owner but that Baur was steadily acquiring the property through her actions. As set
out above, that is not how adverse possession works in the State of Mississippi. But in the
eyes of the chancellor, it was not enough to support a finding that Baur had malice.
¶41. Because these findings were not manifestly wrong, we affirm.
III. Nancy did not provide evidence of intentional or negligent emotional distress.
¶42. The second issue on cross-appeal is whether Nancy could have recovered for
emotional distress she allegedly suffered from Baur’s actions. In the trial court, she
counterclaimed for both intentional and negligent infliction of emotional distress.
¶43. Our decision above that Baur did not act with malice informs the first component of
this point. “Mississippi’s standard for a claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress
is very high, focusing specifically on the defendant’s conduct and not the plaintiff’s
emotional condition.” Goode v. Walmart Inc., 372 So. 3d 149, 163 (¶39) (Miss. Ct. App.
2023) (internal quotation marks omitted). The conduct must be “so outrageous in character,
and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded
13 as atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized community.” Id. (internal quotation marks
¶44. The trial court found that Baur’s specific conduct in attempting to quitclaim the
property to herself in 2015 and other actions related to her mistaken belief that she had
adversely possessed the property were not done with malice. Goode makes clear that
“liability does not extend to mere insults, indignities, threats, annoyances, petty oppression,
or other trivialities” and, instead, must span into the outrageous. Id. at 163 (¶39).
Furthermore, “a defendant’s conduct must be wanton and wilful and such that it would evoke
outrage or revulsion.” Holloway v. Nat’l Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 360 So. 3d 671, 676 (¶12)
(Miss. Ct. App. 2023). We cannot say this conduct hits that high mark.
¶45. As to the second component, our law is clear that “[a] plaintiff may not recover for
a claim of negligent infliction of emotional distress without showing that he or she suffered
a physical injury.” Waters v. Allegue, 980 So. 2d 314, 318 (¶13) (Miss. Ct. App. 2008).
There was no such proof in this case. Over the two days of trial, there were only a few bare
references to any distress at all. Some of the only proof came from Nancy’s husband, who
pointed out that after “Nancy saw her name being involved in a court case on the internet,
that rattled her.” Nancy herself simply said Baur’s communication with her “was very
distressing to me” and that she “felt bad because [Baur] seemed so . . . needy.” But when
pressed for details, she just said, “There is plenty of emotional distress.”
¶46. The trial court found that Nancy “offered no evidence to support any findings of
emotional distress,” and we find no reversible error.
14 IV. Nancy cannot recover damages for the removal of survey markers.
¶47. For her third assignment of error, Nancy argues Baur should have been held liable for
removing markers placed by a surveyor.
¶48. State law forbids certain types of trespasses, including entry “upon the lands of
another” to “intentionally injure, disfigure, remove, excavate, damage, take, dig into, or
destroy any historical structure, monument, marker, medallion, or artifact, or any prehistoric
or historic archaeological site, American Indian or aboriginal remains located in, on or under
any private lands within the State of Mississippi.” Miss. Code Ann. § 39-7-31 (Rev. 2014).
¶49. Nancy claims that Baur admitted she took survey markers and that pursuant to this
law, she should be able to sue her for damages as a result. After some careful hedging in
discovery, Baur ultimately agreed she did pull up some stakes placed by a surveyor but only
recently placed ones. During trial, she said she had watched the surveyor place them.
¶50. In any event, the trial court found that Nancy could not base a civil tort upon a law
that carries a misdemeanor penalty and denied relief. See Miss. Code Ann. § 39-7-35 (Rev.
2014) (“Any person violating any of the provisions of this chapter shall be guilty of a
misdemeanor”).3
¶51. We affirm but for other reasons. This chapter of the Code is devoted to and titled
“Antiquities,” nested beneath Title 39, which is set aside for “Libraries, Arts, Archives and
History.” The Legislature declared the purpose of this section: “It is hereby declared to be
3 Our Supreme Court has recently reiterated that “tort duties are a question of law for the Court and generally are imposed as a matter of public policy.” City of Picayune v. Landry Lewis Germany Architects P.A., 381 So. 3d 1103, 1107 (¶15) (Miss. 2024) (cleaned up) (“declin[ing] to create a tort duty under the facts of today’s case”).
15 the public policy and in the public interest of the State of Mississippi to locate, protect, and
preserve all sites, objects, buildings, shipwrecks, and locations of historical, archaeological,
or architectural significance[.]” Miss. Code Ann. § 39-7-3 (Rev. 2014).
¶52. This policy includes but is not limited “to historically or architecturally significant
buildings, structures relating to significant engineering accomplishments, prehistoric and
historical American Indian or aboriginal campsites, dwellings, and habitation sites,” and
“archaeological sites of every character,” as well as “treasure imbedded in the earth, sunken
or abandoned ships and wrecks of the sea,” among other things. The point is clear: the
purpose is to protect the shared history of Mississippi.
¶53. And while not pointed out by the parties, we note that the Legislature expressly
created a civil action to enforce the contents of the Antiquities chapter. “Any citizen in the
State of Mississippi shall have the power to bring an action in any court of competent
jurisdiction to enjoin violations or threatened violations of this chapter, and for the return of
items taken in violation of the provisions hereof.” Miss. Code Ann. § 39-7-37 (Rev. 2014).
¶54. We need not address at this juncture whether brand-new stakes placed for a recent
survey fall within the protection of a chapter meant to safeguard antiquities. Under the
express language of the chapter, at most, Nancy could have filed suit under this chapter to
enjoin the removal of the survey markers or for their return, not for damages. Because she
instead sought damages, and the statute does not authorize such, we affirm the trial court’s
denial of the counterclaim.
V. Any award of attorney’s fees and costs was within the chancery court’s discretion.
16 ¶55. On appeal, Nancy claims that because Baur’s claims against her were “meritless,” she
should have been awarded costs and fees.
¶56. In support, she cites the Litigation Accountability Act, which in relevant part allows
“reasonable attorney’s fees and costs against any party or attorney if the court . . . finds that
an attorney or party brought an action . . . that is without substantial justification[.]” Miss.
Code Ann. § 11-55-5(1) (Rev. 2019).
¶57. In addition, “Mississippi Code Annotated section 11-55-7 lists the relevant factors for
a court to consider in granting an award of attorney’s fees[.]” Herbert v. Herbert, 374 So.
3d 562, 580 (¶54) (Miss. Ct. App. 2023). Such as, “Whether or not the action was
prosecuted or defended, in whole or in part, in bad faith or for improper purpose,” and, “The
extent to which the party prevailed with respect to the amount of and number of claims or
defenses in controversy[.]” Id. (quoting Miss. Code Ann. § 11-55-7(d) & (f) (Rev. 2019)).
¶58. “The decision to award monetary sanctions under the Litigation Accountability Act
is left to the discretion of the trial court.” Id. at 579 (¶50) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Furthermore, the Mississippi Supreme Court has “empowered trial courts with the
discretionary authority to sanction, including the authority to dismiss an action[.]” Mize v.
Shiloh Mkt. Inc., 336 So. 3d 654, 658 (¶15) (Miss. Ct. App. 2022) (quoting Ashmore v. Miss.
Auth. on Educ. Television, 148 So. 3d 977, 981 (¶10) (Miss. 2014)).
¶59. The trial court did not go into detail regarding its denial of costs and fees in this case,
but much of our foregoing analysis has mirrored a key factual determination: Sandra Baur
genuinely believed she had adversely possessed this property. This included filing a lawsuit
17 to have the property declared hers through adverse possession. While the trial court and this
Court have concluded her good faith belief did not meet the clear and convincing standard
of the proof required, for many years Baur acted as the owner of the 47 acres. There were
certainly actions she took that were hard-edged, as the trial court acknowledged. Yet Nancy
ultimately prevailed at trial, and Nancy also prevailed in having any cloud of title lifted.
¶60. Whether to award costs and fees is within the discretion of the trial court, and we see
no abuse of that discretion here.
VI. The requests for appellate attorney’s fees are denied.
¶61. Both parties to this appeal have filed dueling motions requesting appellate attorney’s
fees. The grounds asserted by both parties are identical—each claiming that the other
pursued a case without legal or factual support. Baur argues she has had “to respond to
meritless arguments,” and Nancy claims that “Baur’s meritless litigation has caused Nancy
to incur” significant fees on appeal.
¶62. “When a prevailing party requests attorneys’ fees on appeal, ‘typically, the Court
awards attorney fees on appeal in an amount equal to half the amount awarded at trial.’”
Gibson v. Bell, 312 So. 3d 318, 325 (¶30) (Miss. 2020) (quoting Latham v. Latham, 261 So.
3d 1110, 1115 (¶22) (Miss. 2019)). However, “such an award may not be fair and equitable
in all cases[.]” Id. “Our Rules of Appellate Procedure require the party requesting attorney’s
fees ‘to file a motion in the Court, supported by affidavits and time records that establish the
actual fees expended on appeal.’” Rogers v. NewSouth NeuroSpine LLC, 382 So. 3d 1175,
1181 (¶18) (Miss. Ct. App. 2024) (quoting Latham, 261 So. 3d at 1115 (¶22)).
18 ¶63. Baur filed her motion on February 19, 2024, claiming this appeal caused her “to incur
significant attorney’s fees and costs,” but she did not include a specific monetary amount that
she sought to be awarded. Her motion merely stated she “will file an affidavit verifying the
attorney’s fees and costs on the appeal as a supplement to this motion.” But in the months
since, Baur never supplemented her motion with any affidavits or documentation. As a result,
her motion lacks supporting affidavits and information, such as time records that could
establish the work performed and costs expended on appeal.
¶64. A deficiency of this type may result in a denial without prejudice to allow a properly
filed motion. Stewart v. Stewart, 309 So. 3d 44, 103 (¶212) (Miss. Ct. App. 2020) (where
we “den[ied] [a] motion for appellate attorney’s fees without prejudice to [a party’s] ability
to refile his request prior to the issuance of the mandate in a motion that complies with Rule
27(a) and the requirements of Latham”); Rogers, 382 So. 3d at 1181 (¶18) (denying without
prejudice request for appellate attorney’s fees when it was not contained in a separate
motion). This allowance would be fruitless in this appeal since Baur’s assignments of error
do not necessitate reversal. Accordingly, Baur’s motion for appellate attorney’s fees is not
well taken and is denied.
¶65. In contrast, Nancy supported her motion for appellate attorney’s fees with an affidavit
by counsel and an itemized invoice of the work performed and fees incurred. According to
the affidavit, Nancy incurred $8,653.00 in appellate attorney’s fees and $390.01 in court
costs, for a total of $9,043.01.
¶66. Simply prevailing on appeal does not entitle a party to the award of appellate
19 attorney’s fees. See generally Grisham v. Hinton, 490 So. 2d 1201, 1205 (Miss. 1986).
Instead, there are a limited number of situations that may warrant the imposition of appellate
attorney’s fees. A request for appellate attorney’s fees may be based upon Mississippi Rule
of Appellate Procedure 38, which provides that “[i]n a civil case if the Supreme Court or
Court of Appeals shall determine that an appeal is frivolous, it shall award just damages and
single or double costs to the appellee.” See En Banc Order, Gilmer v. McRae, 2021-CA-
00028-SCT (Miss. Feb. 9, 2023) (awarding appellate attorney’s fees in the amount of
$38,126.50 when underlying lawsuit was “frivolous” and appellant failed to respond to
motion for fees and costs). Furthermore, we “may award appellate attorneys’ fees that are
authorized by a contract.” Bailey v. Chamblee, 192 So. 3d 1078, 1083 (¶16) (Miss. Ct. App.
2016); see En Banc Order, Wellsgate Homeowners Assoc. v. Hilton, No. 2019-CA-
00507-COA (Miss. Ct. App. Jun. 16, 2020) (“the appellant’s ‘Covenants, Conditions, and
Restrictions’ provided that those who violate them would be required to pay applicable
attorney’s fees and litigation costs”). Appellate attorney’s fees may also be allowed when
a party successfully defends a trial court’s finding of a fraudulent conveyance. See generally
Myers v. Myers, 741 So. 2d 274, 281 (¶31) (Miss. Ct. App. 1998) (“a trial court may award
attorneys’ fees, in divorce actions, where fraudulent conveyances are involved”); see En
Banc Order, Lofton v. Lofton, No. 2021-CA-00035-COA (Miss. Ct. App. Apr. 25, 2023)
(granting motion for $25,655 “for attorney’s fees and costs related to this appeal” when Court
of Appeals “affirmed [a] judgment setting aside certain fraudulent transfers of real and
personal property”); En Banc Order, Lofton, No. 2021-CA-00035-COA (Miss. Ct. App. Aug.
20 2, 2023) (granting supplemental motion for costs and fees in competing rehearing and
certiorari requests in the amount of $4,270).
¶67. An award of appellate attorney’s fees may also be granted when a contempt award is
affirmed on appeal. Riley v. Riley, 196 So. 3d 1159, 1164-66 (¶¶23-32) (Miss. Ct. App.
2016) (holding that an award of appellate attorney’s fees is appropriate when the chancery
court awarded fees based on a finding of contempt and the recipient must defend the finding
on appeal). Relatedly, a prevailing party may seek appellate attorney’s fees based upon a
finding of unfounded “allegations of domestic violence” pursuant to Mississippi Code
Annotated section 93-5-24(9)(c) (Rev. 2018). Stewart, 309 So. 3d at 102-03 (¶¶202-11); see
En Banc Order, Stewart, No. 2018-CA-1542-COA (Miss. Ct. App. Jan. 21, 2021) (granting
motion for $6,899.55, which constituted half of the trial court’s award for successful defense
of contempt action).
¶68. Although she properly followed current procedure in requesting appellate attorney’s
fees, Nancy has not provided any authority to support a grant of such award in a case of this
type or procedural posture, nor was she successful in obtaining attorney’s fees in the trial
court. At its root, Nancy’s argument is simply that Baur’s appeal is frivolous. As we
explained above, the chancellor was correct to determine that Baur’s actions were not
malicious or frivolous, but rather misguided. Our Supreme Court has determined that “an
appeal is frivolous where the appellant has no hope of success,” and given the complexity
of this case, we do not find it reaches this high standard. Flowers v. Boolos (In re Est. of
Smith), 204 So. 3d 291, 316 (¶60) (Miss. 2016). Accordingly, Nancy’s motion for appellate
21 attorney’s fees is denied.
CONCLUSION
¶69. Baur cannot prove the claim-of-ownership element of adverse possession by clear and
convincing evidence. Therefore, we affirm the chancery court’s order denying Baur’s claim
of title by adverse possession.
¶70. As to Nancy’s cross-appeal, we find that because Baur did not act with malice, her
claim for slander of title was properly denied. As there was no proof of emotional distress,
whether intentional or negligent, the claim was likewise properly denied. Because Nancy’s
claim for damages based upon the removal of survey markers exceeded the statutory
authorization, it was also properly denied. Last, it was within the trial court’s discretion to
deny the request for attorney’s fees and costs, and this Court likewise denies the two motions
for appellate attorney’s fees.
¶71. ON DIRECT APPEAL: AFFIRMED. ON CROSS-APPEAL: AFFIRMED.
BARNES, C.J., CARLTON, P.J., WESTBROOKS, McDONALD, LAWRENCE, SMITH AND EMFINGER, JJ., CONCUR. WILSON, P.J., CONCURS IN PART AND IN THE RESULT WITHOUT SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION. WEDDLE, J., NOT PARTICIPATING.