NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS NOV 6 2024
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
GABRIEL SANCHEZ-REYNA, No. 21-973 Petitioner, Agency No. A092-160-137
v. MEMORANDUM*
MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General, Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals Argued and Submitted June 3, 2024 Pasadena, California
Before: CLIFTON, COLLINS, and LEE, Circuit Judges. Gabriel Sanchez-Reyna, a citizen of Mexico, petitions for review of a
decision by the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) upholding an order of an
Immigration Judge (“IJ”) denying his application for cancellation of removal under
§ 240A(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”), see 8 U.S.C.
§ 1229b(a). We have jurisdiction under § 242 of the INA. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252.
We grant the petition and remand to the BIA.
In February 2002, Sanchez-Reyna was convicted in California superior court
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. of willful infliction of corporal injury to a spouse or cohabitant, in violation of
California Penal Code § 273.5(a). The offense was classified as a misdemeanor
under California Penal Code § 17(b)(4), and Sanchez-Reyna was sentenced to 365
days of imprisonment, with 350 days of his sentence suspended. Sanchez-Reyna
was subsequently charged as being removable under INA § 237(a)(2)(A)(iii), see
8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii), on the ground that his conviction under § 273.5(a)
was an “aggravated felony” within the meaning of INA § 101(a)(43)(F), see 8
U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(F). In August 2015, an IJ concluded that the § 273.5(a)
conviction was for an aggravated felony, and she sustained the charge of
removability and further noted that this finding precluded Sanchez-Reyna from
obtaining cancellation of removal under INA § 240A(a)(3), see 8 U.S.C.
§ 1229b(a)(3). Sanchez-Reyna nonetheless subsequently filed a written
application for cancellation of removal. In November 2018, a different IJ denied
that application, concluding that, despite recent changes in California law,
Sanchez-Reyna’s conviction under § 273.5 remained an aggravated felony and
rendered him ineligible for cancellation of removal. The BIA upheld the IJ’s
denial of cancellation of removal solely on the ground that, because Sanchez-
Reyna had not specifically challenged the earlier removability finding, the
aggravated-felony determination underlying that finding “triggers the bar to
cancellation of removal under section 240A(a)(3) of the Act.”
2 1. The BIA erred in dismissing Sanchez-Reyna’s appeal based solely on his
failure to specifically challenge the earlier removability finding.
As relevant here, an “aggravated felony” includes “a crime of violence (as
defined in section 16 of title 18 . . . ) for which the term of imprisonment [is] at
least one year.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(F). The cross-referenced definition
provides that a “crime of violence” is “an offense that has as an element the use,
attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person or property of
another.” 18 U.S.C. § 16(a). Sanchez-Reyna’s brief before the BIA expressly
contended that his conviction under § 273.5 was improperly held to be an
aggravated felony under these provisions because (1) in denying his application for
cancellation in 2018, the IJ failed to conduct the analysis required under the
“categorical approach” of Moncrieffe v. Holder, 569 U.S. 184 (2013); and (2) his
actual sentence was less than one year of imprisonment because, in light of the
retroactive application of California Penal Code § 18.5, his actual and potential
sentence for his § 273.5(a) conviction had been reduced to 364 days.
With respect to Sanchez-Reyna’s first argument, the BIA’s point about
Sanchez-Reyna’s failure to challenge the 2015 removability determination has
some force. Although (as the BIA noted) the IJ who rejected Sanchez-Reyna’s
cancellation application in 2018 did not undertake the required categorical analysis
of the elements of § 273.5(a), the IJ who found him removable in 2015 did do so.
3 In that 2015 order, the IJ noted that this court had specifically held, in Banuelos-
Ayon v. Holder, 611 F.3d 1080 (9th Cir. 2010), “that § 273.5(a) is categorically a
crime of violence under 18 U.S.C. § 16(a).” Id. at 1085. Given that the IJ, in
ruling in 2018, made clear that she was aware of the prior history and rulings in the
case, the BIA reasonably faulted Sanchez-Reyna for failing to challenge on appeal
the merits of the earlier 2015 determination that § 273.5(a) was categorically a
crime of violence under Banuelos-Ayon. As to the latter point, Sanchez-Reyna’s
brief contained no argument, but merely contended that the IJ’s 2018 ruling did not
itself undertake a categorical analysis. The BIA therefore properly held that
Sanchez-Reyna had forfeited any contention that § 273.5(a) was not categorically a
crime of violence under Banuelos-Ayon.1
The BIA’s forfeiture point is flawed, however, when considered in the
context of Sanchez-Reyna’s separate argument about the retroactive effect of
§ 18.5. That issue had not been addressed in the earlier 2015 ruling (because the
California Legislature did not make § 18.5 retroactive until 2017), and the merits
of that issue were squarely raised in Sanchez-Reyna’s appeal brief before the BIA.
To the extent that the resolution of that properly raised merits issue in Sanchez-
Reyna’s favor would necessarily have the collateral effect of also calling into
1 In any event, we cannot discern any grounds on which Banuelos-Ayon’s holding on this point can be distinguished. Indeed, Sanchez-Reyna’s counsel conceded at argument that Banuelos-Ayon was controlling on this point.
4 question the earlier removability determination, that would simply mean that the
BIA should, in that circumstance, view Sanchez-Reyna’s arguments as necessarily
subsuming an implicit challenge to the removability determination as well. It
provides no basis for finding that Sanchez-Reyna had forfeited his properly raised
objection to the denial of cancellation of removal.
We therefore hold that the BIA erred in failing to address the merits of
Sanchez-Reyna’s contention that, in light of § 18.5, his 2002 conviction under
§ 273.5(a) no longer qualified as an aggravated felony. Although the Government
argues that the BIA’s ruling should be construed as having “concluded that Mr.
Sanchez-Reyna was removable despite the recent change in California law
([California Penal Code] § 18.5),” the BIA’s decision contains no language that
would support such a reading. On the contrary, by its plain terms, the BIA’s
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS NOV 6 2024
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
GABRIEL SANCHEZ-REYNA, No. 21-973 Petitioner, Agency No. A092-160-137
v. MEMORANDUM*
MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General, Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals Argued and Submitted June 3, 2024 Pasadena, California
Before: CLIFTON, COLLINS, and LEE, Circuit Judges. Gabriel Sanchez-Reyna, a citizen of Mexico, petitions for review of a
decision by the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) upholding an order of an
Immigration Judge (“IJ”) denying his application for cancellation of removal under
§ 240A(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”), see 8 U.S.C.
§ 1229b(a). We have jurisdiction under § 242 of the INA. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252.
We grant the petition and remand to the BIA.
In February 2002, Sanchez-Reyna was convicted in California superior court
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. of willful infliction of corporal injury to a spouse or cohabitant, in violation of
California Penal Code § 273.5(a). The offense was classified as a misdemeanor
under California Penal Code § 17(b)(4), and Sanchez-Reyna was sentenced to 365
days of imprisonment, with 350 days of his sentence suspended. Sanchez-Reyna
was subsequently charged as being removable under INA § 237(a)(2)(A)(iii), see
8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii), on the ground that his conviction under § 273.5(a)
was an “aggravated felony” within the meaning of INA § 101(a)(43)(F), see 8
U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(F). In August 2015, an IJ concluded that the § 273.5(a)
conviction was for an aggravated felony, and she sustained the charge of
removability and further noted that this finding precluded Sanchez-Reyna from
obtaining cancellation of removal under INA § 240A(a)(3), see 8 U.S.C.
§ 1229b(a)(3). Sanchez-Reyna nonetheless subsequently filed a written
application for cancellation of removal. In November 2018, a different IJ denied
that application, concluding that, despite recent changes in California law,
Sanchez-Reyna’s conviction under § 273.5 remained an aggravated felony and
rendered him ineligible for cancellation of removal. The BIA upheld the IJ’s
denial of cancellation of removal solely on the ground that, because Sanchez-
Reyna had not specifically challenged the earlier removability finding, the
aggravated-felony determination underlying that finding “triggers the bar to
cancellation of removal under section 240A(a)(3) of the Act.”
2 1. The BIA erred in dismissing Sanchez-Reyna’s appeal based solely on his
failure to specifically challenge the earlier removability finding.
As relevant here, an “aggravated felony” includes “a crime of violence (as
defined in section 16 of title 18 . . . ) for which the term of imprisonment [is] at
least one year.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(F). The cross-referenced definition
provides that a “crime of violence” is “an offense that has as an element the use,
attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person or property of
another.” 18 U.S.C. § 16(a). Sanchez-Reyna’s brief before the BIA expressly
contended that his conviction under § 273.5 was improperly held to be an
aggravated felony under these provisions because (1) in denying his application for
cancellation in 2018, the IJ failed to conduct the analysis required under the
“categorical approach” of Moncrieffe v. Holder, 569 U.S. 184 (2013); and (2) his
actual sentence was less than one year of imprisonment because, in light of the
retroactive application of California Penal Code § 18.5, his actual and potential
sentence for his § 273.5(a) conviction had been reduced to 364 days.
With respect to Sanchez-Reyna’s first argument, the BIA’s point about
Sanchez-Reyna’s failure to challenge the 2015 removability determination has
some force. Although (as the BIA noted) the IJ who rejected Sanchez-Reyna’s
cancellation application in 2018 did not undertake the required categorical analysis
of the elements of § 273.5(a), the IJ who found him removable in 2015 did do so.
3 In that 2015 order, the IJ noted that this court had specifically held, in Banuelos-
Ayon v. Holder, 611 F.3d 1080 (9th Cir. 2010), “that § 273.5(a) is categorically a
crime of violence under 18 U.S.C. § 16(a).” Id. at 1085. Given that the IJ, in
ruling in 2018, made clear that she was aware of the prior history and rulings in the
case, the BIA reasonably faulted Sanchez-Reyna for failing to challenge on appeal
the merits of the earlier 2015 determination that § 273.5(a) was categorically a
crime of violence under Banuelos-Ayon. As to the latter point, Sanchez-Reyna’s
brief contained no argument, but merely contended that the IJ’s 2018 ruling did not
itself undertake a categorical analysis. The BIA therefore properly held that
Sanchez-Reyna had forfeited any contention that § 273.5(a) was not categorically a
crime of violence under Banuelos-Ayon.1
The BIA’s forfeiture point is flawed, however, when considered in the
context of Sanchez-Reyna’s separate argument about the retroactive effect of
§ 18.5. That issue had not been addressed in the earlier 2015 ruling (because the
California Legislature did not make § 18.5 retroactive until 2017), and the merits
of that issue were squarely raised in Sanchez-Reyna’s appeal brief before the BIA.
To the extent that the resolution of that properly raised merits issue in Sanchez-
Reyna’s favor would necessarily have the collateral effect of also calling into
1 In any event, we cannot discern any grounds on which Banuelos-Ayon’s holding on this point can be distinguished. Indeed, Sanchez-Reyna’s counsel conceded at argument that Banuelos-Ayon was controlling on this point.
4 question the earlier removability determination, that would simply mean that the
BIA should, in that circumstance, view Sanchez-Reyna’s arguments as necessarily
subsuming an implicit challenge to the removability determination as well. It
provides no basis for finding that Sanchez-Reyna had forfeited his properly raised
objection to the denial of cancellation of removal.
We therefore hold that the BIA erred in failing to address the merits of
Sanchez-Reyna’s contention that, in light of § 18.5, his 2002 conviction under
§ 273.5(a) no longer qualified as an aggravated felony. Although the Government
argues that the BIA’s ruling should be construed as having “concluded that Mr.
Sanchez-Reyna was removable despite the recent change in California law
([California Penal Code] § 18.5),” the BIA’s decision contains no language that
would support such a reading. On the contrary, by its plain terms, the BIA’s
decision rests solely on Sanchez-Reyna’s failure to expressly challenge the 2015
ruling on removability.
2. Generally, “if the record before the agency does not support the agency
action, or if the agency has not considered all relevant factors, the proper course,
except in rare circumstances, is to remand to the agency for additional
investigation or explanation.” Calcutt v. Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp., 598 U.S. 623,
628–29 (2023) (simplified); see also SEC v. Chenery Corp., 318 U.S. 80, 87
(1943). But “remand may be unwarranted in cases where there is not the slightest
5 uncertainty as to the outcome of the agency’s proceedings on remand.” Calcutt,
598 U.S. at 630 (simplified). “Where the agency was required to take a particular
action,” the fact “that it provided a different rationale for the necessary result is no
cause for upsetting its ruling.” Id. (simplified).
Here, the parties disagree as to whether this court’s decision in Velasquez-
Rios v. Wilkinson, 988 F.3d 1081 (9th Cir. 2021), required the agency to reject
Sanchez-Reyna’s argument that § 18.5 retroactively reduced his actual sentence to
less than one year and that the “term of imprisonment” imposed on him was
therefore no longer “at least one year,” as required by the relevant definition of an
“aggravated felony.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(F). Sanchez-Reyna argues that
Velasquez-Rios is distinguishable, because it addressed § 18.5’s retroactive effect
in the context only of INA § 237(a)(2)(A)(i), which applies to convictions
involving crimes “for which a sentence of one year or longer may be imposed.”
8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(i)(II) (emphasis added). The Government, by contrast,
argues that the reasoning of Velasquez-Rios applies equally to the “aggravated
felony” issue presented here, with its focus on the actual sentence imposed.
Neither side has pointed us to any published authority from this court that
addresses this precise issue. Without expressing any view as to the merits of that
issue, we are not persuaded that this is the “rare circumstance[]” in which we
should depart from the Chenery remand rule. Calcutt, 598 U.S. at 629.
6 Accordingly, we grant Sanchez-Reyna’s petition and remand to the BIA for further
proceedings consistent with this memorandum.
PETITION GRANTED.