In the Missouri Court of Appeals Western District
SAMUEL S. KNOPIK, ) Appellant, ) v. ) WD81931 ) SHELBY INVESTMENTS, LLC, ) FILED: May 14. 2019 Respondent. )
APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF JACKSON COUNTY THE HONORABLE MARK A. STYLES, JR., JUDGE
BEFORE DIVISION ONE: VICTOR C. HOWARD, PRESIDING JUDGE, LISA WHITE HARDWICK AND GARY D. WITT, JUDGES
After Samuel Knopik stopped receiving monthly distributions from a trust of
which he was the sole beneficiary, he filed suit against the trustee, Shelby
Investments, L.L.C., (“Trustee”) for breach of trust and removal of the trustee.
Trustee filed a counterclaim for a judgment declaring that Knopik’s petition violated
the trust’s no-contest clause and, as a result, revoked and canceled all trust
provisions in his favor. The circuit court granted Trustee’s motion for summary
judgment on its counterclaim. Knopik appeals, asserting that the no-contest clause
is unenforceable. For reasons explained herein, we affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY On December 21, 2016, Gift L.L.C., (“the settlor”), and Trustee, as the sole
trustee, entered into a trust agreement called the “Knopik Irrevocable Trust.”
Knopik was the sole beneficiary of the trust. Section 2 of the trust provided:
2. Distribution of Income and Principal during Sam Knopik’s Lifetime.
During Sam Knopik’s lifetime, each month, on the first business day of the month, beginning in December 2016 and ending in December 2020, the Trustee shall distribute to Sam Knopik One Hundred Dollars ($100.00) from the trust estate. The Trustee shall add any undistributed net income to principal. On January 4, 2021, the Trustee shall distribute the remaining trust estate to the Settlor, terminating the trust.
In February 2017, Knopik received a single payment of $100 pursuant to the
terms of the trust. Since February 2017, Trustee has not made any monthly
payments to Knopik. Trustee has affirmatively stated that it does not intend to
make any future payments to Knopik.
On August 18, 2017, Knopik filed his petition against Trustee. In Count I,
he alleged that Trustee breached its fiduciary duties as trustee. In Count II, Knopik
sought the removal of Trustee and requested the appointment of a replacement
trustee.
Trustee filed an answer admitting many of the allegations set forth by Knopik
and counterclaiming for declaratory judgment. In its counterclaim, Trustee asserted
that Knopik’s petition violated Section 12 of the trust, which stated:
12. No Contest.
In case any beneficiary shall (i) contest the validity of this trust, or any provision hereof, in whole or in part; (ii) make a claim against a trustee
2 for maladministration or breach of trust; or (iii) attempt to remove a trustee for any reason, with or without cause; then such contest or claim and such attempt shall cancel and terminate all provisions for or in favor of the beneficiary making or inciting such contest or claim, without regard to whether such contest or claim shall succeed or not; and all and any provisions or provision herein in favor of the beneficiary so making such contest or claim, or attempting or inciting the same, to be revoked and of no force and effect; and the entire trust estate shall revert to the Settlor and be distributed to the Settlor.
Trustee requested a judgment declaring that Knopik violated the no-contest clause
by asserting a claim of breach of trust and by seeking to remove Trustee. Trustee
further requested that the court declare that, as a result of Knopik’s violation of the
no-contest clause, all trust provisions in favor of him were canceled and
terminated, and the trust assets should revert to the settlor.
Both parties filed motions for summary judgment on their respective claims.
The circuit court entered summary judgment in favor of Trustee on its counterclaim
after finding that Knopik’s filing his petition for breach of trust and removal of the
trustee violated the trust’s no-contest clause. Knopik appeals.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Appellate review of a summary judgment is “essentially de novo.” ITT
Commercial Fin. Corp. v. Mid-Am. Marine Supply Corp., 854 S.W.2d 371, 376
(Mo. banc 1993). A motion for summary judgment should be granted where there
is no genuine issue of material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law. Id. In this case, there are no disputed issues of material fact.
Consequently, whether summary judgment was proper is purely an issue of law.
Farish v. Mo. Dep’t of Corr., 416 S.W.3d 793, 795 (Mo. banc 2013). 3 ANALYSIS
In his sole point on appeal, Knopik contends the circuit court erred in
entering summary judgment in favor of Trustee on its counterclaim for declaratory
judgment. He argues that the trust’s no-contest clause is unenforceable.
The Missouri Supreme Court has long recognized the validity and
enforceability of no-contest clauses in trusts and wills. See, e.g., Cox v. Fisher,
322 S.W.2d 910, 914 (Mo. 1959) (trust); Commerce Trust Co. v. Weed, 318
S.W.2d 289, 299 (Mo. 1958) (will); Rossi v. Davis, 133 S.W.2d 363, 367 (Mo.
1939) (trust). To determine what constitutes a violation of a no-contest clause,
the Court directs us to consider the facts of the particular case, “taken into
account and applied with a careful regard for the phrasing or language of the no-
contest or forfeiture clause.” Cox, 322 S.W.2d at 914. While we are to keep in
mind that “forfeitures are not favored by the law,” we must, however, enforce a
no-contest provision “where it is clear that the trustor (or testator) intended that
the conduct in question should forfeit a beneficiary’s interest under the indenture
(or will).” Id.
Although the Court in Commerce Trust acknowledged that “a number of
states” do not enforce no-contest provisions “where the action was brought in
good faith and with probable cause,” the Court specifically declined to adopt that
position, instead holding that no-contest provisions “should be enforced without
regard to any exception based upon the good faith and probable cause of the
4 contestant.” 318 S.W.2d at 299, 301.1 This is because “a person may dispose of
his property as he wishes.” Rossi, 133 S.W.2d at 372. Hence, “[t]o engraft upon
the condition thus distinctly expressed by the maker an exception not expressed
nor reasonably implicable from the language of the instrument is to nullify the will
of the maker, if in fact it be his will.” Id. “Our task is to ascertain and give effect
to the [settlor’s] intention, in regard to the provision in question.” Commerce
Trust, 318 S.W.2d at 302. Therefore, while a no-contest clause is to be strictly
construed, “we should not place a strained or overtechnical construction upon the
language used in order to enable a beneficiary to take under the [trust] and thus
ignore the condition imposed and accordingly refuse to give effect to the intent of
the [settlor].” Id.
Knopik argues that Cox and Commerce Trust are not controlling because
they involved the enforceability of no-contest clauses that prohibited only
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In the Missouri Court of Appeals Western District
SAMUEL S. KNOPIK, ) Appellant, ) v. ) WD81931 ) SHELBY INVESTMENTS, LLC, ) FILED: May 14. 2019 Respondent. )
APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF JACKSON COUNTY THE HONORABLE MARK A. STYLES, JR., JUDGE
BEFORE DIVISION ONE: VICTOR C. HOWARD, PRESIDING JUDGE, LISA WHITE HARDWICK AND GARY D. WITT, JUDGES
After Samuel Knopik stopped receiving monthly distributions from a trust of
which he was the sole beneficiary, he filed suit against the trustee, Shelby
Investments, L.L.C., (“Trustee”) for breach of trust and removal of the trustee.
Trustee filed a counterclaim for a judgment declaring that Knopik’s petition violated
the trust’s no-contest clause and, as a result, revoked and canceled all trust
provisions in his favor. The circuit court granted Trustee’s motion for summary
judgment on its counterclaim. Knopik appeals, asserting that the no-contest clause
is unenforceable. For reasons explained herein, we affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY On December 21, 2016, Gift L.L.C., (“the settlor”), and Trustee, as the sole
trustee, entered into a trust agreement called the “Knopik Irrevocable Trust.”
Knopik was the sole beneficiary of the trust. Section 2 of the trust provided:
2. Distribution of Income and Principal during Sam Knopik’s Lifetime.
During Sam Knopik’s lifetime, each month, on the first business day of the month, beginning in December 2016 and ending in December 2020, the Trustee shall distribute to Sam Knopik One Hundred Dollars ($100.00) from the trust estate. The Trustee shall add any undistributed net income to principal. On January 4, 2021, the Trustee shall distribute the remaining trust estate to the Settlor, terminating the trust.
In February 2017, Knopik received a single payment of $100 pursuant to the
terms of the trust. Since February 2017, Trustee has not made any monthly
payments to Knopik. Trustee has affirmatively stated that it does not intend to
make any future payments to Knopik.
On August 18, 2017, Knopik filed his petition against Trustee. In Count I,
he alleged that Trustee breached its fiduciary duties as trustee. In Count II, Knopik
sought the removal of Trustee and requested the appointment of a replacement
trustee.
Trustee filed an answer admitting many of the allegations set forth by Knopik
and counterclaiming for declaratory judgment. In its counterclaim, Trustee asserted
that Knopik’s petition violated Section 12 of the trust, which stated:
12. No Contest.
In case any beneficiary shall (i) contest the validity of this trust, or any provision hereof, in whole or in part; (ii) make a claim against a trustee
2 for maladministration or breach of trust; or (iii) attempt to remove a trustee for any reason, with or without cause; then such contest or claim and such attempt shall cancel and terminate all provisions for or in favor of the beneficiary making or inciting such contest or claim, without regard to whether such contest or claim shall succeed or not; and all and any provisions or provision herein in favor of the beneficiary so making such contest or claim, or attempting or inciting the same, to be revoked and of no force and effect; and the entire trust estate shall revert to the Settlor and be distributed to the Settlor.
Trustee requested a judgment declaring that Knopik violated the no-contest clause
by asserting a claim of breach of trust and by seeking to remove Trustee. Trustee
further requested that the court declare that, as a result of Knopik’s violation of the
no-contest clause, all trust provisions in favor of him were canceled and
terminated, and the trust assets should revert to the settlor.
Both parties filed motions for summary judgment on their respective claims.
The circuit court entered summary judgment in favor of Trustee on its counterclaim
after finding that Knopik’s filing his petition for breach of trust and removal of the
trustee violated the trust’s no-contest clause. Knopik appeals.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Appellate review of a summary judgment is “essentially de novo.” ITT
Commercial Fin. Corp. v. Mid-Am. Marine Supply Corp., 854 S.W.2d 371, 376
(Mo. banc 1993). A motion for summary judgment should be granted where there
is no genuine issue of material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law. Id. In this case, there are no disputed issues of material fact.
Consequently, whether summary judgment was proper is purely an issue of law.
Farish v. Mo. Dep’t of Corr., 416 S.W.3d 793, 795 (Mo. banc 2013). 3 ANALYSIS
In his sole point on appeal, Knopik contends the circuit court erred in
entering summary judgment in favor of Trustee on its counterclaim for declaratory
judgment. He argues that the trust’s no-contest clause is unenforceable.
The Missouri Supreme Court has long recognized the validity and
enforceability of no-contest clauses in trusts and wills. See, e.g., Cox v. Fisher,
322 S.W.2d 910, 914 (Mo. 1959) (trust); Commerce Trust Co. v. Weed, 318
S.W.2d 289, 299 (Mo. 1958) (will); Rossi v. Davis, 133 S.W.2d 363, 367 (Mo.
1939) (trust). To determine what constitutes a violation of a no-contest clause,
the Court directs us to consider the facts of the particular case, “taken into
account and applied with a careful regard for the phrasing or language of the no-
contest or forfeiture clause.” Cox, 322 S.W.2d at 914. While we are to keep in
mind that “forfeitures are not favored by the law,” we must, however, enforce a
no-contest provision “where it is clear that the trustor (or testator) intended that
the conduct in question should forfeit a beneficiary’s interest under the indenture
(or will).” Id.
Although the Court in Commerce Trust acknowledged that “a number of
states” do not enforce no-contest provisions “where the action was brought in
good faith and with probable cause,” the Court specifically declined to adopt that
position, instead holding that no-contest provisions “should be enforced without
regard to any exception based upon the good faith and probable cause of the
4 contestant.” 318 S.W.2d at 299, 301.1 This is because “a person may dispose of
his property as he wishes.” Rossi, 133 S.W.2d at 372. Hence, “[t]o engraft upon
the condition thus distinctly expressed by the maker an exception not expressed
nor reasonably implicable from the language of the instrument is to nullify the will
of the maker, if in fact it be his will.” Id. “Our task is to ascertain and give effect
to the [settlor’s] intention, in regard to the provision in question.” Commerce
Trust, 318 S.W.2d at 302. Therefore, while a no-contest clause is to be strictly
construed, “we should not place a strained or overtechnical construction upon the
language used in order to enable a beneficiary to take under the [trust] and thus
ignore the condition imposed and accordingly refuse to give effect to the intent of
the [settlor].” Id.
Knopik argues that Cox and Commerce Trust are not controlling because
they involved the enforceability of no-contest clauses that prohibited only
challenges to the validity of the instrument or its provisions and not challenges to
the administration of the instrument. In other words, he asserts that the no-
contest clauses in Cox and Commerce Trust were limited to prohibiting the conduct
set forth in subsection (i) of the no-contest clause here, and, therefore, those cases
did not address the enforceability of clauses that prohibit the type of conduct
asserted in subsections (ii) and (iii) of the no-contest clause in this case.
1 Missouri continues to be recognized as one of “a sizable minority of states” that enforce no- contest clauses “absolutely, so that any beneficiary who brings a ‘contest,’ as defined in the language of the instrument, will be disinherited if the will turns out to be valid and admissible.” Deborah S. Gordon, Forfeiting Trust, 57 WM. & MARY L. REV. 455, 468-69, 469 n.48 (2015). 5 While Knopik is correct that the no-contest clauses in Cox and Commerce
Trust did not prohibit challenges to the administration of the instruments at issue in
those cases, we do not find that the principles enunciated in those cases are
limited to only no-contest clauses that prohibit contests to the validity of the
instrument or its provisions. The clear import of Cox, Commerce Trust, and Rossi
is that, because a settlor or testator is free to dispose of his property as he wishes,
he has the power to determine what type of conduct by a beneficiary will forfeit
that beneficiary’s interest in the instrument. Where the settlor explicitly and
unambiguously describes that conduct in a no-contest clause, we are bound to
enforce the settlor’s clear intent. Accordingly, in the more recent case of Tobias v.
Korman, 141 S.W.3d 468, 477 (Mo. App. 2004), the Eastern District of this court
held that beneficiaries who asserted trust administration claims against the trustee
forfeited their interest in the trust under a no-contest clause that provided that, “[i]f
any beneficiary, excluding trustee, makes any allegation or causes litigation either
prior to or after his death they will automatically forfeit their designated amount.”
(Emphasis added.)
Applying the principles from Cox, Commerce Trust, and Rossi to the trust in
this case, the plain language of the no-contest clause expressly provides that, if
Knopik asserts claims against Trustee for maladministration or breach of trust or
attempts to remove Trustee for any reason, with or without cause, all trust
provisions in favor of Knopik are canceled, terminated, and revoked, regardless of
whether such claims against Trustee are successful. Pursuant to this unambiguous
6 language, it was clearly the settlor’s intention that Knopik’s filing a petition
asserting breach of trust and removal of Trustee would forfeit his beneficiary
interest in the trust. To hold otherwise would nullify the settlor’s will as to the
disposition of its property.
Knopik asserts several reasons why he believes the trust’s no-contest clause
is unenforceable or should not apply to the claims in his petition. If Knopik wished
to challenge the enforceability and applicability of the trust’s no-contest clause to
the claims in his petition, however, he should have done so in a proceeding under
Section 456.4-420, RSMo 2016.2 This statute, enacted in 2014, provides that a
person with an interest in an irrevocable trust “may file a petition to the court for
an interlocutory determination whether a particular motion, petition, or other claim
for relief by the interested person would trigger application of the no-contest clause
or would otherwise trigger a forfeiture that is enforceable under applicable law and
public policy.” § 456.4-420.1.3 If the court determines that the interested
person’s proposed claims would trigger application of the no-contest clause, the
interested person has the right to an appeal of that decision, including the right to
an interlocutory appeal if the order disposes of fewer than all claims for relief. §
456.4-420.3. The court’s ruling on the interested party’s petition under Section
2 All statutory references are to the Revised Statutes of Missouri 2016.
3 The statute further provides that, in ruling on the petition for an interlocutory determination, “the court shall consider the text of the clause, the context to the terms of the trust instrument as a whole, and in the context of the verified factual allegations in the petition.” § 456.4-420.2. “No evidence beyond the pleadings and the trust instrument shall be taken except as required to resolve an ambiguity in the no-contest clause.” Id.
7 456.4-420 is binding, as the statute provides that it “shall result in the no-contest
clause being enforceable to the extent of the court’s ruling, and shall govern
application of the no-contest clause to the extent that the interested person then
proceeds forward with the claims described therein.” § 456.4-420.4.
Section 456.4-420 provided a “safe harbor” in which Knopik could have
challenged the enforceability and applicability of the no-contest clause to his claims
for breach of trust and removal of trustee.4 Instead of taking this route, Knopik
chose to file his petition asserting the exact claims that the settlor clearly and
unambiguously stated would forfeit his beneficiary interest in the trust. Because
courts can neither ignore the plain language of a no-contest clause nor refuse to
give effect to the settlor’s intent, we find that the circuit court properly found that
Knopik’s petition violated the trust’s no-contest clause. Therefore, the court did
not err in granting summary judgment in favor of Trustee on its declaratory
judgment claim.
CONCLUSION
The judgment is affirmed.
___________________________________ LISA WHITE HARDWICK, JUDGE ALL CONCUR.
4 We express no opinion as to whether such a challenge, if properly made under Section 456.4-420, would have been successful. 8