OPINION OF THE COURT
JAMES HUNTER, III, Circuit Judge:
This appeal arises from a defamation suit brought by Samuel R. Dickey against CBS Inc. (CBS) for false statements
about Dickey made by then Congressman Lawrence G. Williams, and broadcast by CBS’s Philadelphia affiliate, WCAU-TV (Channel 10). Sitting without a jury, the trial court held in favor of CBS. 441 F.Supp. 1133 (1977). It ruled that Dickey was a public figure and had failed to prove by clear and
convincing evidence that CBS had acted with actual malice, as required and defined by
New York Times Co.
v.
Sullivan,
376 U.S. 254, 84 S.Ct. 710, 11 L.Ed.2d 686 (1964), and
St. Amant v. Thompson,
390 U.S. 727, 88 S.Ct. 1323, 20 L.Ed.2d 262 (1968). We affirm.
FACTS
On May 1, 1974, the candidates for the Republican nomination for United States Representative for the Seventh Congressional District of Pennsylvania videotaped a program for Channel 10 called “Update” which was to be broadcast on May 5. Two of the candidates who appeared on the program were Williams and Stephen J. McEwen, the District Attorney of Delaware County. Although Williams was the incumbent, the Delaware County Republican Board of Supervisors,
popularly known as the War Board, had given its endorsement to McEwen.
The candidates were interviewed on “Update” by two Channel 10 reporters, John Facenda and Dan Cryor. After questioning the other candidates on their views about inflation, Cryor asked Williams, “Mr. Congressman . . . inflation?” Williams responded in pertinent part:
“. . .In addition to that, we’ve had a report prepared by Delaware County tax money, commonly referred to as the Sprague Report, when it should be referred to as the McEwen Report, because this report was bought and paid for by the tax dollars of the people of Delaware County. Now in this report and in the preliminary informational reports appears the information that Phil Toanone made a $25,000 payoff. In the same information a $55,000 payoff was made by the, for the Barclay Square Apartments; and a $20,000 payoff for the Bishop Hill Apartments, and I could go on and on. Now this information has been available to our District Attorney, who says he’s not going to go on the War Board. Of course he’s not. He lives in Upper Darby and Upper Darby is represented on the War Board by
Sam Dickey, to whom these payments have been made.
And in spite of the fact that these preliminary informational reports were finished in early, early 1973, some people would have us believe that no final report has been prepared. Now, I say if anybody’s going to deny that and try to cover this stuff up, then these reports should be turned over to the Attorney General of the State of Pennsylvania, to be reviewed by him along with the investigators employed by Delaware County for Sprague, as well as the members of the CID, the investigators of the CID, who participated in the preparation of this report.” (emphasis added).
Thus, in response to a question about inflation, Williams charged that the Sprague report
accused Dickey, who was a member of the War Board which had endorsed McEwen, of taking payoffs.
Immediately following Williams’ statement, the following dialogue between Fa-cenda and McEwen took place:
Mr. Facenda: I wanted to ask that question of Mr. McEwen. Sprague hasn’t yet made public that particular report, and why hasn’t he, and do you intend to, well, is that normal procedure, let me put it that way.
Mr. McEwen: Well, John, there is no report. Mr. Williams was invited, in fact he set the time and place in my office last Wednesday, a week ago today, and Mr. Sprague appeared, I appeared, Mr. Williams did not. Mr. Sprague in a conference with the press made perfectly clear at that time that there is no report, that he would expect the report to be ready
mid-summer. As far as the reasons why, I guess they would rather, they, they would be more appropriately addressed to Mr. Sprague himself. He indicated at that time, however, he had other matters that required his attention, such as the conviction of the ten or so defendants of murder, including Mr. Boyle more recently in the Delaware County courts, so that Mr. Sprague was brought in 1971 as an independent investigator, as an independent prosecutor, and that concept began in Delaware County so the people of the County could have confidence in the District Attorney’s office. Mr. Williams’ charges about reports that I have and Mr. Sprague has is just incorrect. There is no such report. And that’s that. Now you can take the word of Mr. Sprague or Mr. Williams, and I’ll ride any time with Mr. Sprague, that’s for sure.
On May 2, 1974, one day after the taping and three days before “Update” was aired, Dickey’s attorney, Alvin Ackerman, telephoned Melvin Levine, Director of Technical Operations and Administration for Channel 10, and John L. Essig, Channel 10 News Operations Manager. He told them that the charges against Dickey were false and defamatory, and asked that the May 5 scheduled broadcast of “Update” be postponed pending further investigation of the truth or falsity of Williams’ statements.
On May 3, Ackerman wrote to Levine and Essig, reiterating his position. The letter to Levine stated:
Dear Mr. Levine:
In accordance with our telephone conversation yesterday, I wish to confirm that I represent Mr. Samuel R. Dickey. As I told you during that telephone conversation, it is my understanding that WCAU — TV intends to telecast a prerecorded interview with Congressman Lawrence Williams on its ‘Update’ program scheduled Sunday, May 5, 1974. It is further my understanding that false and defamatory accusations against my client were made during the course of this interview and will be further published by the aforementioned telecast. I asked that you withhold the showing of this program pending an investigation of the accusations which, I am certain, you will then find are completely false.
When I called your office late yesterday afternoon to determine what decision, if any, you had made with respect to my client's request, I was referred to Mr. Jack Essig who advised me that he had been made aware of the objection I raised and that a copy of the tape was being forwarded to your legal department for an opinion but that it was still the intention of WCAU-TV to telecast the program as scheduled.
I submit that the airing of this program would be completely irresponsible and result in great damage to Mr. Dickey’s reputation. I once again insist that you not further aid those who would falsely vilify Mr. Dickey by an additional publication of these libelous statements. Should you persist in your attempts to do so you may be assured that Mr. Dickey will pursue all legal remedies that are available to him to their fullest extent.
Very truly yours,
Alvin S. Ackerman
On May 2, Cryor informed Robert Morse, the Channel 10 news director, that Williams had made serious charges against Dickey at the taping. Morse assigned Bill Baldini, a Channel 10 reporter familiar with Delaware County politics, to talk with Williams and Dickey and to attempt to get from Williams information substantiating Williams’ charges. Baldini attempted to reach Dickey, Ackerman, and Harry McNichol, the Chairman of the War Board, but none of them returned his calls.
Baldini did reach Williams on May 2 and arranged for an interview to take place at Williams’ home later that day. Baldini asked Williams during the interview to give him a copy or to let him see a copy of the Sprague report but Williams rejected Baldi-ni’s requests. Williams also refused to give Baldini the names of the informants who allegedly provided him with the information that formed the basis of his charges. The trial court found, however, that Wil
liams told Baldini that “a lot” of his information “was based on his personal experience” as a former, long-time member of the War Board. Williams also stated that he realized the seriousness of the charges he had made and that he would stake his reputation on their accuracy.
Baldini reported back to Morse on May 4, the day before “Update” was to be shown. He described his interview with Williams in detail and stated that because Williams was involved in a closely contested election campaign, he viewed Williams’ charges with a jaundiced eye. Nevertheless, the trial court found that Baldini concluded, and so informed Morse, that “there was a good probability that Williams was telling the truth.”
“Update” was broadcast as scheduled on May 5. That evening, on the 7:00 p.m. news, Williams’ remarks were shown on videotape, followed by a live appearance by Ackerman in which he denied the charges made against Dickey and denied the existence of the Sprague report. On the 11:15 news that same evening, Williams’ statements and Ackerman’s response were rebroadcast. Subsequently, Dickey brought this defamation suit against CBS in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
THE TRIAL COURT’S OPINION
The district court found that in deciding to air “Update”, Morse of CBS took into account that:
(a) Congressman Williams had come prepared to make the statements he made. His charges were not off-the-cuff responses to any questions asked, but were worked into a response to a question concerning inflation.
(b) Williams was a four-term Congressman and that gave him a great deal of credibility.
(c) While Williams spoke of quoting the Sprague report, he actually waved papers around, which certainly implied that he possessed the report or portions of it and was quoting from it.
(d) Since Williams had been associated with and been supported by the War Board for a great number of years, and was thoroughly familiar with Delaware County politics, it was reasonable to believe he knew whereof he spoke.
(e) The Sprague report’s release was indeed anticipated at that point in time and what Sprague said carried weight; therefore Williams’ stated source was not a vague unknown one.
(f) Williams’ charges were not generalized, but specific, naming names and amounts, indicating real knowledge, not wild charges.
(g) Although sometimes wild charges are made in the heat of debate, this was not the case here because Williams did not back off a bit when Baldini interviewed him two days later in relaxing circumstances at his home.
(h) The charges made by Williams were consistent with on-going news stories over several years concerning alleged corruption in Delaware County politics, including alleged corruption on the part of the War Board and Mr. Dickey.
(i) The Baldini interview.
The trial court also found, however, that Morse had knowledge:
[O]f Baldini’s suspicion.
That McEwen, who appeared on the program with Williams, was and had been District Attorney of Delaware County for eight (8) years, had denied the existence of the Sprague report during the taping of the Update program, which Morse had viewed and listened to.
That Williams, having been involved in Delaware County politics for a long time, had never made these charges previously.
That Sprague was a man of considerable reputation and anything he said would carry a substantial amount of weight.
That McEwen, during the taping of the Update Program, which Morse listened to
and viewed prior to telecasting the program, stated that he and Sprague held a press conference to which Williams was invited but did not appear, and that Sprague stated that at that time he had not yet prepared his report of the investigation of Delaware County.
The district court found that Williams’ allegations were false and concluded that “[i]t strains all credulity to suggest that CBS was interested in determining the truth of the charges when with all the resources at its command, it made no effort whatever to contact Sprague .... The evidence clearly suggests to me that the efforts orchestrated by Morse were designed not so much to verify Williams’ charges as it was (sic) to promote and perpetuate a controversy by having the (charges) repeated in order to induce a response by the ‘other side.’ ”
The trial court nevertheless held that CBS’s lack of concern about the truth of Williams’ assertions was an insufficient basis for liability. The court read
St. Amant v. Thompson,
390 U.S. 727, 88 S.Ct. 1323, 20 L.Ed.2d 262 (1968), as requiring proof by clear and convincing evidence “that the defendant in fact entertained serious doubts as to the truth” of the charges by Williams, and held that Dickey failed to meet this burden.
THE ISSUES ON APPEAL
On appeal from the district court’s judgment entered in favor of CBS, appellant Dickey’s sole contention is that the evidence introduced at trial was constitutionally sufficient to support a verdict in his favor. Appellee CBS presents a two-fold argument. First, it asks this Court to recognize, as the Second Circuit has in
Edwards
v.
National Audubon Society, Inc.,
556 F.2d 113 (2d Cir.),
cert. denied,
434 U.S. 1002, 98 S.Ct. 647, 54 L.Ed.2d 498 (1977), a constitutional privilege of neutral reportage. The privilege would grant the press absolute immunity from libel judgments for accurately reporting “newsworthy” statements, regardless of the press’s belief about the truth of the statements. Second, appellee asserts that the trial court was correct in finding that appellant failed to meet its burden of proving actual malice.
At the outset, we reject appellee’s invitation to adopt
Edwards, supra,
as the rule of this Court. The apparent holding of
Edwards
— that whenever remarks are judged by the press to be “newsworthy,” 556 F.2d at 120, they may be published without fear of a libel suit even if the publisher “has serious doubts regarding their truth”,
id.,
— is contrary to the Supreme Court’s ruling in
St. Amant, supra.
While the Second Circuit found that there can be no liability despite the publisher’s “serious doubts” as to truthfulness,
St. Am-ant
holds that for libel against a public figure to be proved, “[tjhere must be sufficient evidence to permit the conclusion that the defendant in fact entertained
serious doubts
as to the truth of his publication. Publishing with such doubts shows reckless disregard for truth or falsity and demonstrates actual malice.” 390 U.S. at 731, 88 S.Ct. at 1325 (emphasis added).
At no timé during argument or in its brief did appellee attempt to reconcile the
Edwards
rule with
St. Amant.
Instead, counsel for appellee contended at argument that
Edwards
was foreshadowed by the Supreme Court’s decision in
Time, Inc. v. Pape,
401 U.S. 279, 91 S.Ct. 633, 28 L.Ed.2d 45 (1971).
Pape
arose out of an article in
Time
Magazine quoting parts of volume five of the Report of the United States Commission on Civil Rights, entitled “Justice.” One paragraph of “Justice”, dealing with police brutality, listed in detail
allegations
by one Monroe against several Chicago police officers, which were contained in a complaint filed in federal court.
Time
quoted the allegations in its article without attributing them to the
Monroe
complaint, thus making it appear that the allegations were factual findings by the Commission. Pape, the Deputy Chief of Detectives of the Chicago Police Department, brought a libel suit against
Time,
and it was admitted at trial that
Time
was aware “at the time of publication that the wording of the Commission Report had been significantly altered.”
Id.
at 285, 91 S.Ct. at 637.
The Seventh Circuit concluded that the alteration amounted to a falsification of the Commission’s report, and suggested that malice might be inferred from the act of deliberate alteration. The Supreme Court reversed, ruling that the Seventh Circuit’s analysis “may be adequate when the alleged libel purports to be an eyewitness or other direct account of events that speak for themselves .... But a vast amount of what is published in the daily and periodical press purports to be descriptive of what somebody
said
rather than of what anybody
did. . . .
The question of the ‘truth’ of such an indirect newspaper report presents rather complicated problems.”
Id.
at 285-86, 91 S.Ct. at 637 (emphasis in the original). Elsewhere, the Court noted that a case in which a media member publishes the false remarks of a third party, rather than makes false statements itself “differs . . . from the conventional libel case.”
Id.
at 285, 91 S.Ct. at 637.
Although appellee’s counsel did not elaborate on why
Pape
lends support to
Edwards,
he presumably read the language quoted above as a recognition by the Supreme Court that cases such as
Pape, Edwards,
and this one, involving false statements by a third party which have been published by the press, are entitled to a unique constitutional analysis. This Court cannot subscribe, however, to such an ambitious reading of
Pape.
In fact, the Supreme Court’s purpose in stating that
Time
was quoting from a third party appears to have been merely to emphasize the difficulty in accurately interpreting and communicating a third party’s meaning without quoting the third party’s statement in its entirety.
See id.
at 286-92, 91 S.Ct. 633. This more limited reading of Pape is supported by the Court’s repeated references to the Commission’s own ambiguity regarding the truth of the episodes of police brutality which it related,
see id.
at 286-89, 91 S.Ct. 633, and the Court’s holding that “[i]n light of the totality of what was said in Justice, we cannot agree that, when Time failed to state that the Commission in reporting the Monroe incident had technically confined itself to the allegations of a complaint,
Time engaged in a ‘falsification’ sufficient in itself to sustain a jury finding of ‘actual malice.’” Id.
at 289, 91 S.Ct. at 639 (emphasis added). So interpreted,
Pape
holds that whether a periodical’s reporting of the statement of another person is
deliberately
inaccurate must be carefully scrutinized. It is thus inapposite to both
Edwards
and this case, in which the accuracy of the press’s reporting of the third party’s statements-— as opposed to the accuracy of the third party statements themselves — is admitted.
We therefore conclude that a constitutional privilege of neutral reportage is not created, as appellee would have us find, merely because an individual newspaper or television or radio station decides that a particular statement is newsworthy.
Turning to the correctness of the district court’s holding that appellant Dickey had failed to satisfy his burden of proof, we begin by noting that appellant has admitted to being a public figure. Brief for Appellant at 1. Thus, appellant is governed by the Supreme Court’s holdings in
Sullivan
and
Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts,
388 U.S. 130, 87 S.Ct. 1975, 18 L.Ed.2d 1094 (1967), that a public official or public figure must prove with “convincing clarity,”
376 U.S. at 285-86, 84 S.Ct. 710, that a false statement was published “with ‘actual malice’ — that is, with knowledge that it was false or with reckless disregard of whether it was false or not.”
Id.
at 279-80, 84 S.Ct. at 726.
Appellant further admits that under the rule of
St. Amant, supra,
recklessness “is not measured by whether a reasonably prudent man would have published, or would have investigated before publishing. There must be sufficient evidence to permit the conclusion that the defendant
in fact entertained serious doubts as to the truth
of his publication.” Brief for Appellant at 2,
quoting St. Amant, supra,
390 U.S. at 731, 88 S.Ct. 1323 (emphasis added). Appellant contends, however, that the district court erred in holding that the
St. Amant
test, properly construed, had not been met. He asserts that the trial court misinterpreted
St. Amant
by requiring “a direct admission” by CBS, Brief for Appellant at 6, that it doubted the truth of Williams’ allegations, thus “precluding a plaintiff from proving recklessness by circumstantial proof.”
Id.
The circumstantial proof that appellant suggests shows most strongly that CBS had serious doubts about the truth of Williams’ charges is the evidence indicating that CBS had the resources and the time to investigate the charges more carefully, particularly by checking with Sprague about the existence and substance of his report.
This argument does not accurately portray the trial court’s analysis. There is no indication whatsoever that the court ruled that circumstantial evidence cannot as a matter of law be used to prove actual malice. Rather, in view of the court’s extensive findings regarding the very evidence which appellant urges us to consider in this appeal, it is evident that the court took plaintiff’s evidence into consideration but nevertheless concluded that CBS’s failure to investigate the charges adequately did not — within all the circumstances of this case — demonstrate actual malice by clear and convincing proof.
The correctness of the district court’s holding is evident from a comparison of
Sullivan
and
St. Amant
with the facts of this case. In
Sullivan,
the Supreme Court held that evidence showing a failure by the
New York Times
to investigate
its own
files,
which contained information exposing the falsity of certain of the statements published by the
Times,
was constitutionally inadequate to prove malice when “the record show[ed] that [the Times] relied upon [its] knowledge of the good reputation,” 376 U.S. at 287, 84 S.Ct. at 730, of the authors of the advertisement in the
Times
which was the basis for the suit. In
St. Amant,
the Court found no actual malice even though the defendant, who relied on a source with no established reputation for reliability, failed to conduct any investigation at all; the Court concluded that “failure to investigate does not in itself establish bad faith.” 390 U.S. at 733, 88 S.Ct. at 1326.
In accord with
Sullivan,
and in contrast to
St.' Amant,
the trial court found that CBS’s source, Williams, “had a great deal of credibility.” In addition, CBS’s investigation of Williams’ charges, though characterized as inadequate by the trial court, was clearly more comprehensive than that carried out by the defendants in either
St. Amant
or Sullivan.
Moreover, in the few circumstances in which the Supreme Court has found actual malice,
see, e. g., Curtis Publishing Co., supra,
or hypothesized about when actual malice might be inferred from circumstantial evidence,
St. Amant, supra,
the facts have been substantially different from those in this case.
In
Curtis Publishing Co.,
the Supreme Court affirmed a libel judgment against Curtis Publishing Co., the publishers of the
Saturday Evening Post,
arising out of the publication of an article accusing Butts, the athletic director of the University of Georgia; of disclosing his team’s game plan to the head coach of the University of Alabama football team, prior to the game between the two schools. The sole source of the
Post’s
story was a convicted criminal who allegedly heard, through an accidental foul-up in the telephone lines, Butts’ conversation with the Alabama coach. Despite the apparent unreliability of the source, and the sheer improbability of the story, the
Post
failed to institute virtually any investigation of the convict’s charges, and assigned to the story a reporter who was inexpert in the subject matter. 388 U.S. at 157 — 58, 87 S.Ct. 1975 (opinion of Harlan, J.). The Supreme Court ruled that sufficient
evidence of reckless disregard for the truth could be inferred from those facts.
In
St. Amant,
the Court, in part explaining its decision in
Curtis Publishing Co., see
390 U.S. at 732 n.3, 88 S.Ct. 1323, hypothesized that actual malice might be inferred when “a story is fabricated by the defendant, ... is based wholly on an unverified anonymous telephone call . . . , when the publisher’s allegations are so inherently unprobable that only a reckless man would have put them in circulation . (or) where there are obvious reasons to doubt the veracity of the informant or the accuracy of his reports.” 390 U.S. at 732, 88 S.Ct. at 1326.
At the risk of belaboring the point, we think that the facts of the case before us are radically divergent from the facts of
Curtis
and those posited in
St. Amant.
The charges against Dickey were clearly not invented by CBS nor gleaned from an unknown source; instead they were made by a veteran congressman who was intimately acquainted with the subject and content of his charges by virtue of his long relationship with the War Board, who refused to retract or modify his charges when privately given the opportunity to do so by Baldini the next day, and who rested his reputation on the accuracy of his allegations. In addition, in view of the widespread rumors of corruption in Delaware County politics and the detailed nature of the charges, Williams’ statements were hardly improbable; it would have been perfectly reasonable for Baldini to believe, as the trial court found he did, that “there was a good probability that Williams was telling the truth.” Examining all the evidence then, it is clear to us that the trial court’s conclusion that serious doubt was not proven by the appropriate constitutional standard was correct.
The judgment of the district court will be affirmed.