Samantha T. v. Frank J. Bisignano, et al.

• Court: District Court, N.D. California
• Decided: November 4, 2025
• Docket: 5:25-cv-02919
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 SAMANTHA T., Case No. 25-cv-02919-PCP

8 Plaintiff, ORDER AFFIRMING 9 v. COMMISSIONER’S DECISION

10 FRANK J. BISIGNANO, et al., Re: Dkt. No. 12 Defendants. 11

12 Pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), plaintiff Samantha T. seeks judicial review of the 13 Commissioner of Social Security’s decision denying her application for child’s disability 14 insurance benefits and supplemental security income (SSI) under Titles II and XVI of the Social 15 Security Act.1 Plaintiff asks the Court to reverse the Commissioner’s decision and remand for an 16 immediate payment of benefits or, in the alternative, for further administrative proceedings. For 17 the following reasons, the Court affirms the decision. 18 BACKGROUND 19 Plaintiff filed an application for child’s insurance benefits based on disability on 20 September 27, 2021. She filed an application for supplemental security income on February 28, 21 2022. The Commissioner denied plaintiff’s application initially and on reconsideration. Plaintiff 22 then requested, and was granted, a hearing before an administrative law judge. The ALJ took 23 testimony from plaintiff and a vocational expert. The ALJ subsequently rendered a decision 24 denying the applications on June 17, 2024, which became the final order of the Commissioner 25 after plaintiff’s request for review by the Appeals Council was denied. The ALJ's decision is 26

27 1 Plaintiff’s name has been partially redacted in accordance with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 1 therefore the final decision subject to this court’s review. See 42 U.S.C. §§ 405(g), 1383(c)(3). 2 In the opinion, the ALJ first noted that Plaintiff alleged an onset date of April 30, 2017. 3 The alleged onset date was before plaintiff’s twenty-second birthday as required to qualify for 4 child’s insurance benefits based on disability. See 20 CFR § 404.350(a)(5). 5 The ALJ then applied the five-step sequential analysis used to determine whether an 6 individual is disabled. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520, 416.920.2 7 At step one, the ALJ found that plaintiff had not engaged in substantial gainful activity 8 since the alleged onset date. 9 At step two, the ALJ found that plaintiff “has the following severe impairments: eating 10 disorder; obsessive-compulsive disorder; anxiety disorder; depressive disorder; and autism 11 spectrum disorder.” 12 At step three, the ALJ found that plaintiff “does not have an impairment or combination of 13 impairments that meets or medically equals the severity of one of the listed impairments in 20 14 CFR Par 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1.” The ALJ considered Listing 5.08 (weight loss due to any 15 digestive disorder), and concluded that plaintiff’s physical impairments did not meet the listing 16

17 2 The five steps of the inquiry are: 18 1. Is claimant presently working in a substantially gainful activity? If so, then the claimant is not disabled within the meaning of the Social Security 19 Act. If not, proceed to step two. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(b), 416.920(b). 20 2. Is the claimant's impairment severe? If so, proceed to step three. If not, then the claimant is not disabled. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(c), 21 416.920(c). 22 3. Does the impairment “meet or equal” one of a list of specific impairments described in 20 C.F.R. Part 220, Appendix 1? If so, then the claimant is 23 disabled. If not, proceed to step four. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(d), 416.920(d). 24 4. Is the claimant able to do any work that he or she has done in the past? If so, then the claimant is not disabled. If not, proceed to step five. See 20 25 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(e), 416.920(e). 26 5. Is the claimant able to do any other work? If so, then the claimant is not disabled. If not, then the claimant is disabled. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 27 404.1520(f), 416.920(f). 1 because her Body Mass Index had not remained below 17.5 for at least 60 days within a 2 consecutive six-month period. 3 The ALJ also found that plaintiff’s “mental impairments, considered singly and in 4 combination, do not meet or medically equal the criteria of listings 12.04 [depressive, bipolar, and 5 related disorders], 12.06 [anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorders], and 12.10 [autism 6 spectrum disorders].” To reach that determination, the ALJ considered whether the “paragraph B” 7 criteria of each listed impairment were met. To satisfy the “paragraph B” criteria, a claimant’s 8 mental impairments must result in one extreme limitation or two marked limitations in one of four 9 areas of mental functioning: (1) understanding, remembering, or applying information; (2) 10 interacting with others; (3) concentrating, persisting, or maintaining pace; or (4) adapting or 11 managing oneself. An extreme limitation is the inability to function independently, appropriately, 12 or effectively, and on a sustained basis. A marked limitation is a seriously limited ability to 13 function independently, appropriately, or effectively, and on a sustained basis. The ALJ 14 determined that plaintiff’s mental impairments did not meet the paragraph B criteria because she 15 had only a mild limitation in understanding, remembering, or applying information and moderate 16 limitations in all other categories. The ALJ also found that the “paragraph C” criteria of listing 17 sections 12.04 and 12.06 were not satisfied. 18 “Between steps three and four, the ALJ must, as an intermediate step, assess the claimant’s 19 [residual functional capacity or] RFC.” Bray v. Comm’r of Social Security Admin., 554 F.3d 1219, 20 1222–23 (9th Cir. 2009). The ALJ found that plaintiff had the residual functional capacity to 21 perform light work as defined in 20 CFR 404.1567(b) and 416.967(b), with certain modifications. 22 To reach this determination, the ALJ assessed the evidence in the administrative record to consider 23 whether an underlying medically determinable impairment could reasonably be expected to 24 produce plaintiff’s symptoms and then evaluated the extent to which the intensity, persistence, and 25 limiting effects of plaintiff's symptoms limit her work-related activities. 26 At steps four, the ALJ determined that plaintiff “has no past relevant work” experience to 27 which she could return. 1 functional capacity and found plaintiff capable of performing jobs that exist in significant numbers 2 in the national economy, such as office helper, mail clerk, and wrapper counter. The ALJ thus 3 concluded that plaintiff was not disabled from April 30, 2017 through the date of her order, June 4 17, 2024. 5 LEGAL STANDARDS 6 On review, the Commissioner’s findings “as to any fact, if supported by substantial 7 evidence, shall be conclusive.” 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). A district court can set aside a denial of 8 benefits only if it is not supported by substantial evidence or based on legal error. Flaten v. Sec’y 9 of Health & Human Servs., 44 F.3d 1453, 1457 (9th Cir. 1995). Substantial evidence is defined as 10 “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” 11 Biestek v. Berryhill, 587 U.S. 97, 103 (2019) (quoting Consol. Edison Co. v. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 12 229 (1938)); see also Sandgathe v. Chater, 108 F.3d 978, 979 (9th Cir. 1997). 13 ANALYSIS 14 I. The ALJ did not improperly discount plaintiff’s testimony regarding the severity of her psychological symptoms. 15 16 Plaintiff argues that the ALJ improperly discounted her testimony about her alleged 17 psychological symptoms. Generally, district courts “leave it to the ALJ to determine credibility, 18 resolve conflicts in the testimony, and resolve ambiguities in the record.” Brown-Hunter v. Colvin, 19 806 F.3d 487, 492 (9th Cir. 2015) (citation modified). If an ALJ determines that a claimant “has 20 presented objective medical evidence of an underlying impairment which could reasonably be 21 expected to produce the pain or other symptoms alleged ... and there is no evidence of 22 malingering, the ALJ can reject the claimant’s testimony about the severity of her symptoms only 23 by offering specific, clear and convincing reasons for doing so.” Lingenfelter v. Astrue, 504 F.3d 24 1028, 1036 (9th Cir. 2007) (citation modified). An ALJ’s “finding that a claimant’s testimony is 25 not credible must be sufficiently specific to allow a reviewing court to conclude the adjudicator 26 rejected the claimant’s testimony on permissible grounds and did not arbitrarily discredit a 27 claimant’s testimony regarding pain.” Orteza v. Shalala, 50 F.3d 748, 750 (9th Cir. 1995). But as 1 instead whether the ALJ’s rationale is clear enough that it has the power to convince.” Smartt v. 2 Kijakazi, 53 F.4th 489, 499 (9th Cir. 2022). If the ALJ’s interpretation of the evidence is a 3 “reasonable [one] and is supported by substantial evidence,” it is not the “role [of this Court] to 4 second-guess it.” Rollins v. Massanari, 261 F.3d 853, 857 (9th Cir. 2001); see also Ghanim v. 5 Colvin, 763 F.3d 1154, 1163 (9th Cir. 2014) (“When evidence reasonably supports either 6 confirming or reversing the ALJ’s decision, we may not substitute our judgment for that of the 7 ALJ.” (citation modified)). 8 Plaintiff argues that the ALJ erred in concluding that her “mental status examination 9 findings do not support [plaintiff]’s allegations of disabling symptoms and limitations due to her 10 psychological impairments.” Plaintiff points to mental status examinations and treatment notes 11 documenting that, at various times from 2017 to 2022, she presented with a disheveled or unkempt 12 appearance, depressed or anxious mood, flat or blunted affect, limited eye contact, and fidgety 13 behavior, among other symptoms. The ALJ acknowledged this evidence, noting that plaintiff “has 14 at times exhibited abnormal mood (typically with congruent affect) and limited or avoidant eye 15 contact, and has intermittently endorsed compulsive behaviors such as skin picking and pacing.” 16 But because other examinations indicated that plaintiff “has otherwise generally presented 17 normally,” the ALJ found that “[t]he evidence documents a waxing and waning of any significant 18 mental symptoms.” The ALJ explained, for example, that Dr. Hammer’s psychiatric evaluations 19 documenting plaintiff’s depressed or anxious mood also described her as presenting with a well- 20 groomed appearance, cooperative attitude, normal speech and affect, and linear thought processes. 21 The ALJ pointed to similar examinations from each year during the period of plaintiff’s alleged 22 disability. Several of these examinations suggested that plaintiff had only “moderate” or “mild” 23 psychological symptoms. In others, physicians, plaintiff, or her parents noted that plaintiff’s 24 psychological symptoms had improved. The ALJ also explained that, in one report, Dr. 25 Hammerman opined that plaintiff’s presentation was “not commensurate with her report of 26 depression.” Taken together, this evidence provides a sufficiently specific, clear, and convincing 27 basis for the ALJ’s discounting of plaintiff’s testimony about her psychological symptoms. While 1 evaluations should receive greater weight, this Court may not reverse an ALJ’s determination 2 merely because another possible interpretation of the record is possible. Rollins, 261 F.3d at 3 857; Ghanim, 763 F.3d at 1163.3 4 Plaintiff also disputes the ALJ’s finding that her psychological-symptom testimony was 5 inconsistent with her activities. The ALJ noted that plaintiff regularly performed at open mics, 6 “helped her mother out with an online business making spreadsheets,” often completed household 7 chores like cleaning and preparing simple meals, and engaged in online research “as a hobby on a 8 daily basis.” The ALJ also looked to plaintiff’s passion for art and her statement that “I’ve pulled 9 all-nighters on accident, just trying to perfect a piece of art.” And the ALJ cited plaintiff’s 10 statements that she had only “minor” difficulties with independent living; regularly engaged in 11 hobbies like playing piano, writing songs, and playing video games; and had a boyfriend and at 12 least two other friends with whom she intermittently connected. These activities, the ALJ 13 concluded, suggest “adequate and even significant adaptive functionality” and an ability to interact 14 socially that are not “consistent with [plaintiff’s] allegations of complete disability due to mental 15 impairments.” 16 While “the mere fact that a plaintiff has carried on certain daily activities” does 17 not necessarily detract from her credibility, Revels v. Berryhill, 874 F.3d 648, 667 (9th Cir. 2017), 18 “inconsistent daily activities may provide a justification for rejecting symptom testimony,” id., 19 when they contradict plaintiff’s other testimony or if they “involve[] the performance of … 20 functions that are transferable to a work setting,” Orn v. Astrue, 495 F.3d 625, 639 (9th Cir. 2007). 21 The daily activities that the ALJ cited are at least in some tension with plaintiff’s testimony about 22 her limitations, such as her assertion that she cannot hold a job because of an inability to maintain 23 focus. As the ALJ explained, the activities described above “require[] varying but significant 24

25 3 Plaintiff also suggests that the ALJ improperly considered certain treatment records from physical clinicians in determining whether to credit plaintiff’s testimony concerning her 26 psychological symptoms. But the cited evaluations from physical clinicians relevantly documented plaintiff’s normal appearance, alertness, apparent lack of distress, cooperative attitude, and normal 27 comprehension and mood. And although plaintiff contends that the ALJ relied on two citations 1 degrees of sustained attention and concentration.” Though plaintiff points to contradictory 2 evidence suggesting that she has at times struggled to focus and to interact normally, the Court 3 cannot disturb the ALJ’s reasonable interpretation of the record even if another interpretation is 4 possible. 5 For the reasons discussed above, the ALJ’s reasoning is clear, specific, and supported by 6 substantial evidence. 7 II. Substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s evaluation of the medical-opinion evidence. 8 Plaintiff argues that the ALJ erred in her assessment of the medical-opinion evidence. “A 9 medical opinion is a statement from a medical source about what [a claimant] can still do despite 10 [he]r impairment(s) and whether [she] ha[s] one or more impairment-related limitations or 11 restrictions in … [her] ability to perform physical demands of work activities, … to perform 12 mental demands of work activities, … to perform other demands of work, … [or] to adapt to 13 environmental conditions.” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1513(a)(2). An ALJ “must consider all medical 14 opinion evidence.” Tommasetti v. Astrue, 533 F.3d 1035, 1041 (9th Cir. 2008). Where there are 15 ambiguities or conflicts in the medical evidence, the ALJ is responsible for resolving 16 them. Id.; Andrews v. Shalala, 53 F.3d 1035, 1039 (9th Cir. 1995). The ALJ “must articulate how 17 persuasive [she] finds all of the medical opinions from each doctor or other source, and explain 18 how [she] considered the supportability and consistency factors in reaching these findings.” 19 Woods v. Kijakazi, 32 F.4th 785, 792 (9th Cir. 2022) (citation modified); see 20 C.F.R. 20 §§ 404.1520c(b)(2), 416.920c(b)(2). The supportability factor is “the extent to which a medical 21 source supports the medical opinion by explaining the ‘relevant objective medical evidence.’” 22 Woods, 32 F.4th at 791–92 (quoting 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c(c)(1)) (citation modified). The 23 consistency factor is “the extent to which a medical opinion is ‘consistent with the evidence from 24 other medical sources and nonmedical sources in the claim.’” Id. at 792 (quoting 20 C.F.R. 25 § 404.1520c(c)(2)) (citation modified). An ALJ may, but need not, consider other factors, such as 26 “the length and purpose of the treatment relationship, the frequency of examinations, the kinds and 27 extent of examinations that the medical source has performed or ordered from specialists.” Id. 1 persuasive” and (2) failing to evaluate the opinions of Dr. Marcaletti and plaintiff’s therapist Ms. 2 Potter. 3 Regarding Dr. Pedgrift, the ALJ complied with the relevant regulations by articulating how 4 persuasive she found Dr. Pedgrift’s opinion and how she considered the supportability and 5 consistency factors in reaching that finding. The ALJ noted, for example, that Dr. Pedgrift opined 6 on plaintiff’s limitations in only a “generalized fashion” and that Dr. Pedgrift’s evaluation of the 7 severity of plaintiff’s autism spectrum disorder was “in check-the-box format,” making it less 8 persuasive. The ALJ also explained that Dr. Pedgrift’s opinion repeatedly relied on plaintiff’s poor 9 eye contact, which was inconsistent with other medical evidence in the record reporting “good,” 10 fair, or at least “some” eye contact. And the ALJ reasoned that certain of Dr. Pedgrift’s 11 observations undermined her ultimate assessment that plaintiff “presents with restricted, repetitive 12 patterns of behavior, interests, and activities that affect her day-to-day functioning.” For example, 13 Dr. Pedgrift reported that plaintiff “put forth strong effort on assessment tasks,” “was cooperative 14 and responsive” during the evaluation, “responded to all questions and tasks presented to her,” and 15 had an IQ score at the 99th percentile, suggesting stronger functioning than Dr. Pedgrift assessed. 16 The ALJ also explained that Dr. Pedgrift’s opinion was inconsistent with the opinions of other 17 medical experts whose opinions the ALJ found persuasive. 18 Plaintiff first faults the ALJ for not addressing all aspects of Dr. Pedgrift’s opinion 19 concerning plaintiff’s mental functional limitations. But the ALJ is not required to comment 20 extensively on every medical opinion. Hiler v. Astrue, 687 F.3d 1208, 1212 (9th Cir. 2012) (citing 21 Howard ex rel. Wolff v. Barnhart, 341 F.3d 1006, 1012 (9th Cir. 2003)); see also Book v. 22 Massanari, No. C 00-04202, 2001 WL 902572, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 2, 2001). 23 Plaintiff next argues that the ALJ’s conclusions are not supported by substantial evidence 24 because she disagrees with the ALJ’s assessment of the supportability and consistency of Dr. 25 Pedgrift’s opinion. She offers various arguments for why the ALJ should have assessed Dr. 26 Pedgrift’s opinion differently. For example, she argues that the ALJ overemphasized eye contact 27 as an indicator of ability to interact socially and improperly discounted Dr. Pedgrift’s opinion on 1 does not make an ALJ’s determination unsupported by substantial evidence and is not sufficient 2 grounds for reversal. Substantial evidence is merely “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind 3 might accept as adequate to support a conclusion,” not such relevant evidence as a reasonable 4 mind would find permits no other conclusion. Biestek v. Berryhill, 587 U.S. 97, 103 (2019) 5 (quoting Consol. Edison Co. v. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 229 (1938)). As long as the “ALJ’s rationale 6 is clear enough that it has the power to convince,” Smartt, 53 F.4th at 499, it is not the “role [of 7 this Court] to second-guess it,” Rollins, 261 F.3d at 857. 8 Regarding Dr. Marcaletti and Ms. Potter, the ALJ was not required to evaluate their 9 opinions because they did not qualify as “medical opinions” under the relevant regulation. As 10 noted above, a “medical opinion” must state both “what [a claimant] can still do despite [he]r 11 impairment(s)” and “whether [she] ha[s] one or more impairment-related limitations or restrictions 12 in” certain abilities. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1513(a)(2). While both Dr. Marcaletti and Ms. Potter opined 13 on plaintiff’s limitations, neither offered any opinion as to “what [she] can still do despite [he]r 14 impairment(s).” District courts in this circuit frequently hold that similar records are not “medical 15 opinions” that an ALJ is required to evaluate. See, e.g., Rodin v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 1:21- 16 cv-00900, 2023 WL 3293423, *18-19 (E.D. Cal. 2023); Brayden B. v. Comm’r, SSA, No. 3:20-cv- 17 1963, 2023 WL 5606981, *4 (D. Or. 2023); Dorsey v. Comm’r of SSA, No. CV-22-01297, 2023 18 WL 6058505, *5 (D. Ariz. 2023); Kava v. Kijakazi, No. CV 20-00385, 2021 WL 4267505, at *11 19 (D. Haw. Sept. 20, 2021). So too here. 20 III. Substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s step-three finding. 21 Plaintiff argues that the ALJ erred in finding at step three that her mental impairments did 22 not meet or medically equal any impairment listed 20 C.F.R. Part 220, Appendix 1, such as 23 listings 12.04, 12.06, and 12.10. To determine whether a claimant’s mental impairment meets a 24 listing, the ALJ must consider whether the impairment results in at least one “extreme” limitation 25 or two “marked limitations” in the four “paragraph B” areas. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520a(b)(2), (c)(3). 26 Here, the ALJ considered each of the “paragraph B” criteria, as required, and substantial 27 evidence supports her finding that plaintiff has only mild or moderate limitations in each area. 1 that plaintiff is only mildly limited. The ALJ reached that determination based on plaintiff’s 2 statements that she engages in research on a daily basis, plaintiff’s completion of her function 3 report “rather comprehensively in her own handwriting,” and plaintiff’s high scores on 4 intelligence evaluations. The ALJ also cited medical examinations stating that plaintiff’s autism 5 spectrum disorder lacked “accompanying intellectual impairment”; that plaintiff had intact 6 calculation and abstraction abilities, memory, and cognition; and that plaintiff communicated in a 7 complete, complex, and easily understandable manner. Regarding the second area—interacting 8 with others—the ALJ found that plaintiff is moderately limited based on her statements that while 9 she lacks deep friendships and has some difficulty connecting with others, she “do[es] not act 10 hostile to anyone,” has a “fine” ability to interact with authority figures, and interacts on occasion 11 with friends and her boyfriend. The ALJ also cited medical evidence of plaintiff’s “good” eye 12 contact. Regarding the third area—concentrating, persisting, or maintaining pace—the ALJ found 13 that plaintiff has moderation limitations, citing her statements that she is at least sometimes able to 14 finish what she started and that her ability to maintain attention “depends on the task.” The ALJ 15 also pointed to the activities discussed above, including plaintiff’s statement that she sometimes 16 “pulled all-nighters … trying to perfect a piece of art,” and medical evaluations noting plaintiff’s 17 normal attention and concentration. Regarding the fourth area—adapting or managing oneself— 18 the ALJ again found that plaintiff is moderately limited based in part on evidence that plaintiff 19 variously presented with adequate grooming and her statements that she can live independently, 20 prepare simple meals, and complete household chores with only “minor” difficulty. 21 Plaintiff disputes the ALJ’s interpretation of the record, pointing to evidence in the record 22 that suggests more significant functional limitations in the “paragraph B” areas. But the ALJ 23 identified evidence that is at least reasonably adequate to support her conclusion and therefore 24 satisfies the “substantial evidence” standard. See Bayliss v. Barnhart, 427 F.3d 1211, 1214 n.1 25 (9th Cir. 2005) (“Substantial evidence is more than a mere scintilla but less than a preponderance” 26 (quoting Tidwell v. Apfel, 161 F.3d 599, 601 (9th Cir. 1999))). Plaintiff’s argument amounts to an 27 alternative interpretation of the record, which is an insufficient ground for reversal. See Andrews, 1 CONCLUSION 2 For the foregoing reasons, the Court affirms the Commissioner’s decision. 3 4 IT IS SO ORDERED. 5 || Dated: November 4, 2025 leo~ 7 P. Casey Fitts 8 United States District Judge 9 10 11 a 12

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