Deemer, J.
In the latter part of the year 1893, the defendants, D. M. Monroe, H. P. Richardson, and John Benefiel (now deceased), constructed a coal shaft for the purpose of opening a mine on land which belonged to Monroe. Richardson was in charge of the work, although Monroe assisted, aniel the plaintiff was an employe. Coial was reached at a depth of about fifty feet. The shaft was divided by partitions into three subdivisions or compartments, one of which was for air, and two for hoisting purposes. The middle shaft was in use at the time plaintiff was injured; and the men and materials were lowered to and raised from the bottom by means of a pulley fastened to a timber, suspended above the mouth of the shaft. A rope passed over the pulley, and a horse was hitched to one end of the rope. A bucket was provided to be fastened to the other end. Whatever was to be raised from the shaft was attached to the lower or shaft end of the rope, and was drawn up. by the horse. When men were raised and lowered, they sometimes sat upon a stick which was fastened to the rope in a horizontal position. In the latter part of September, of the year named, when the shaft was nearly completed, the plaintiff, who was at the bottom of the shaft, was directed by Richardson to come out, and bring his shovel. In obedience to that order, plaintiff fastened the stick to the rope, placed himself in the proper position, and, with his shovel in one hand and the 'rope in the other, was drawn towards the top of the shaft. When within five or six [76]*76feet of the top, Ms head' came in contact with a hoard which bad been placed aicroiss one side of the ©haft for use in completing the woodwork. He was thereby thrown from the ©tick, and fell to the bottom, anld received the injuries for which he seek© to recover. He alleges that the defendants were co-partners in sinking and completing the shaft and in opening the mine, and were responsible for Richardson/© undertakings and acts connected therewith; that he had agreed, and it was his duty, to so manage the rope, when plaintiff was being drawn from the shaft, as to prevent his coming in contact with the board, but that at the time of the accident he neglected to attend to his duty with respect to the rope, and that his failure to do so, or to cause the speed of the horse to slacken as the plaintiff approached the board, was the cause of the accident. The defendants deny that they were eo-partners when the accident occurred; deny that the plaintiff was employed by them; and aver that he knew of the existence of the board in question, but made no objection thereto; and continued to work without protest, thereby waiving liability on the part of the defendants on account of its proximity to the shaft. The death of Benefiel was shown at the trial, but his administrator was not substituted as a party, and the trial proceeded, and judgment was rendered against Monroe and Richardson.
1 I. The appellants complain because the plaintiff was permitted to testify in regard to a conversation he had with Benefiel, upon the ground that, at the time of the trial Benefiel was deceased, and for that reason the testimony was incompetent, under section 3689 of the Code of 1873. That section contains the following: “No party to any action or proceeding, nor any person interested in the event thereof, * * * shall be examined as a witness in regard to any personal transaction or communi[77]*77cation between such witness and a person at tbe commencement of such examination deceased, * * * against the * * * survivor of such deceased person.” It was said in Reynolds v. Insurance Co., 80 Iowa, 565, that “the word 'survivor’ is usually applied to the longest liver of two or more partners or trustees, and- has been applied in some cases to the longest liver of joint tenants, legatees, and to others having a joint interest in anything.” See, also, Brown v. Allen, 35 Iowa, 311, and 17 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law, 1154, and notes. A surviving partner is within both the letter and the •spirit of the statute. As he cannot 'have the benefit of 'the testimony of his deceased partner as to what the conversation really was, he should not be made liable oh the testimony of his adversary respecting it. Since the mouth of one of the parties to the conversation is closed by death, the law compels the other to remain silent. The fact that the representative of the deceased partner was not a party to the action is immaterial. It may be said that the defendants denied they were partners, but the testimony in question was admissible only on the theory that a partnership existed, and was subject to the statute applicable to the survivor of a deceased partner. It was held in Brown v. Allen, supra, that the defendant was competent to. testify to an agreement made between himself and the deceased partner of the plaintiff; but that action arose under section 3982 of the Revision of 1860, which did hot contain the provision which is controlling in this case. It follows from what we have said that the testimony in question was improperly received.
2 II. On the trial of the case, plaintiff submitted evidence which, tended- to -show that he was free from negligence which contributed to the accident, and that Richardson, who was -at the top of the shaft, had agreed to so manage the rope as to prevent the plaintiff from coming in contact with the board, but h'ad negligently failed to attend to that duty. The [78]*78evidence on part of the defendants tended to show that Richardson had not agreed to manage the rope as claimed; that it was not his duty to do so; and that he was mot guilty of anly negligence which caused or contributed to the accident. The court charged the jury that the plaintiff, in order to recover, must show that, at the time of the accident, he was in the exercise of ordinary care and caution, and that his own negligence or want of ordinary care did mot contribute to the injury. The eleventh paragraph of the charge contained the following: “In considering the question of whether the plaintiff was negligent, you will take into considerar tiom ’his situation, and all the facts and circumstances surrounding him at the time, his condition, as to whether he was incumbered with ,a shovel, or any other incumbrance, his knowledge of the dangerous position of said board, if you find it was so dangerous and he knew it, the natural instinct óf man to guard himself against danger and preserve himself from injury. * * * All these matters should be inquired into by you, and you should consider all other facts bearing upon the question as shown by the evidence, and then say whether, under all the circumstances, he acted negligently or otherwise.” The jury was 'thus instructed to consider “the nJatural instinct of man to guard himself against danger, and preserve himself from injury,” in determining whether plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence. It is settled that such an instruction may be given where the care exercised by a person at the time of an accident which caused his death is in question, and direct evidence as to such care used cannot be had. Way v. Railroad Co., 40 Iowa, 342. But, when there is such evidence, the instinct of self-preservation cannot be given any weight. Dunlavy v. Railway Co., 66 Iowa, 439; Whitsett v. Railway Co., 67 Iowa, 157; Reynolds v. City of Keokuk, 72 Iowa, 372. The eleventh [79]*79paragraph, of the charge was therefore errorieous, for the reason that the plaintiff gave direct testimony respecting the care he used at the time of the accident.
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Deemer, J.
In the latter part of the year 1893, the defendants, D. M. Monroe, H. P. Richardson, and John Benefiel (now deceased), constructed a coal shaft for the purpose of opening a mine on land which belonged to Monroe. Richardson was in charge of the work, although Monroe assisted, aniel the plaintiff was an employe. Coial was reached at a depth of about fifty feet. The shaft was divided by partitions into three subdivisions or compartments, one of which was for air, and two for hoisting purposes. The middle shaft was in use at the time plaintiff was injured; and the men and materials were lowered to and raised from the bottom by means of a pulley fastened to a timber, suspended above the mouth of the shaft. A rope passed over the pulley, and a horse was hitched to one end of the rope. A bucket was provided to be fastened to the other end. Whatever was to be raised from the shaft was attached to the lower or shaft end of the rope, and was drawn up. by the horse. When men were raised and lowered, they sometimes sat upon a stick which was fastened to the rope in a horizontal position. In the latter part of September, of the year named, when the shaft was nearly completed, the plaintiff, who was at the bottom of the shaft, was directed by Richardson to come out, and bring his shovel. In obedience to that order, plaintiff fastened the stick to the rope, placed himself in the proper position, and, with his shovel in one hand and the 'rope in the other, was drawn towards the top of the shaft. When within five or six [76]*76feet of the top, Ms head' came in contact with a hoard which bad been placed aicroiss one side of the ©haft for use in completing the woodwork. He was thereby thrown from the ©tick, and fell to the bottom, anld received the injuries for which he seek© to recover. He alleges that the defendants were co-partners in sinking and completing the shaft and in opening the mine, and were responsible for Richardson/© undertakings and acts connected therewith; that he had agreed, and it was his duty, to so manage the rope, when plaintiff was being drawn from the shaft, as to prevent his coming in contact with the board, but that at the time of the accident he neglected to attend to his duty with respect to the rope, and that his failure to do so, or to cause the speed of the horse to slacken as the plaintiff approached the board, was the cause of the accident. The defendants deny that they were eo-partners when the accident occurred; deny that the plaintiff was employed by them; and aver that he knew of the existence of the board in question, but made no objection thereto; and continued to work without protest, thereby waiving liability on the part of the defendants on account of its proximity to the shaft. The death of Benefiel was shown at the trial, but his administrator was not substituted as a party, and the trial proceeded, and judgment was rendered against Monroe and Richardson.
1 I. The appellants complain because the plaintiff was permitted to testify in regard to a conversation he had with Benefiel, upon the ground that, at the time of the trial Benefiel was deceased, and for that reason the testimony was incompetent, under section 3689 of the Code of 1873. That section contains the following: “No party to any action or proceeding, nor any person interested in the event thereof, * * * shall be examined as a witness in regard to any personal transaction or communi[77]*77cation between such witness and a person at tbe commencement of such examination deceased, * * * against the * * * survivor of such deceased person.” It was said in Reynolds v. Insurance Co., 80 Iowa, 565, that “the word 'survivor’ is usually applied to the longest liver of two or more partners or trustees, and- has been applied in some cases to the longest liver of joint tenants, legatees, and to others having a joint interest in anything.” See, also, Brown v. Allen, 35 Iowa, 311, and 17 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law, 1154, and notes. A surviving partner is within both the letter and the •spirit of the statute. As he cannot 'have the benefit of 'the testimony of his deceased partner as to what the conversation really was, he should not be made liable oh the testimony of his adversary respecting it. Since the mouth of one of the parties to the conversation is closed by death, the law compels the other to remain silent. The fact that the representative of the deceased partner was not a party to the action is immaterial. It may be said that the defendants denied they were partners, but the testimony in question was admissible only on the theory that a partnership existed, and was subject to the statute applicable to the survivor of a deceased partner. It was held in Brown v. Allen, supra, that the defendant was competent to. testify to an agreement made between himself and the deceased partner of the plaintiff; but that action arose under section 3982 of the Revision of 1860, which did hot contain the provision which is controlling in this case. It follows from what we have said that the testimony in question was improperly received.
2 II. On the trial of the case, plaintiff submitted evidence which, tended- to -show that he was free from negligence which contributed to the accident, and that Richardson, who was -at the top of the shaft, had agreed to so manage the rope as to prevent the plaintiff from coming in contact with the board, but h'ad negligently failed to attend to that duty. The [78]*78evidence on part of the defendants tended to show that Richardson had not agreed to manage the rope as claimed; that it was not his duty to do so; and that he was mot guilty of anly negligence which caused or contributed to the accident. The court charged the jury that the plaintiff, in order to recover, must show that, at the time of the accident, he was in the exercise of ordinary care and caution, and that his own negligence or want of ordinary care did mot contribute to the injury. The eleventh paragraph of the charge contained the following: “In considering the question of whether the plaintiff was negligent, you will take into considerar tiom ’his situation, and all the facts and circumstances surrounding him at the time, his condition, as to whether he was incumbered with ,a shovel, or any other incumbrance, his knowledge of the dangerous position of said board, if you find it was so dangerous and he knew it, the natural instinct óf man to guard himself against danger and preserve himself from injury. * * * All these matters should be inquired into by you, and you should consider all other facts bearing upon the question as shown by the evidence, and then say whether, under all the circumstances, he acted negligently or otherwise.” The jury was 'thus instructed to consider “the nJatural instinct of man to guard himself against danger, and preserve himself from injury,” in determining whether plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence. It is settled that such an instruction may be given where the care exercised by a person at the time of an accident which caused his death is in question, and direct evidence as to such care used cannot be had. Way v. Railroad Co., 40 Iowa, 342. But, when there is such evidence, the instinct of self-preservation cannot be given any weight. Dunlavy v. Railway Co., 66 Iowa, 439; Whitsett v. Railway Co., 67 Iowa, 157; Reynolds v. City of Keokuk, 72 Iowa, 372. The eleventh [79]*79paragraph, of the charge was therefore errorieous, for the reason that the plaintiff gave direct testimony respecting the care he used at the time of the accident. But it is said that the error was without prejudice, as he alone knew and testified as to such care. But there was a conflict in the evidence in .regard to the circumstance's under which the accident occurred, -and the jury was told that'it should consider the natural instin'ct of man to preserve himself from injury; and we must presume that it did -so, and cannot say that it did not give any weight to the instruction.
III. Questions we have not discussed are suggested by the appellants, but some of them are not presented by proper assignment of error, some are not argued, and others are not likely to arise on another trial. Therefore we need not consider them. For the errors pointed, the judgment of the district court is reversed.