NUMBER 13-18-00217-CV
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG
SALVADOR ZAVALA, Appellant,
v.
L. CARRERA, COREY FURR, JOE GONZALES, BRIAN COOK, C. MARTINEZ AND TDCJ-CID, Appellees.
On appeal from the 156th District Court of Bee County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Benavides, Hinojosa, and Perkes Memorandum Opinion by Justice Hinojosa
Appellant Salvador Zavala appeals the trial court’s order dismissing his lawsuit
against appellees, L. Carrera, Corey Furr, Joe Gonzales, Brian Crook, C. Martinez and TDCJ-CID, 1 as frivolous for failure to comply with Chapter 14 of the Texas Civil Practice
and Remedies Code. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 14.010(a). In two
issues, Zavala argues that: (1) the trial court improperly dismissed his claim without
holding a hearing; and (2) Judge Joel Johnson did not have the authority to rule on the
case because Zavala timely and properly filed an objection to the assignment of his case
to an associate judge. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Zavala is a Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) inmate at the McConnell
Unit in Beeville, Texas. Zavala sued appellees for violations of his due process and
equal protection rights, breach of contract, fraud, and declaratory relief. In his petition,
Zavala alleged that he was denied a fair disciplinary hearing regarding his use of vulgar
language. Zavala also alleged that the disciplinary charge against him was brought in
retaliation for his prior lawsuit and grievance against appellees. His breach of contract
claim was premised on appellees’ alleged failure to follow disciplinary rules. Finally,
Zavala claimed that appellees fraudulently represented that the disciplinary hearing would
be conducted fairly. In his petition, Zavala included an objection to the assignment of his
case to an “associate judge.” Additionally, Zavala filed a declaration of inability to pay
court costs.
After Zavala filed his petition, Presiding Judge Patrick Flanagan assigned Judge
Joel Johnson, a senior judge, to hear Zavala’s case pursuant to Chapter 74 of the Texas
Civil Practice and Remedies Code. See id. ch. 74. The Texas Office of the Attorney
1 We refer to appellees individually as they are identified in Zavala’s original petition. 2 General filed an amicus curiae motion to dismiss on behalf of appellees, arguing that
Zavala failed to comply with Chapter 14 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code
and that his claims were frivolous. Id.
The trial court entered an order dismissing as frivolous all claims against appellees
for failure to comply with Chapter 14 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code.
This appeal followed.
II. OBJECTION TO AN ASSOCIATE JUDGE
In his second issue, which we address first, Zavala contends that the trial court
lacked subject matter jurisdiction to render an order to dismiss. Specifically, Zavala
argues that Judge Johnson should not have been able to rule on Zavala’s case because
Zavala properly objected to the assignment of his case to an associate judge.
A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
Whether a trial court has jurisdiction is a question of law that we review de novo.
Harris County v. Annab, 574 S.W.3d 609, 612 (Tex. 2018). Associate judges are
appointed by a judge of a district or statutory county court to a full-time or part-time
position serving a particular court. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. §§ 54A.101, 54A.102. A
person does not have to have been an elected judge to qualify as an associate judge.
See id. § 54A.103. The ruling of an associate judge is subject to de novo review. See
id. § 54A.115. A party can file a written objection concerning the appointment of an
associate judge hearing a trial on the merits or presiding at a jury trial no later than the
tenth day after the party receives notice that the associate judge will hear the trial. Id.
§ 54A.106.
3 On the other hand, assigned judges are active, retired or senior judges. See id.
§ 74.054. An assigned judge may not hear a case if a party submits a timely objection
no later than seven days after the party receives actual notice of the assignment or before
the first hearing of the trial. See id. § 74.053. A timely objection to a judge “assigned”
under Chapter 74 has automatic effect and any subsequent order by the assigned judge
is void. In re Canales, 52 S.W.3d 698, 701 (Tex. 2001).
B. Analysis
To properly object to an associate judge, one must file a written objection no later
than ten days after they receive notice that the associate judge will hear the trial, which
Zavala did. TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. §§ 54A.106. Zavala timely filed the objection to an
associate judge when he filed his petition. However, Judge Johnson is not an associate
judge. The record makes clear that Judge Johnson is a senior judge pursuant to Chapter
74 of the government code. Id. § 74.054.
Zavala did not submit a timely objection to the assignment of Judge Johnson,
because his objection was to an associate judge rather than an assigned judge. See
id. §§ 54A.101–103, 74.054. Because Zavala did not timely object to the assignment of
a senior or assigned judge, we conclude that Judge Johnson had jurisdiction to hear the
case and that his orders are not void. Accordingly, we overrule Zavala’s second issue.
III. CHAPTER 14 INMATE LITIGATION
In Zavala’s first issue, he contends that the trial court abused its discretion by
improperly dismissing Zavala’s claim with prejudice without holding a hearing.
4 A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
We generally review a trial court’s dismissal of a claim pursuant to Chapter 14
under an abuse of discretion standard. Wanzer v. Garcia, 299 S.W.3d 821, 827 (Tex.
App.—San Antonio 2009, pet. denied); see also Zavala v. Salles, No. 13-18-00104-CV,
2018 WL 3386368, at *1 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg July 12, 2018, no pet.)
(mem. op). The trial court abuses its discretion if it acts arbitrarily, unreasonably, or
without reference to any guiding rules and principles. Downer v. Aquamarine Operators,
Inc., 701 S.W.3d 238, 241–42 (Tex. 1985). “The mere fact that a trial judge may decide
a matter within his discretionary authority in a different manner than an appellate judge in
a similar circumstance does not demonstrate that an abuse of discretion has occurred.”
Id. at 242. However, when the trial court dismisses a claim without a hearing, the issue
on appeal is whether the claim had no arguable basis in law, which we review de novo.
Moreland v. Johnson, 95 S.W.3d 392, 394 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, no pet.);
see also Hoffman v. Muro, No. 13-17-000416-CV, 2018 WL 2979958, at *2 (Tex. App.—
Corpus Christi–Edinburg June 14, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.).
Chapter 14 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code governs lawsuits
brought by an inmate in which the inmate has filed an affidavit or unsworn declaration of
inability to pay cost. Donaldson v. Tex. Dep’t of Crim. Justice—Correctional Inst. Div.,
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NUMBER 13-18-00217-CV
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG
SALVADOR ZAVALA, Appellant,
v.
L. CARRERA, COREY FURR, JOE GONZALES, BRIAN COOK, C. MARTINEZ AND TDCJ-CID, Appellees.
On appeal from the 156th District Court of Bee County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Benavides, Hinojosa, and Perkes Memorandum Opinion by Justice Hinojosa
Appellant Salvador Zavala appeals the trial court’s order dismissing his lawsuit
against appellees, L. Carrera, Corey Furr, Joe Gonzales, Brian Crook, C. Martinez and TDCJ-CID, 1 as frivolous for failure to comply with Chapter 14 of the Texas Civil Practice
and Remedies Code. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 14.010(a). In two
issues, Zavala argues that: (1) the trial court improperly dismissed his claim without
holding a hearing; and (2) Judge Joel Johnson did not have the authority to rule on the
case because Zavala timely and properly filed an objection to the assignment of his case
to an associate judge. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Zavala is a Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) inmate at the McConnell
Unit in Beeville, Texas. Zavala sued appellees for violations of his due process and
equal protection rights, breach of contract, fraud, and declaratory relief. In his petition,
Zavala alleged that he was denied a fair disciplinary hearing regarding his use of vulgar
language. Zavala also alleged that the disciplinary charge against him was brought in
retaliation for his prior lawsuit and grievance against appellees. His breach of contract
claim was premised on appellees’ alleged failure to follow disciplinary rules. Finally,
Zavala claimed that appellees fraudulently represented that the disciplinary hearing would
be conducted fairly. In his petition, Zavala included an objection to the assignment of his
case to an “associate judge.” Additionally, Zavala filed a declaration of inability to pay
court costs.
After Zavala filed his petition, Presiding Judge Patrick Flanagan assigned Judge
Joel Johnson, a senior judge, to hear Zavala’s case pursuant to Chapter 74 of the Texas
Civil Practice and Remedies Code. See id. ch. 74. The Texas Office of the Attorney
1 We refer to appellees individually as they are identified in Zavala’s original petition. 2 General filed an amicus curiae motion to dismiss on behalf of appellees, arguing that
Zavala failed to comply with Chapter 14 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code
and that his claims were frivolous. Id.
The trial court entered an order dismissing as frivolous all claims against appellees
for failure to comply with Chapter 14 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code.
This appeal followed.
II. OBJECTION TO AN ASSOCIATE JUDGE
In his second issue, which we address first, Zavala contends that the trial court
lacked subject matter jurisdiction to render an order to dismiss. Specifically, Zavala
argues that Judge Johnson should not have been able to rule on Zavala’s case because
Zavala properly objected to the assignment of his case to an associate judge.
A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
Whether a trial court has jurisdiction is a question of law that we review de novo.
Harris County v. Annab, 574 S.W.3d 609, 612 (Tex. 2018). Associate judges are
appointed by a judge of a district or statutory county court to a full-time or part-time
position serving a particular court. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. §§ 54A.101, 54A.102. A
person does not have to have been an elected judge to qualify as an associate judge.
See id. § 54A.103. The ruling of an associate judge is subject to de novo review. See
id. § 54A.115. A party can file a written objection concerning the appointment of an
associate judge hearing a trial on the merits or presiding at a jury trial no later than the
tenth day after the party receives notice that the associate judge will hear the trial. Id.
§ 54A.106.
3 On the other hand, assigned judges are active, retired or senior judges. See id.
§ 74.054. An assigned judge may not hear a case if a party submits a timely objection
no later than seven days after the party receives actual notice of the assignment or before
the first hearing of the trial. See id. § 74.053. A timely objection to a judge “assigned”
under Chapter 74 has automatic effect and any subsequent order by the assigned judge
is void. In re Canales, 52 S.W.3d 698, 701 (Tex. 2001).
B. Analysis
To properly object to an associate judge, one must file a written objection no later
than ten days after they receive notice that the associate judge will hear the trial, which
Zavala did. TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. §§ 54A.106. Zavala timely filed the objection to an
associate judge when he filed his petition. However, Judge Johnson is not an associate
judge. The record makes clear that Judge Johnson is a senior judge pursuant to Chapter
74 of the government code. Id. § 74.054.
Zavala did not submit a timely objection to the assignment of Judge Johnson,
because his objection was to an associate judge rather than an assigned judge. See
id. §§ 54A.101–103, 74.054. Because Zavala did not timely object to the assignment of
a senior or assigned judge, we conclude that Judge Johnson had jurisdiction to hear the
case and that his orders are not void. Accordingly, we overrule Zavala’s second issue.
III. CHAPTER 14 INMATE LITIGATION
In Zavala’s first issue, he contends that the trial court abused its discretion by
improperly dismissing Zavala’s claim with prejudice without holding a hearing.
4 A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
We generally review a trial court’s dismissal of a claim pursuant to Chapter 14
under an abuse of discretion standard. Wanzer v. Garcia, 299 S.W.3d 821, 827 (Tex.
App.—San Antonio 2009, pet. denied); see also Zavala v. Salles, No. 13-18-00104-CV,
2018 WL 3386368, at *1 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg July 12, 2018, no pet.)
(mem. op). The trial court abuses its discretion if it acts arbitrarily, unreasonably, or
without reference to any guiding rules and principles. Downer v. Aquamarine Operators,
Inc., 701 S.W.3d 238, 241–42 (Tex. 1985). “The mere fact that a trial judge may decide
a matter within his discretionary authority in a different manner than an appellate judge in
a similar circumstance does not demonstrate that an abuse of discretion has occurred.”
Id. at 242. However, when the trial court dismisses a claim without a hearing, the issue
on appeal is whether the claim had no arguable basis in law, which we review de novo.
Moreland v. Johnson, 95 S.W.3d 392, 394 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, no pet.);
see also Hoffman v. Muro, No. 13-17-000416-CV, 2018 WL 2979958, at *2 (Tex. App.—
Corpus Christi–Edinburg June 14, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.).
Chapter 14 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code governs lawsuits
brought by an inmate in which the inmate has filed an affidavit or unsworn declaration of
inability to pay cost. Donaldson v. Tex. Dep’t of Crim. Justice—Correctional Inst. Div.,
355 S.W.3d 722, 724 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2011, pet. denied); see also Zavala v. Matthew,
No. 13-17-00009-CV, 2018 WL 286257, at *1 (Tex. App—Corpus Christi–Edinburg Jan.
4, 2018, pet. denied) (mem. op.). A trial court has the discretion to dismiss an inmate’s
lawsuit if the allegation of poverty in the indigence affidavit is false. TEX. CIV. PRAC. &
5 REM. CODE ANN. § 14.003(a)(1).
To enable the trial court to determine whether an inmate is indigent, the inmate is
required to file a certified copy of his inmate trust account “reflect[ing] the balance of the
account at the time the claim is filed and activity in the account during the six months
preceding the date on which the claim is filed.” Id. § 14.006(f). An inmate “who has no
money or property is considered indigent.” Donaldson, 355 S.W.3d at 725. “However,
[a]n inmate who has funds in his trust account is not indigent.” Id.
In this case, Zavala had a balance in his trust account of $98.84 the month the
underlying cause was filed, and an average monthly balance of $34.40 in his account for
the six-month period preceding the suit. The average monthly amount deposited into his
account during that same period was $105.00, and a total of $630.00 had been deposited
into his account in the six months preceding suit. Accordingly, because Zavala had
funds in his trust account, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in dismissing Zavala’s
lawsuit on the basis that his indigence affidavit contained a false allegation of poverty.
See Donaldson, 355 S.W.3d at 725 (holding no abuse of discretion in dismissing inmate
claim for false allegation of poverty where average monthly balance was $63.42 and
deposits in six-month period totaled $1,020.00); see also Zavala, 2018 WL 3386368, at
*1 (holding same where $608.08 had been deposited into account over prior six-month
period); Zavala, 2018 WL 286257, at *1 (holding same where account had $27.24 when
the underlying cause was filed, the six-month average monthly balance was $61.92, the
six-month average monthly amount deposited was $162.50, and a total of $975.00 had
6 been deposited into the account in the six months preceding suit). We overrule Zavala’s
first issue.
IV. CONCLUSION
Having overruled both of Zavala’s issues on appeal, we affirm the trial court’s
judgment.
LETICIA HINOJOSA Justice
Delivered and filed the 11th day of July, 2019.