Sacchi v. Dervishi

• Court: District Court, N.D. California
• Decided: July 2, 2020
• Docket: 3:19-cv-06638
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 MARCO SACCHI, Case No. 19-cv-06638-SK

8 Petitioner, ORDER GRANTING PETITION 9 v.

10 KLODJANA DERVISHI, 11 Respondent.

12 Before the Court is the petition filed by Petitioner Marco Sacchi (“Sacchi”) for the return 13 of his two minor children R.S. and A.S. to Italy pursuant to the Hague Convention on the Civil 14 Aspects of International Child Abduction, Oct. 25, 1980, 19 I.L.M. 1501 (“Convention”), as 15 implemented by the International Child Abduction Remedies Act (“ICARA”), codified at 22 16 U.S.C. §§ 9001, et seq. (Dkt. No. 1.) 17 The Court has considered all of the evidence submitted during the bench trial, including 18 the testimony by Sacchi, Respondent Klodjana Dervishi (“Dervishi”), and expert witness S. 19 Margaret Lee, Ph.D. Having considered the evidence carefully, the Court now finds that R.S and 20 A.S were at the time of the alleged wrongful retention and now remain habitual residents of the 21 Italy, and GRANTS the Petition for their return. 22 FINDINGS OF FACT 23 The parties stipulated to many facts (Dkt. 45), which are cited as “Undisputed Fact.” All 24 other references are to the trial transcript (“Tr.”) or exhibits from trial (“Trial Ex.”). 25 Sacchi was born and raised in Italy and is currently a resident and citizen of Italy. (Dkt. 45 26 (Undisputed Fact No. 1).) Dervishi, was born and raised in Albania and is currently a resident of 27 California, in the United States of America. (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed Fact No. 2).) On October 13, 1 45 (Undisputed Fact No. 3).) 2 In 2008, Sacchi and Dervishi moved from Italy to California. (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed Fact 3 No. 4).) They resided together in California from 2008 until July 15, 2016. (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed 4 Fact No. 5).) The parties have two children, namely, RS, a son, born in 2009, and now age 10, 5 and AS, a daughter, born in 2011, and now age 8. (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed Fact No. 5).) The 6 children were both born in California. (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed Fact No. 5).) 7 A. Move from California to Italy. 8 On July 15, 2016, the family moved back to Italy. (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed Fact No. 6).) The 9 parties became United States citizens before they left for Italy. (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed Fact No. 7).) 10 The applications for citizenship were started almost a year before. (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed Fact No. 11 7).) 12 Before moving back, Sacchi undertook extensive remodeling of the Milan apartment to 13 increase the size of the children’s room. (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed Fact No. 9).) Sacchi resigned from 14 his job in California and had a new job in Italy waiting for him. (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed Fact No. 15 10).) 16 The parties moved most of their possessions back to Italy – including furniture, clothing, 17 art, and rugs. (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed Fact No. 8).) Their possessions filled a huge shipping 18 container – in all there were 282 items, totaling 8708 pounds, or 1236 cubic feet. (Dkt. 45 19 (Undisputed Fact No. 8).) 20 Before the move back to Italy, Dervishi worked part-time at a photography business in 21 California. (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed Fact No. 11).) When the parties moved to Italy, she shipped all 22 of her photography equipment back to Italy. (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed Fact No. 11).) 23 The parties gave up the lease on their residence in San Leandro, California. (Dkt. 45 24 (Undisputed Fact No. 12).) Sacchi gave up his car lease. (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed Fact No. 13).) 25 Dervishi gave up her car lease April 2017, when it ended. (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed Fact No. 13).) 26 Sacchi gave up his credit cards and California driver’s license. (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed Fact 27 No. 14).) Most of Dervishi’s credit cards were cancelled as well. (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed Fact No. 1 (Undisputed Fact No. 14).) Dervishi used this account when she visited California. (Dkt. 45 2 (Undisputed Fact No. 14).) Dervishi also kept open her photography business account. (Dkt. 45 3 (Undisputed Fact No. 14).) 4 B. Initial Life in Italy in 2016. 5 Both parties moved back to Italy with the children and continued to live together in Milan 6 in the same apartment with the children for the next two and a half years until Dervishi returned to 7 California. (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed Fact No. 15).) 8 C. Children’s Life in Italy. 9 The children’s fluency in Italian improved greatly to the point that they are equally fluent 10 in Italian and English. (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed Fact No. 16).) 11 The children had good teachers in Italy and flourished academically. (Tr. 267: 17-21.) 12 The children both had some initial difficulty adjusting to Italy, but after that initial period, they 13 were well settled in school, liked it, and were getting very good grades. (Tr. 51:1-2.) RS had the 14 most trouble, but, after a couple of months, he adapted. (Tr. 51:11-24; Tr. 52:3-6.) The children’s 15 grades were good. For example, on a grading scale of 1 to 10, AS received scores of 9’s and 10’s 16 in first grade. (Tr. 52:15-53:4; Trial Ex. 2). In second grade, AS continued, receiving 9’s and 17 10’s. (Tr. 54:4-12; Trial Ex. 3). The comments on AS’s second grade report card indicated that 18 she had no problems making friends, interacted appropriately, had good observation and analysis, 19 and showed good progression. (Tr. 55:25-56:15; Trial Ex. 3.) In his first school year in Italy, RS 20 received scores of 8’s and 9’s and one 7 the first quarter. However, in the second quarter, his 21 grades improved to 9’s and 10’s, except for an 8 in music. (Tr. 56:22-57:8; Trial Ex. 4). The 22 comments for report cards indicate that RS did well behaviorally and had good relationships with 23 his classmates. (Trial Ex. 7). In the third and fourth grades, RS continued to achieve mostly 9’s 24 and 10’s. (Tr. 58:6-22, Trial Exs. 5,6.) AS’s Italian teachers said that AS was very active, well 25 integrated, had friends, and seemed settled in Italy. (Tr. 142:16-22.) 26 In Italy the children had friends with whom they played, and they attended birthday parties 27 and other social activities with friends. (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed Fact No. 16).) The children enjoyed 1 birthday parties, holiday meals and parties, trips to the beach and mountains, camping, playing at 2 the park, and attending carnivals. (Tr. 59:20-67:18; Trial Exs. 24-41.) These activities continued 3 after Dervishi returned to California in December 2019. (Tr. 65:18-67:12.) AS and RS have a 4 large extended family in Italy, including cousins their age, with whom they socialized. (Tr. 70:15- 5 23.) The children were involved in coding classes, chess, ballet, Judo, and swimming. (Dkt. 45 6 (Undisputed Fact No. 16).) 7 D. Medical Treatment in Italy. 8 AS and RS had regular medical appointments in Italy, including visits to the pediatrician, 9 nutritionist, and vision specialist. (Tr. 71:4-72:16, Trial Ex. 53-61.) They were current on their 10 vaccinations and were enrolled in the Italian health system. (Tr. 71:4-72:16, Trial Ex. 53-61.) 11 E. Travel to United States between 2016 and 2018. 12 During their time in Italy, the children visited California once – for two weeks in 2018. 13 (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed Fact No. 17).) Between 2016 and 2018, Dervishi went back to California 14 five or six times. (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed Fact No. 17).) Sacchi never returned to California after 15 his move to Italy in 2016. (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed Fact No. 17).) 16 F. Discussions about Return to California in 2018 and Early 2019. 17 In Italy, Dervishi and Sacchi had continuing marital problems. (Tr. 73:9-16.) Dervishi 18 told Sacchi that she wanted to move back to California, but they never discussed returning as a 19 couple. (Tr. 73: 17-74: 1.) Dervishi asked if Sacchi would let the children move back to 20 California with her. (Tr. 74: 4-75:4.) When Dervishi travelled to California in October 2018, 21 Sacchi was aware that she went to look for a job and that she wanted to move there with the 22 children. (Tr. 183:7-184:8.) Sacchi told Dervishi that they could discuss what is best for the 23 children once Dervishi was settled in California, but he never said the children could move back 24 and only told her that they would discuss the issue. (Tr. 73:17-75:4; Tr. 187:9-188:3.) 25 There is no written documentation regarding any agreement between the parties about the 26 children moving to California. (Tr. 248:5-13.) Dervishi later realized that Sacchi was never going 27 to be satisfied with her being settled and that he was very vague about the conditions under which G. Dervishi’s Move to California in December 2018. 1 On December 2, 2018, Dervishi returned to California alone. (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed Fact 2 No. 18).) After Dervishi returned to California, the children remained living with Sacchi in Milan, 3 Italy. (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed Fact No. 20).) After her move to California in December 2018, 4 Dervishi continued to ask if the children could come and live in California with her, but Sacchi 5 always responded that they would discuss it once she had a stable life there and was settled. (Tr. 6 75:6-24.) Dervishi said she would not have left Italy if she did not think she could bring the 7 children to live with her after she got settled. (Tr. 210:19-23; Tr. 226:24-25; Tr. 227:18-20; Tr. 8 230:22-231:2.) Dervishi testified that Sacchi told Dervishi that he would not object to her having 9 the children live with her in California once she was settled. (Tr. 210:24-211:3; Tr. 232:14-21.) 10 She testified that, when she moved to California, she thought that she and Sacchi had an 11 agreement that the children could live with her in California once she was settled. (Tr. 230:22- 12 231:2.) 13 Dervishi thought what being settled meant was clear, but Dervishi and Sacchi did not 14 discuss the details. (Tr. 211:22-212:9.) Sacchi was not specific on what it would mean for her to 15 be settled, and Dervishi later realized that it “was a moving goalpost.” (Tr. 211:1-15; Tr/ 284: 20- 16 24.) Sacchi would never consider her to fulfill what it meant to be settled to him: “I realized I 17 was never going to reach the ready stage. There was always going to be one condition that I didn’t 18 meet. (Tr. 284:22-24.) 19 H. January 2019. 20 In January 2019, Dervishi flew from California to Italy and visited the children in Milan 21 for four days. (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed Fact No. 22).) Again, she asked to take the children back to 22 California, and Sacchi did not agree. (Tr. 75: 25-76:15.) Dervishi testified that she did not speak 23 with Sacchi in January and said: “communication wasn’t our thing.” (Tr. 219:19-21.) 24 Dervishi took a job as a personal trainer in a gym in California and told Sacchi about her 25 job. (Tr. 77: 4-11.) Dervishi is still employed as a personal trainer at the Equinox Health Club in 26 San Ramon, California. (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed Fact No. 19).) 27 / / / I. March 2019. 1 In March 2019, Dervishi signed a one-year lease for a one-bedroom apartment in San 2 Ramon, California. (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed Fact No. 25).) Sacchi learned about the apartment from 3 the children. (Tr. 76:16-77:3.) Sacchi overheard a Facetime call between Dervishi and the 4 children and learned that the apartment was unfurnished, except for a bed. (Tr. 76:16-77:25.) 5 During one argument, Sacchi asked Dervishi how she thought she was ready to have the children 6 live with her when the apartment was empty. (Tr. 194:6-20.) Dervishi responded she wanted to 7 wait for the children to select the furniture. (Tr. 194:6-20; Tr. 222:11-23.) Dervishi put the 8 children on the lease as occupants but did not tell Sacchi that she did that. (Tr. 249:4-8.) 9 Once she rented an apartment, Dervishi started telling the children during their Facetime 10 calls that she would take them back to California. (Tr. 78: 1-21.) She never discussed that with 11 Sacchi; however, Sacchi overheard some of the calls. (Tr. 78:9-21.) Sacchi asked Dervishi to stop 12 discussing that with the children. (Tr. 78: 9-79: 3.) After the children were asleep, he told her that 13 they should come to a decision before telling the children they were moving. (Tr. 78:15-21.) AS 14 told her teacher she was moving to California. (Tr. 79:4-9.) Sacchi eventually told the children 15 that no decision had been made about whether they would move. (Tr. 79:13-23.) 16 Upon Dervishi’s request, Sacchi sent Dervishi the children’s Social Security numbers and 17 birth certificates. (Tr. 80:25-81:23; Dkt. 45 (Undisputed Fact No. 26).) Sacchi testified that he 18 was not exactly clear on why she needed them other than that the human resources department at 19 her new job was asking for that information for benefits. (Tr. 81:4-82:11.) Dervishi testified that 20 she did not specifically tell Sacchi that she was putting the children on her employment benefits 21 but that she discussed with him what benefits the children needed. (Tr. 214:2-11; Tr. 250: 11-21.) 22 J. April 2019. 23 Dervishi stated in her responsive declaration to Sacchi’s Hague Petition that the two of 24 them were arguing in April and May about whether the children could move back to California 25 and that Sacchi claimed he never agreed to the children moving. (Trial Ex. 91, ¶ 8.) She testified 26 that in April, Sacchi was still reviewing whether she was settled and told her that her apartment 27 was too small. (Tr. 251:18-23.) 1 On April 17, 2019, Sacchi filed a divorce proceeding in Milan, Italy, and in that 2 proceeding’s written documents, Sacchi requested custody of the children with prevalent 3 placement and placement at Sacchi’s home. (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed Fact No. 32).) At the time 4 Sacchi filed his dissolution proceeding in Italy, the children had been residing in Italy 5 continuously for more than two years and nine months. (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed Fact No. 32).) 6 Dervishi enrolled the children in school in California without Sacchi ’s knowledge or 7 consent; Dervishi told Sacchi about it after the fact. (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed Fact No. 27); Tr. 249:9- 8 11.) When Sacchi found out, he told Dervishi that he had filed for divorce in Italy, so “it was not 9 possible” for the children to attend school in California. (Tr. 82:12-83:5.) As Sacchi explained it, 10 after he filed for divorce, their conversations “took a different path” and he told her that the 11 children could not live with her in California. (Tr. 194:21-195:6.) At one point Sacchi said to 12 Dervishi that she wasn’t ready to have the children and she should wait another year when she 13 would be more settled. (Tr. 195:7-196:15; Tr. 251:6-10.) 14 K. Parties’ Discussions about Children’s Trip to California. 15 Sacchi agreed that the children would spend a month with Dervishi in California during the 16 children’s summer vacation from school. (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed Fact No. 24).) Specifically, he 17 agreed that the children would fly from Italy to California on June 15, 2019 and fly back to Italy 18 July 18, 2019. (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed Fact No. 24).) Sacchi told Dervishi that the children could 19 go to California for only one month for vacation. (Tr. 79:24-80:12; Tr. 225:7-9.) Dervishi also 20 testified that Sacchi said the children could only go to California for one month. (Tr. 225:2-9.) 21 Sacchi did not agree to a permanent move. (Tr. 75:25-76:15; Tr. 251:15-17; Tr. 242:15-243:20; 22 Trial Ex. 91, ¶ 8.) The parties also agreed that Dervishi would accompany the children on both of 23 the flights for that trip. (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed Fact No.24).) 24 L. Trip to California. 25 On May 23, 2019, Dervishi purchased round-trip airline tickets for her and the children to 26 fly to California on June 15, 2019 and return to Italy on July 18, 2019. (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed Fact 27 No. 28).) Dervishi provided Sacchi with a copy of the itinerary. (Trial Ex. 1.) Those tickets show 1 California, and a return date of July 18, 2019, from San Francisco, California to Milan, Italy. 2 (Trial Ex. 1.) 3 Dervishi testified at trial that the reason she purchased round-trip tickets for the children 4 was that they were around the same price as round-trip tickets, but she never actually checked the 5 two prices. (Tr. 245:16-246: 4.) She also testified that she wanted to give the children an option 6 of returning to Italy if they did not want to stay with her in California. (Tr. 225:12-25.) 7 On or about June 14, 2019, Dervishi traveled to Italy to pick the children up. (Dkt. 45 8 (Undisputed Fact No. 29).) Dervishi understood that Sacchi did not agree to the children’s 9 moving to live with her when she flew back with them to California. (Tr. 239:22-240:6; Tr. 10 252:15-18 (“Q: So when you decided to keep the children in California, that was without Mr. 11 Sacchi’s consent; isn’t that correct? A: Yes, that’s correct.”).) When Dervishi took the children to 12 California, she did not tell Sacchi that they would not return to Italy after their trip to California in 13 the summer of 2019. (Tr. 244:3-5.) 14 The children took only one suitcase each, containing just what they needed for a month- 15 long vacation. All their other clothing and possessions remain at their home in Italy. (Dkt. 45 16 (Undisputed Fact No. 29).) Dervishi packed their suitcases. (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed Fact No. 29).) 17 Dervishi testified that, when she packed the children’s clothes for the trip to California in June 18 2019, she took only summer clothes because children outgrow clothing in a few months and 19 because clothes are cheap, and, thus, they did not need their fall and winter clothes. (246:16-23.) 20 Dervishi also packed their homework books and told Sacchi that the children would work on their 21 Italian homework while they were in California. (Tr. 85:5-19.) Sacchi took pictures of the 22 children’s bedroom in Italy after they left, depicting their personal items including their books, 23 their laptop computers, their backpacks, and their clothing. (Tr. 86:8-89:12; Trial Exs. 79-89.) 24 Although Sacchi took those pictures approximately one week before the trial in June 2020, he 25 testified that they were accurate depictions of how their bedroom looked when the children left in 26 June 2019. (Tr. 86:21-24.) 27 The children were enrolled automatically in school in Italy for the next school year, 1 homework books for the summer and for the next school year. (Tr. 95:9-23; Trial Exs. 8-11.) 2 Sacchi had scheduled a month-long vacation from work in the summer to take the children to 3 Venice, Rome, and Vatican City after they returned from California, and he had reserved a house 4 on the beach for a week and planned a trip to visit his uncle’s house in the mountains with the 5 children. (Tr. 96:10-97:6.) Sacchi had a full month of authorized leave from work for vacation 6 with the children. (Tr. 97:2-6.) Sacchi also had scheduled medical appointments for the children 7 in the summer after their planned return from California. When Dervishi refused to return the 8 children to Italy, Sacchi had to cancel the children’s doctors’ appointments, which were scheduled 9 in Milan for July 24, 25, 26 and 29, 2019. (Tr. 97:7-98:12; Trial Exs. 12-16.) 10 When the children were in California, they told Dervishi that they wanted to stay there. 11 (227: 4-6.)1 In July 2019, Dervishi refused to return the children to Italy. (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed 12 Fact No. 30).) Two days before the scheduled date of return, Sacchi discovered that Dervishi did 13 not intend to return the children. (Tr. 89:19-23.) After Dervishi served him with divorce papers, 14 she told him that she did not intend to return the children to Italy. (Tr. 89:19-90:2.) Sacchi 15 demanded that she return the children. (Tr. 92:8-10.) On July 23, 2019, just four days after 16 Dervishi refused to return the children, Sacchi filed applications with the Ministry of Justice in 17 Italy to start the Hague proceedings to return the children to Italy. (Tr. 92:14-95:1; Trial Exs. 19, 18 20.) 19 In a text conversation on July 31, 2019, Sacchi accused Dervishi of kidnapping their 20 children. (Trial Exs. 21, 62.) He also wrote: “You’re holding the children illegally. Don’t think 21 I’m just sitting here quietly, do you?” (Trial Ex. 21.) Dervishi responded: “You made me realize 22 I was out of options. You made me feel hopeless.” (Trial Ex. 21.) 23 1 Dervishi concedes now, after trial, that the habitual residence of the children was Italy as 24 of June 2019. Therefore, the preference that the children expressed is no longer an issue in this 25 case. However, because this preference was an issue at the time of trial, Margaret Lee, Ph.D., testified as an expert, and the parties stipulated to the admission of her written report into 26 evidence. Lee opined that, that, although the children have expressed a desire or preference to remain in California with their mother, they “lack the maturity to render an opinion that should 27 carry much weight in this matter, nor have they formed a mature articulated objection.” (Trial Ex. M. Dervishi’s Dissolution Filing in California. 1 On July 1, 2019, Dervishi filed a Summons and Petition for Dissolution of Marriage in the 2 Contra Costa County Superior Court in California. (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed Fact No. 33).) In her 3 Petition, Dervishi requested, among other things, sole legal and physical custody of the children. 4 (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed Fact No. 33).) In the Declaration Under Uniform Child Custody 5 Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act (UCCJEA) (“UCCJEA Declaration”) which Dervishi filed with 6 her Petition, she confirmed that the children had resided in Milan, Italy from July 2016 until she 7 took them to the United States this past summer. (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed Fact No. 33).) 8 CONCLUSIONS OF LAW 9 This Court has jurisdiction over actions brought under the Hague Convention. See 22 10 U.S.C. § 9003(a).2 The Convention “was adopted in 1980 in response to the problem of 11 international child abductions during domestic disputes [and] . . . seeks to secure the prompt return 12 of children wrongfully removed to or retained in any Contracting State.” Abbott v. Abbott, 560 13 U.S. 1, 8 (2010) (quotation omitted). “The Convention’s central operating feature is the return 14 remedy. When a child under the age of 16 has been wrongfully removed or retained, the country 15 to which the child has been brought must order the return of the child forthwith, unless certain 16 exceptions apply.” Id. (quotation omitted). 17 “[T]he Hague Convention analysis is not a determination of custody rights.” Shalit v. 18 Coppe, 182 F.3d 1124, 1128 (9th Cir. 1999). “A court that receives a petition under the Hague 19 Convention may not resolve the question of who, as between the parents, is best suited to have 20 custody of the child. With a few narrow exceptions, the court must return the abducted child to its 21 country of habitual residence so that the courts of that country can determine custody.” Cuellar v. 22 Joyce, 596 F.3d 505, 508 (9th Cir. 2010) 23 A petitioner seeking return of a child under the Convention must prove by a preponderance 24 of the evidence that the child “was wrongfully removed or retained” within the meaning of the 25 Convention. See 22 U.S.C. § 9003(e)(1)(A). Once a petitioner has shown that removal was 26 wrongful, “the burden shifts to the respondent to establish that one of the exceptions in the 27 1 Convention ‘excuses return’ of the child.” Padilla v. Troxell, 850 F.3d 168, 175 (4th Cir. 2017) 2 (citing Lozano v. Montoya Alvarez, 134 S. Ct. 1224, 1229 (2014)). “These exceptions are limited 3 and narrow.” Id. Here, Sacchi asserts the exception that a court “is not bound to order the return 4 of the child,” if, at the time of removal, the petitioning parent either “consented to” or 5 “subsequently acquiesced in the removal or retention” of the child. See Hague Convention art. 6 13a, 19 I.L.M. at 1502. The respondent bears the burden of establishing consent or acquiescence 7 by a preponderance of the evidence. See 22 U.S.C. § 9003(e)(2)(B). 8 As the Ninth Circuit found in in Gonzalez-Cabellero, “[t]his case is tragic – we have two parents who both appear to love and cherish their [children].” Gonzalez-Caballero v. Mena, 251 9 F.3d 789, 795 (9th Cir. 2001). The parents here currently live on two different continents. 10 Whether the Court finds for Sacchi or Dervishi, the children will be with only one of their parents 11 a continent away from the other while the ultimate custody determination is pending. 12 Nevertheless, the Court must constrain itself to the narrow issue raised by the Petition – whether 13 Dervishi must return the children under the Hague Convention. 14 A. Exercise of Custodial Rights. 15 The Court finds that Sacchi and Dervishi, as the married parents of AS and RS, shared 16 custodial rights as of June 2019, under Italian law. Dervishi “confirms” that Sacchi was 17 exercising his rights of custody when the children moved to California. (Dkt. 53.) 18 Sacchi moved for judicial notice of an Italian statute that provides that a father in a 19 relationship of marriage with the mother of his children has custodial rights. (Dkt. 48.) The 20 Court takes judicial notice of that statute, Article 316 of the Italian Civil Code. That statute states 21 (in translation): 22 Both parents have parental responsibility which is exercised by 23 mutual agreement taking into account the child's abilities, natural 24 inclinations and aspirations. By mutual agreement, the parents establish the habitual residence of the minor. In the event of a 25 dispute on matters of particular importance, each of the parents can appeal to the judge without formalities, indicating the measures they 26 deem most suitable. The judge, having heard the parents and willing to listen to the minor child who has reached the age of twelve and 27 also of an inferior age where capable of discernment, suggests the and the family unit. If the dispute persists, the judge attributes the 1 power of decision to that of the parents who, in the individual case, 2 deems the most suitable to take care of the child's interest. The parent who recognized the child exercises parental responsibility 3 over him. If the recognition of the child, born out of wedlock, is done by the parents, the exercise of parental responsibility belongs 4 to both. The parent who does not exercise parental responsibility supervises the education, upbringing and living conditions of the 5 child. 6 (Dkt. 48.) Dervishi did not object to the request for judicial notice. 7 B. Habitual Residence of Children in Italy. 8 The Court finds that the habitual residence of the children was Italy at the time that 9 Dervishi removed them to the United States in June 2019. Although Dervishi initially contested 10 this issue, after trial Dervishi submitted a written brief in which she “concedes the habitual 11 residence of the children is in Italy.” (Dkt. 53.) By June 2019, the children had been living in 12 Italy for almost three years and had attended three years of school in Italy. The children were 13 fluent in Italian and English, and they participated in many extracurricular activities. They had 14 friends and an extended family in Italy whom they saw on a regular basis. Although the children 15 were born in the United States and had spent the first years of their lives in the United States, by 16 June 2019, they were acclimated to Italy. 17 C. Consent or Acquiescence. 18 Dervishi argues that Sacchi consented to the children moving from Italy to California and 19 later acquiesced to the move for a period of six months. (Dkt. No. 53 at p. 2.) Consent and 20 acquiescence are two separate and “analytically distinct” affirmative defenses. Padilla, 850 F.3d 21 at 175 (quoting Baxter v. Baxter, 423 F.3d 363, 371 (3d Cir. 2005) and citing Darin v. Olivero- 22 Huffman, 746 F.3d 1, 14 (1st Cir. 2014)). The defense of consent “concerns the petitioner’s 23 conduct before the contested removal or retention” and acquiescence “concerns whether the 24 petitioner subsequently agreed to or accepted the removal or retention.” Id. To establish consent, 25 courts “focus on the parties’ conduct prior to the removal or retention.” Id. at 176 (emphasis in 26 original). However, “conduct after removal can be useful in determining whether consent was 27 present at the time of removal.” Gonzalez-Caballero, 251 F.3d at 794. 1 subjective intent.” Padilla, 850 F.3d at 176. The defense of consent requires less formality than 2 the defense of acquiescence. Id. at 175-76. “[A] petitioner’s statement or conduct – formal or 3 informal – can manifest consent.” Id.; see also Larbi v. Larbie, 690 F.3d 295, 308 (5th Cir. 2012) 4 (“The focus of inquiry is the petitioner’s subjective intent . . . as evinced by the petitioner’s 5 statements or conduct, which can be rather informal.”) (internal quotation marks and citations 6 omitted). In contrast, to show acquiescence, courts “look to evidence such as testimony in a 7 judicial proceeding, a convincing renunciation of rights, or a consistent attitude over a significant 8 period of time.” Padilla, 850 F.3d at 176. In examining a consent defense, courts must: 9 10 consider what the petitioner actually contemplated and agreed to in allowing the child to travel outside its home country. The nature and 11 scope of the petitioner’s consent, and any conditions or limitations, should be taken into account. The fact that a petitioner initially allows 12 children to travel, and knows their location and how to contact them, does not necessarily constitute consent to removal or retention under 13 the Convention. Baxter, 423 F.3d at 371. The inquiry is “fact-intensive” and depends upon the Court’s “factual 14 and credibility determinations.” Padilla, 850 F.3d at 176. 15 Here, the evidence clearly shows that in June 2019, when Dervishi took the children to 16 California, Sacchi only agreed that Dervishi could keep the children for a one-month vacation. He 17 did not consent to the children living in California indefinitely. Both Sacchi and Dervishi 18 repeatedly testified to this fact at trial. The parties even stipulated to this fact: “Petitioner agreed 19 that the children would spend a month with Respondent in California during the children’s 20 summer vacation from school. Specifically, he agreed that the children would fly from Italy to 21 California on June15, 2019 and fly back to Italy July 18, 2019.” (Dkt. 45 (Undisputed Fact No. 22 24).) Dervishi bought round-trip tickets for a month-long trip and provided copies to Sacchi, and 23 those actions underscore the agreement that the children would stay in California for only a month. 24 Additionally, the evidence that Dervishi only packed enough clothing for the children for a month- 25 long summer vacation, left most of the children’s personal belongings in their bedroom in Italy, 26 including their laptop computers and backpacks, and took their Italian homework to California 27 1 California permanently. Moreover, Sacchi’s conduct after Dervishi refused to return the children 2 further confirms his lack of consent at the time of removal. Notably, he accused her of kidnapping 3 and illegally holding the children and filed his Hague applications for the return of the children 4 within days of discovering that Dervishi was not returning them. 5 Dervishi seeks to avoid these facts by arguing that she and Sacchi had an earlier agreement 6 that the children could live with her once she was settled. Although Dervishi does not specify 7 when this purported agreement existed, it appears as though Dervishi contends they made this 8 agreement when she first moved to California in January 2019. However, the evidence shows 9 that, although Sacchi showed he was willing to consider and discuss a move for the children to 10 California, there was not a time where Sacchi actually agreed to the move. Dervishi even testified 11 that the conditions for allowing a move were a “moving goalpost.” Dervishi thought that the 12 children’s move to California would occur eventually and testified that she would not have left 13 Italy if she did not think that the children would be able to join her. But her subjective intent does 14 not show that Sacchi agreed with her. More significantly, even if Sacchi at one point did agree 15 that the children could move to California, he did not agree to their removal and her retention 16 when Dervishi took the children to California. By the time Dervishi flew with the children to 17 California in the summer of 2019, Sacchi withdrew any consent he may have provided at an 18 earlier time. 19 The key inquiry is whether Sacchi consented to Dervishi’s removal and retention of the 20 children at the time of removal. See Darin, 746 F.3d at 16 (finding that respondent failed to 21 demonstrate consent because at the time of removal, petitioner did not consent); see also In re 22 A.L.C., 16 F. Supp. 3d 1075, 1090-91 (C.D. Cal. 2014) (noting that discussions about moving 23 were distinct from actually consenting to the move at the time of the removal), vacated in part on 24 other grounds by 783 F.3d 763 (9th Cir. 2015); Asumadu v. Baffoe, 2018 WL 3957696, at *4 (D. 25 Ariz. Aug. 17, 2018) (“the Court’s analysis focuses on the petitioner’s subjective intent at the time 26 of the removal or retention”); Khalip v. Khalip, 2011 WL 1882514 (E.D. Mich. May 17, 2011) 27 (same). 1 permanently moving with the children. However, before the respondent actually removed the 2 children, the petitioner signed another notarized application, revoking his consent. Khalip, 2011 3 WL 1882514 at *2. Because the petitioner revoked his consent before removal, the court found 4 that the respondent failed to demonstrate consent. Id., 2011 WL 1882514 at *6. Similarly here, 5 because it is clear that, at the time of removal, Sacchi did not agree to the children’s move to 6 California indefinitely, Dervishi fails to demonstrate her defense of consent by a preponderance of 7 the evidence. 8 Nor does Dervishi demonstrate acquiescence. Dervishi argues that Sacchi acquiesced for 9 six months after Dervishi moved to California (between December 2018 and June 2019) and that 10 she made efforts to get settled enough to have the children live with her. However, the defense of 11 acquiescence concerns a petitioner’s subjective intent after the removal or retention. Padilla, 850 12 F.3d at 176. At most, Dervishi points to Sacchi’s behavior before she removed the children. 13 Additionally, “the defense of acquiescence has been held to require ‘an act or statement with the 14 requisite formality, such as testimony in a judicial proceeding; a convincing written renunciation 15 of rights; or a consistent attitude of acquiescence over a significant period of time.’” Baxter, 423 16 F.3d at 371 (quoting Friedrich v. Friedrich, 78 F.3d 1060, 1070 (6th Cir. 1996)). Here, there is no 17 evidence – no testimony or exhibits – to show that Sacchi changed his mind and acquiesced after 18 Dervishi took the children to California. To the contrary, as discussed above, Sacchi accused 19 Dervishi of kidnapping and illegally holding the children and affirmatively took immediate steps 20 to secure the children’s return. Only four days after Dervishi was supposed but failed to bring the 21 children back to Italy, Sacchi filed his Hague applications for the return of the children. 22 Under these circumstances, the Court finds that Dervishi has failed to meet her burden to 23 show the narrow exception of consent and acquiescence and, thus, grants Sacchi’s Petition. 24 CONCLUSION 25 For the foregoing reasons, the Court HEREBY GRANTS Sacchi’s Petition for the return 26 of the children. If travel is allowed due to COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease), Dervishi shall return 27 the children to Milan, Italy within fourteen days of this Order. If Italy is not allowing flights in 1 restrictions being lifted. Additionally, Sacchi may file a motion pursuant to 22 U.S.C. § 2 || 9007(b)(3), to recoup the fees and costs that he incurred to bring this petition, within 14 days of 3 this order. The Court will issue a separate judgment in favor of Sacchi. The Clerk is instructed to 4 || close the file. 5 IT IS SO ORDERED. 6 || Dated: July 2, 2020 . 7 Atlan (ow | SALLIE KIM 8 United States Magistrate Judge 9 10 11 12

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