Saadeh v. Kagan

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
• Decided: March 13, 2025
• Docket: 24-163-cv (L)
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

24-163-cv (L) Saadeh v. Kagan

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 13th day of March, two thousand twenty-five.

PRESENT: JOHN M. WALKER, JR., RICHARD C. WESLEY, JOSEPH F. BIANCO, Circuit Judges. _____________________________________

RAFIC SAADEH,

Plaintiff-Appellee-Cross Appellant,

v. 24-163-cv(L); 24-245-cv(Con); 24-285-cv (XAP) JOSHUA KAGAN, MICHAEL KAGAN,

Defendants-Appellants-Cross Appellees,

THE ESTATE OF IRVING KAGAN, BY ITS ADMINISTRATOR, MICHAEL KAGAN,

Defendant.

_____________________________________ FOR PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE-CROSS ALEXANDER ZUBATOV, Scarola APPELLANT: Zubatov Schaffzin PLLC, New York, New York.

FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT-CROSS- MICHAEL KAGAN, pro se, New York, APPELLE MICHAEL KAGAN: New York.

FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT-CROSS- Joshua Kagan, pro se, New York, New APPELLEE JOSHUA KAGAN: York.

Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of

New York (Paul A. Engelmayer, Judge).

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

DECREED that the judgment of the district court, entered on December 27, 2023, is

AFFIRMED.

Michael Kagan (“Michael”), proceeding pro se, appeals from the district court’s grant of

summary judgment in favor of plaintiff Rafic Saadeh on his promissory estoppel claim against

Michael. Joshua Kagan (“Joshua”), proceeding pro se, appeals from the district court’s entry of

judgment for Saadeh, after a jury trial, on one of Saadeh’s fraudulent conveyance claims against

Joshua. Saadeh cross-appeals from the district court’s denial of sanctions. We assume the parties’

familiarity with the underlying facts, procedural history, and issues on appeal, to which we refer

only as necessary to explain our decision to affirm.

In March 2021, Saadeh filed a second amended complaint (“SAC”) against Michael,

Joshua, and the estate of their father, Irving Kagan (“Irving”), invoking diversity jurisdiction and

asserting the following claims: (1) breach of contract (against Irving’s estate and Michael);

(2) promissory estoppel (against Michael); (3) fraudulent conveyance under New York Debtor and

Creditor Law (“NY DCL”) §§ 273 and 274 (against Michael and Joshua); and (4) fraudulent

2 conveyance under NY DCL §§ 276 and 276-a (against Irving’s estate, Michael, and Joshua).

According to the SAC, Saadeh entered into a $130,000 loan agreement with Irving in June 2017.

Pursuant to the loan agreement, Irving was to repay the loan within six months of receipt of the

money. However, when the due date arrived, Irving’s son Michael requested an extension of the

loan, stating that he was responsible for the loan’s repayment. Michael continued to request

extensions for 18 months, but the debt was never repaid, even after Irving’s death in January 2020.

As relevant here, it is undisputed that following receipt of the loan, Irving paid Joshua at least

$35,000 and transferred at least $33,650 to Michael across 38 separate payments.

Following Irving’s death, the district court entered default judgment against Irving’s estate

in September 2021. In February 2022, Saadeh moved for partial summary judgment against

Michael on his breach of contract and promissory estoppel claims. The district court granted the

motion as to the promissory estoppel claim, concluding that Michael had “unambiguously

promised to repay the loan and provided multiple reassurances to that effect.” Saadeh v. Kagan,

No. 20 Civ. 1945 (PAE) (SN), 2023 WL 2734422, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 31, 2023).

In November 2023, the Section 273 and 274 claims against Joshua proceeded to a jury trial.

At the conclusion of trial, the district court instructed that, should it find Joshua liable for either or

both claims, the jury was required to calculate damages, namely, the amount of money Irving had

transferred to Joshua from Saadeh’s loan, and also the net amount of money, if any, Joshua sent to

Irving after he received the transfers from Saadeh’s loan. The jury found Joshua liable on the

Section 273 claim, but not liable on the Section 274 claim. The jury then determined that Irving

constructively fraudulently transferred $57,929 to Joshua, and that, after August 2017, Joshua paid

Irving a net amount of $13,675.

Following the jury verdict, the district court directed Saadeh and Joshua to brief whether

3 Joshua’s net transfers to Irving—after the constructively fraudulent transfers from Irving to

Michael and Joshua—should be deducted from his damages as an offset. After briefing, the district

court declined to apply any offset, reasoning that there was no caselaw establishing an offset, and,

in any event, the evidence counseled against applying one. Accordingly, the district court entered

judgment in favor of Saadeh, against Michael for $136,368.22, plus 9% prejudgment interest, and

against Joshua for $57,929.00, plus 9% prejudgment interest (requiring the payment of interest by

both defendants pursuant to New York Civil Practice Law and Rules (“NY CPLR”) § 5004).

Michael and Joshua appealed. In addition, Saadeh filed a cross-appeal challenging the district

court’s October 17, 2023 denial of his motion for sanctions.

I. Michael’s Appeal

This Court “review[s] a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo.” Kravitz v.

Purcell, 87 F.4th 111, 118 (2d Cir. 2023). “Under Rule 56(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure, summary judgment should be granted ‘if the movant shows that there is no genuine

dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.’” Hayes

v. Dahlke, 976 F.3d 259, 267 (2d Cir. 2020) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a)).

Michael argues that the district court erred in granting summary judgment to Saadeh on his

promissory estoppel claim. “A cause of action for promissory estoppel under New York law

requires the plaintiff to prove three elements: 1) a clear and unambiguous promise; 2) reasonable

and foreseeable reliance on that promise; and 3) injury to the relying party as a result of the

reliance.” Kaye v. Grossman, 202 F.3d 611, 615 (2d Cir. 2000).

The district court correctly concluded that Saadeh was entitled to summary judgment on

his promissory estoppel claim. First, the numerous emails Michael sent to Saadeh assuring Saadeh

that he (Michael) would repay the debt demonstrated that there was a clear and unambiguous

4 promise. Second, given the uncontroverted evidence that Michael was Irving’s son and Irving

(with whom Saadeh had a longstanding relationship) also assured Saadeh that Michael would

resolve the issue, Saadeh proved that there was reasonable and foreseeable reliance on Michael’s

promise. Third, Saadeh proved an injury as a result of his reliance because it was undisputed that

Saadeh was never paid, and due to Michael’s promises, Saadeh did not seek to recover from Irving

sooner. In short, in light of the uncontroverted facts in the record, Michael failed to raise a genuine

issue of fact on the promissory estoppel claim and the district court properly granted summary

judgment in Saadeh’s favor on that claim.

II. Joshua’s Appeal

Joshua raises several unpreserved challenges to the district court’s jury instructions with

respect to the Section 273 claim. 1 “This court applies a ‘plain error’ standard when reviewing

unpreserved objections to jury instructions in civil cases.” Yukos Cap. S.A.R.L. v. Feldman, 977

F.3d 216, 236–37 (2d Cir. 2020). “On plain error review, this court will only grant relief if there

was (1) error, (2) that is plain, (3) that affects substantial rights, and (4) the error seriously affects

the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Id. at 237 (internal quotation

marks and citations omitted).

First, Joshua challenges the district court’s instruction on the presumption of insolvency,

which directed that the burden would shift to Joshua to prove that Irving was not insolvent at the

time of the transfer if there was no fair consideration for the transfer. Although we note that there

1 At the time of the transfers at issue, Section 273 provided that “[e]very conveyance made and every obligation incurred by a person who is or will be thereby rendered insolvent is fraudulent as to creditors without regard to his actual intent if the conveyance is made or the obligation is incurred without a fair consideration.” NY DCL § 273 (2019). Although this version of Section 273 was repealed by the Uniform Voidable Transactions Act (“UVTA,” 2019 N.Y. Laws 580), effective April 4, 2020, the UVTA applies only to transfers made or obligations incurred on or after its effective date. Thus, the UVTA does not apply to the Section 273 claim here. Joshua does not contend otherwise.

5 is conflicting authority among New York courts, we have explained that some New York courts,

in interpreting Section 273, “have stated that the element of insolvency is presumed when a

conveyance is made without fair consideration, and the burden of overcoming such presumption

is on the transferee.” United States v. Watts, 786 F.3d 152, 165 (2d Cir. 2015) (internal quotation

marks and citations omitted). Joshua thus has not shown that the district court’s instruction on a

presumption of insolvency in this case “contravene[d] an established rule of law” and, therefore,

he has not shown plain error. See Yukos, 977 F.3d at 237 (emphasis added) (internal quotation

marks and citation omitted).

Joshua next argues that the district court improperly instructed the jury on the loan’s due

date. Because Joshua does not explain how this purported error impacted the case, he has failed

to demonstrate plain error. Relatedly, Joshua challenges the district court’s instruction on how to

calculate a potential offset amount. However, as described below, the district court appropriately

declined to apply any such offset and, therefore, the method of calculating the offset had no effect

on the outcome of the case. Accordingly, any purported error in the jury instruction regarding the

calculation of the offset does not provide a basis to disturb the jury’s finding that Irving

fraudulently conveyed $57,929 to Joshua.

Finally, Joshua argues, as he did through counsel in the district court, that the award of

damages against him should have been offset by the net payments that he made to Irving between

August 31, 2017 and Irving’s death, which the jury separately calculated to be $13,675. This Court

“review[s] questions of law, including the measure of damages upon which the factual

computation is based, de novo.” Delchi Carrier SpA v. Rotorex Corp., 71 F.3d 1024, 1029 (2d

Cir. 1995) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Joshua’s argument lacks merit.

Notably, Joshua identifies no New York case authority supporting the application of an offset to a

6 successful Section 273 claim under the circumstances of this case. In any event, even assuming

arguendo such an offset was available, the district court properly concluded that it was

unwarranted in this case because “[t]here was literally no evidence adduced that Joshua intended

any of his payments to his father after August 2017 to be used to repay his father’s July 2017

creditor” and “[t]he evidence also did not reflect any steps taken by Irving to use such transfers as

he received, including from Joshua, to draw down his debt to Saadeh.” Joshua App’x at 91. In

short, on this record, we discern no error in the district court’s refusal to afford an offset on the

damages awarded with respect to the fraudulent conveyance claim. 2

III. Joint Challenge to the Interest Rate on the Judgment

Michael and Joshua each argue that the district court incorrectly applied a 9% interest rate

to the judgments against them; they contend that the Fair Consumer Judgment Interest Act

(“FCJIA”) required a 2% interest rate. We disagree.

The FCJIA amended NY CPLR § 5004 and was made effective in 2022. See N.Y. Leg.

2021-2022 Reg. Sess., S.5724A § 1, A6474A § 1. As amended, “[i]nterest shall be at the rate of

nine per centum per annum, except where otherwise provided by statute; provided the annual rate

of interest to be paid in an action arising out of a consumer debt where a natural person is a

defendant shall be two per centum per annum.” NY CPLR § 5004(a). The statute defines

“consumer debt” as “any obligation or alleged obligation of any natural person to pay money

arising out of a transaction in which the money, property, insurance or services which are the

subject of the transaction are primarily for personal, family or household purposes.” NY CPLR

2 To the extent Joshua also argues that the jury’s verdict sheet suggests that they found no damages at all, we find that argument similarly unpersuasive. Based upon the district court’s jury instructions and the jury’s findings on the verdict sheet, it is clear that the jury found that the fraudulent conveyance resulted in damages to Saadeh in the amount $57,929.

7 § 5004(b) (emphasis added).

Here, neither appellant engaged in a “transaction” with Saadeh; rather, Saadeh paid

Michael’s father, Irving, not Michael or Joshua. Therefore, the district court did not err in failing

to apply the lower 2% interest rate under the FCJIA.

IV. Saadeh’s Cross-Appeal

Saadeh, who is represented by counsel, does not raise any arguments related to his cross-

appeal from the denial of sanctions. Accordingly, Saadeh has abandoned any claims related to his

cross-appeal. See Debique v. Garland, 58 F.4th 676, 684 (2d Cir. 2023) (“We consider abandoned

any claims not adequately presented in an appellant’s brief, and an appellant’s failure to make legal

or factual arguments constitutes abandonment.” (internal quotations and citation omitted)).

* * *

We have considered the appellants’ remaining arguments and conclude they are without

merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

FOR THE COURT: Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court