Rutherford v. Central Bank of Kansas City

• Court: District Court, W.D. Washington
• Decided: February 13, 2025
• Docket: 3:24-cv-05299
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON 5 AT TACOMA 6 SAMUEL C. RUTHERFORD, III, Case No. 3:24-cv-05299-TLF 7 Plaintiff, v. ORDER ON PLAINTIFF’S MOTION 8 FOR CLASS CERTIFICATION CENTRAL BANK OF KANSAS CITY, 9 Defendants. 10

11 INTRODUCTION 12 This matter comes before the court on plaintiff’s motion for class certification. 13 Dkt. 47. Plaintiff seeks to certify a national class bringing claims under the Electronic 14 Funds Transfer Act (EFTA) and a Washington subclass bringing claims under the 15 Washington Consumer Protection Act (WCPA), and claims based on conversion and 16 unjust enrichment. The Court held oral argument on this motion on January 14, 2025. 17 For the reasons stated below, the Court DENIES in part and GRANTS in part plaintiff’s 18 motion. 19 BACKGROUND 20 1. Facts 21 This case concerns prepaid debit cards issued by defendant Central Bank of 22 Kansas City (“CBKC”). Dkt. 1, Complaint. CBKC contracts with detention facilities to 23 obtain funds confiscated from incarcerated individuals and these cards are provided to 24 1 return inmate trust funds upon release. Id. at 2. A Cardholder Agreement is provided 2 along with the cards. Id. at 3. The cards at issue have a 30-day grace period before a 3 $5.95 monthly fee is assessed. Dkt. 50 at 4. Other fees associated with other types of 4 transactions are disclosed at the top of the Cardholder Agreement. Id.

5 2. Plaintiff Rutherford 6 Plaintiff Rutherford was incarcerated at Pierce County Jail in 2023 and upon 7 release was issued a prepaid debit card from CBKC. Dkt. 1. at 6. The card was 8 preloaded with funds confiscated from him when he was taken into custody and funds 9 that were deposited into his account during his incarceration; the card was already 10 activated when he received it. Id. Plaintiff did not apply for or request the card and had 11 no choice but to accept the release card instead of cash. Id. at 6-7. Plaintiff incurred 12 fees when he withdrew his funds from a cash machine. Id. at 7. 13 3. Proposed Class Definitions

14 Plaintiff moves to certify two classes. The first is a nationwide class under the EFTA, 15 15 U.S.C. §1693, et seq.: 16 All persons in the United States who, at any time since April 17, 2023, were: (1) taken into custody at a jail correctional facility, detainment center, or any other 17 law enforcement facility; (2) entitled to the return of money either confiscated from them and/or remaining in their inmate accounts when they were released 18 from the facility, which was loaded or otherwise transferred to a prepaid debit card without their permission; (3) issued that prepaid debit card by Central Bank 19 of Kansas City to pay the money owed to them; (4) incurred fees or other charges on such card(s); and (5) did not file a claim and receive an individual 20 monetary recovery from the case captioned Brown v. Stored Value Cards, et al., United States District Court for the District or Oregon, Cause No. 3:15-cv-01370- 21 MO.

22 Dkt. 47 at 10.

23 24 1 Plaintiff moves to certify the following Washington subclass for conversion claims, 2 unjust enrichment claims, and claims under the WCPA, RCW 19.86, et seq.: 3 All persons who, at any time since April 17, 2020, were: (1) taken into custody at a jail correctional facility, detainment center, or any other law enforcement facility 4 located in the state of Washington; (2) entitled to the return of money either confiscated from them and/or remaining in their inmate accounts when they were 5 released from the facility, which was loaded or otherwise transferred to a prepaid debit card without their permission; (3) issued that prepaid debit card by Central 6 Bank of Kansas City to pay the money owed to them; (4) incurred fees or other charges on such card(s); and (5) did not file a claim and receive an individual 7 monetary recovery from the case captioned Brown v. Stored Value Cards, et al., United States District Court for the District of Oregon, Cause No. 3:15-cv-01370- 8 MO.

9 Dkt. 47 at 10. DISCUSSION 10 A party seeking to certify a class must meet the requirements of FRCP 23(a). 11 These requirements are: 12 (1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable; 13 (2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class; 14 (3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims 15 or defenses of the class; and

16 (4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class 17 Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a). 18 The party must also satisfy at least one of the requirements of Fed. R. Civ. P. 19 23(b). Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 564 U.S. 338, 345 (2011). Plaintiff relies on Fed. 20 R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3). Dkt. 47 at 21-22. Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3) requires a court to find that 21 “the questions of law or fact common to class members predominate over any questions 22 affecting only individual members, and that a class action is superior to other available 23 methods for fairly and efficiently adjudicating the controversy.” 24 1 “Rule 23 does not set forth a mere pleading standard. A party seeking class 2 certification must affirmatively demonstrate his compliance with the Rule—that is, he 3 must be prepared to prove that there are in fact sufficiently numerous parties, common 4 questions of law or fact, etc.” Dukes, 564 U.S. at 350. Courts must “engage in a

5 ‘rigorous analysis’ of each Rule 23(a) factor when determining whether plaintiffs seeking 6 class certification have met the requirements of Rule 23.” Ellis v. Costco Wholesale 7 Corp., 657 F.3d 970, 980 (9th Cir. 2011) (quoting Gen. Telephone Co. of Southwest v. 8 Falcon, 457 U.S. 147, 161 (1982). This will often involve overlap with the merits of 9 plaintiff’s claim. Dukes, 564 U.S. at 251. 10 1. Rule 23(a) 11 A. Numerosity 12 Determining numerosity “requires examination of the specific facts of each case 13 and imposes no absolute limitations.” Gen. Tel. Co. of the Nw., Inc. v. Equal Emp. 14 Opportunity Comm'n, 446 U.S. 318, 330 (1980)

15 Plaintiff asserts the defendant issued 2,073,366 release cards between April 17, 16 2020 and November 1, 2023. Dkt. 39 at 2. 51,572 of these release cards were issued in 17 Washington State. Dkt. 49 at 5. Plaintiff’s counsel declares that they received this data 18 from Numi in connection with the Brown Settlement. Id. Defendant argues that 19 numerosity is lacking because members of the Brown class are enjoined and barred 20 from asserting those claims here. Dkt 50 at 6-8. 21 The Numi Settlement in Brown defined “Class Release Claims” as

22 all claims of any nature whatsoever that were brought or could have been brought against the Releasees, by the Plaintiff on behalf of the Class Members, 23 including but not limited to claims for all benefits, losses, opportunity losses, 24 1 damages, attorneys’ fees, costs, expenses, contribution, indemnification or any type of legal or equitable relief. 2 Dkt. 53 at 41. “Releasees” are defined as “Numi and its shareholders, directors, 3 officers, employees, and its predecessors and successors in interest.” Id. The Numi 4 settlement precludes any member of Brown from bringing any claims against the 5 Releasees; and the definition of Releasees does not include CBKC. Therefore, the 6 Numi settlement does not limit members of the Brown class from asserting claims here. 7 Similarly, the CNB settlement in Brown defined Releasees as “CNB and each of 8 its affiliates, subsidiaries, parents, fiduciaries, trustees, recordkeepers, partners, 9 attorneys, administrators, representatives, agents, directors, officers, employees, 10 insurers, reinsurers, predecessors, and their successors-in-interest...” Dkt. 53 at 31. 11 There is no evidence that either of these settlement agreements intended to release 12 CBKC from liability. CBKC is a different defendant and is sued based on its own 13 violations of the EFTA and the Washington state-law claims. 14 The class is therefore not limited to those who opted out of Brown. The class 15 definitions exclude individuals who filed for and received a recovery in Brown. Plaintiff 16 has sufficiently shown adequate numerosity. 17 B. Commonality 18 Commonality requires a showing that “the class members ‘have suffered the 19 same injury.”’ Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 564 U.S. 338, 350 (2011) (quoting Gen. 20 Telephone Co. of Southwest v. Falcon, 457 U.S. 147, 157 (1982)). This requires a 21 “common contention” which is one “capable of classwide resolution” such that 22 “determination of its truth or falsity will resolve an issue that is central to the validity of 23 each one of the claims in one stroke.” Id. 24 1 Defendant does not dispute that the class may share common issues of law, 2 such as the correct interpretation of the EFTA, but argues that commonality is lacking 3 because CBKC’s defenses differ significantly based on whether each class member has 4 standing considering the release in the Brown Settlement Agreement. Defendant

5 contends that if the cards were not requested, the Court will have to conduct individual 6 analyses and threshold determinations about standing. Dkt. 50 at 9. 7 Several questions are common to the class. For the class as a whole, plaintiff 8 raises claims under the EFTA. The EFTA prohibits the issuance of an unsolicited card 9 unless: 10 (1) such card, code, or other means of access is not validated; 11 (2) such distribution is accompanied by a complete disclosure, in accordance with section 1693c of this title, of the consumer’s rights and liabilities which 12 will apply if such card, code, or other means of access is validated;

13 (3) such distribution is accompanied by a clear explanation, in accordance with regulations of the Bureau, that such card, code, or other means of access is 14 not validated and how the consumer may dispose of such code, card, or other means of access if validation is not desired; and 15 (4) such card, code, or other means of access is validated only in response to a 16 request or application from the consumer, upon verification of the consumer’s identity. 17 15 U.S.C. § 1693i(b). 18 The complaint raises questions under the EFTA such as whether CBKC violated 19 the EFTA by issuing activated release cards to consumers who did not request the card, 20 whether CBKC violated the EFTA by obtaining funds from individuals and activating the 21 prepaid debit card before providing the information required by the EFTA, and whether 22 CBKC violated the EFTA by charging a service or maintenance fee. See Dkt. 1 at 10- 23 13. 24 1 As for the Washington subclass, the complaint raises common questions under 2 the WCPA), and common law conversion and unjust enrichment. Under the WCPA, 3 “[u]nfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive acts or practices in the conduct 4 of any trade or commerce are hereby declared unlawful.” RCW 19.86.020. Conversion

5 “occurs when a person intentionally interferes with chattel belonging to another, either 6 by taking or unlawfully retaining it, thereby depriving the rightful owner of possession.” 7 Alhadeff v. Meridian on Bainbridge Island, LLC, 167 Wn.2d 601, 619 (2009). A party 8 bringing an unjust enrichment claim must show: 9 (1) a benefit conferred upon the defendant by the plaintiff; (2) an appreciation or knowledge by the defendant of the benefit; and (3) the acceptance or retention 10 by the defendant of the benefit under such circumstances as to make it inequitable for the defendant to retain the benefit without the payment of its 11 value.

12 Nwauzor v. the Geo Group, Inc., 2 Wn.3d 505, 525 (2023) (quoting Young v. Young, 13 164 Wn.2d 477, 484 (2008) (internal quotation omitted). 14 The questions raised by the complaint include: 15 • Whether CBKC’s actions constituted a deceptive trade practice in violation of 16 the WCPA. Id. at 14. 17 • Whether CBKC’s action of taking money from members of the Washington 18 subclass to hold during their incarceration and then taking a portion of that 19 money in the form of fees constituted conversion. Id. at 15-16. 20 • Whether CBKC has been unjustly enriched by taking funds from the release 21 card accounts in the form of fees from member of the Washington subclass. 22 Id. at 16-17. 23 24 1 Defendant contends that because there is a difference between those subject to 2 the “old” Cardholder Agreement and the “amended” Cardholder Agreement, 3 individualized inquiries will be made to determine standing. Yet the difference between 4 the language of the agreement plaintiff has challenged, as opposed to the new

5 language, does not impact commonality but is an appropriate consideration for the Fed. 6 R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3) predominance inquiry, discussed further below. 7 As to commonality, plaintiff has shown that there are questions capable of 8 classwide resolution. 9 C. Typicality 10 “The test of typicality ‘is whether other members have the same or similar injury, 11 whether the action is based on conduct which is not unique to the named plaintiffs, and 12 whether other class members have been injured by the same course of conduct.’” 13 Hanon v. Dataproducts Corp., 976 F.2d 497, 508 (9th Cir. 1992) (citing Schwartz v. 14 Harp, 108 F.R.D. 279, 282 (C.D. Cal. 1985)).

15 Defendant argues that plaintiff’s claims are not typical of the class because the 16 class would consist of Brown class members; plaintiff opted out of the Brown settlement 17 so he is only typical of other proposed class members who opted out of Brown. Dkt. 50 18 At 9. The Court has already addressed that the class is not limited to those who opted 19 out of the Brown settlement. 20 Plaintiff’s claims are typical of those who were subject to the same Cardholder 21 Agreement. See Dkt. 17 at 5-6. Plaintiff and other class members received activated 22 prepaid credit cards upon their release from a detention facility, loaded with funds that 23 were confiscated from them during their arrest and detention and were subject to fees.

24 1 Defendant asserts that CBKC made material changes to the Cardholder 2 Agreement along with the Transaction Receipt and Prepaid Debit Cards after the Court 3 denied CBKC’s motion to compel arbitration. Dkt. 50 at 10. The Cardholder Agreement 4 language, last updated September 30, 2024, provides under the Arbitration headline

5 bolded and in capital letters, “USE OF YOUR CARD CONSTITUTES ACCEPTANCE 6 OF THIS ARBITRATION INCLUDING WAIVER OF YOUR RIGHTS TO CLASS 7 ACTION.” Dkt. 51-1 at 3. The new version of the Cardholder agreement specifies: 8 YOU CAN ALSO OBTAIN ACCESS TO YOUR FUNDS AT NO CHARGE TO YOU FROM US IF YOU COMPLETE EITHER OF THE FOLLOWING: (A) 9 TRANSFERRING THE ENTIRE AMOUNT OF YOUR FUNDS TO AN EXISTING BANK ACCOUNT BY VISITING WWW.PRESTIGELOGIN.COM; OR (B) 10 PERFORMING A BANK OVER THE COUNTER WITHDRAWL FOR THE ENTIRE AMOUNT OF YOUR FUNDS. OBTAINING ALL OF YOUR FUNDS IN 11 THESE TWO WAYS DOES NOT CONSTITUTE “USE” OF THE CARD.

12 Id. at 2. 13 The amended Agreement does not state that activation of the card is acceptance 14 but informs individuals of an opportunity to opt out of the arbitration agreement by not 15 using the card and accessing their funds in other ways and informs the individual of a 16 thirty-day grace period to do so before the deduction of fees would begin. Dkt. 51-1 at 2. 17 In Reichert v. Rapid Investments, Inc., 56 F.4th 1220, (9th Cir. 2022), the Ninth 18 Circuit determined that use of the card did not constitute mutual assent. In that case, 19 maintenance fees of $2.50 per week began to deduct after three days. Reichert, 56 20 F.4th at 1225. The Court concluded “[t]he financial penalties of ‘rejecting’ the benefit in 21 this circumstance, coupled with a lack of established communication with Rapid and a 22 compressed timeline in which to act, make the opportunity available to Moyer to reject 23 24 1 the benefit unreasonable, precluding an inference of assent through his use of the 2 card.” Id. at 1230-31. 3 The amended Cardholder agreement is distinguishable from the agreement in 4 Reichert, and instead resembles the agreement in Cain v. JPay, LLC, 23-55271, 2023

5 WL 8621977 (9th Cir. Dec. 13, 2023), in which the plaintiff had thirty days to reject the 6 Cardholder Agreement by removing his funds for the card or requesting a fee before he 7 would begin to incur a $3.00 monthly service fee. In that case, the Ninth Circuit 8 determined that the plaintiff, who continuously used his card for debit transactions, had 9 accepted the offer in the cardholder agreement and, as such, was bound by an 10 agreement to arbitrate. Cain, 2023 WL 8621977, at *1. 11 Because the Cardholder Agreement that accompanied the card plaintiff received 12 conditions acceptance on activation of the card, he is not representative of individuals 13 who received the amended Cardholder Agreement that conditions acceptance on use of 14 the card. Compare Dkt. 17 at 5-6 with Dkt. 51-1 at 2-3.

15 Other district courts in this Circuit, relying on Avilez v. Pinkerton Gov’t Servs., Inc. 16 596 F. App’x 579 (9th Cir. 2015) have determined that plaintiffs who had not signed an 17 arbitration agreement or class action agreement could not represent a class of those 18 who did. See Valencia v. VF Outdoor, LLC, 2021 WL 5154161, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Nov. 5, 19 2021) (collecting cases) report and recommendation adopted, 2021 WL 5811932 (E.D. 20 Cal. Dec. 7, 2021). In Avliez, the Ninth Circuit remanded for an entry of a revised class 21 certification order, holding that the district court abused its discretion by certifying 22 classes and subclasses that included individuals who signed class action waivers 23 because the named plaintiff did not sign such a waiver and thus those who had signed

24 1 the waivers had potential defenses that the named plaintiff would be unable to argue on 2 their behalf. Avilez v. Pinkerton Gov’t Servs., Inc. 596 F. App’x at 579. Accordingly, the 3 named plaintiff was not an adequate representative of these individuals and her claim 4 lacked typicality. Id.

5 In this case, there is no question that Mr. Rutherford’s claim is typical of those 6 who received the same agreement as he did; yet plaintiff’s claim is not typical of those 7 who received the amended cardholder agreement. 8 D. Adequacy 9 “Resolution of two questions determines legal adequacy: (1) do the named 10 plaintiffs and their counsel have any conflicts of interest with other class members and 11 (2) will the named plaintiffs and their counsel prosecute the action vigorously on behalf 12 of the class?” Hanlon v. Chrysler Corp., 150 F.3d 1011, 1020 (9th Cir. 1998). 13 Defendant argues that plaintiff is not an adequate class representative because 14 he opted out of Brown and most class members did not; and defendant contends that

15 those who are part of the post-Brown settlement were subject to a different Cardholder 16 Agreement. Dkt. 50 at 10. As discussed above, because plaintiff is not subject to the 17 arbitration agreement, he is not an adequate representative of those who are subject to 18 it. That said, plaintiff’s opting out of Brown does not lead to the conclusion he would be 19 an inadequate representative of those who did not opt-out. 20 Counsel for plaintiff has presented substantial information about their adequacy 21 based on extensive experience with class actions including many similar cases 22 involving release cards. Dkt. 49. Counsel do not have any conflict of interest with other 23 class members. Id. at 5. Plaintiff also states that he is committed to serving as a class

24 1 representative and has no known conflicts of interest with the proposed class or 2 subclass. Dkt. 48 at 2. Plaintiff is an adequate representative of those who received a 3 cardholder agreement that did not include the amended language in the cardholder 4 agreement dated September 30, 2024.

5 2. Rule 23(b)(3) 6 A class action is appropriate when, 7 the court finds that the questions of law or fact common to class members predominate over any questions affecting only individual members, and that a 8 class action is superior to other available methods for fairly and efficiently adjudicating the controversy. 9 Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3). “The Rule 23(b)(3) predominance inquiry tests whether 10 proposed classes are sufficiently cohesive to warrant adjudication by representation.” 11 Amchem Products, Inc. v. Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 623 (1997). 12 A. Predominance 13 Questions of law common to class members predominate. Plaintiff’s allegations, 14 that individuals released from detention were issued activated, unsolicited cards subject 15 to fees, are common to the class and raise uniform questions about defendants liability 16 under EFTA, the WCPA, and common law questions of conversion and unjust 17 enrichment. 18 Defendant argues that common issues do not predominate because the Court 19 will be required to conduct individualized inquiries into whether class members 20 requested a prepaid debit card. Dkt. 50 at 11. Defendant does not explain how the 21 determination of whether individuals requested a card would predominate over the 22 questions common to the class. Regarding a written request, the Court already 23 addressed this in the Order denying the motion to compel arbitration. See Dkt. 32. 24 1 B. Superiority 2 To determine whether a class action is superior the court considers: 3 (A) the class members’ interests in individually controlling the prosecution or defense of separate actions; (B) the extent and nature of any litigation 4 concerning the controversy already begun by or against class members; (C) the desirability or undesirability of concentrating the litigation of the claims in the 5 particular forum; and (D) the likely difficulties in managing a class action. Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3) 6 A class action is the superior method of resolving these disputes. Here the cost 7 of individually litigating the claims is likely prohibitive given that this litigation concerns 8 the funds confiscated from individuals as part of their arrest and detention. 9 Defendant again makes an argument premised on the Brown case which the 10 Court will not address because it has already determined that this case is not precluded 11 by Brown because the cases concern different defendants and thus the claims here 12 could not have been brought in Brown. See Dkt. 46. 13 Concentrating the litigation in this forum is appropriate given that the class 14 representative lives in Washington and the subclass involves only Washington 15 residents. 16 CONCLUSION 17 For the reasons stated herein, the Court GRANTS in part and DENIES in part 18 plaintiff’s motion (Dkt. 47). It is Ordered as follows: 19 (1) Chris R. Youtz, Richard E. Spoonemore, and Sirianni Youtz Spoonemore 20 Hamburger PLLC are hereby appointed as class counsel; 21 (2) The Court adopts the following class definitions: 22 a. All persons in the United States who, at any time between April 17, 23 2023 and September 29, 2024 were: (1) taken into custody at a jail correctional facility, detainment center, or any other law enforcement 24 1 facility; (2) entitled to the return of money either confiscated from them and/or remaining in their inmate accounts when they were released 2 from the facility, which was loaded or otherwise transferred to a prepaid debit card without their permission; (3) issued that prepaid 3 debit card that does not include the cardholder agreement language of the amendment dated September 30, 2024, by Central Bank of Kansas 4 City to pay the money owed to them; (4) incurred fees or other charges on such card(s); and (5) did not file a claim and receive an individual 5 monetary recovery from the case captioned Brown v. Stored Value Cards, et al., United States District Court for the District or Oregon, 6 Cause No. 3:15-cv-01370-MO.

7 b. All persons who, at any time between April 17, 2020 and September 29, 2024 were: (1) taken into custody at a jail correctional facility, 8 detainment center, or any other law enforcement facility located in the state of Washington; (2) entitled to the return of money either 9 confiscated from them and/or remaining in their inmate accounts when they were released from the facility, which was loaded or otherwise 10 transferred to a prepaid debit card without their permission; (3) issued that prepaid debit card that does not include the cardholder agreement 11 language of the amendment dated September 30, 2024, by Central Bank of Kansas City to pay the money owed to them; (4) incurred fees 12 or other charges on such card(s); and (5) did not file a claim and receive an individual monetary recovery from the case captioned 13 Brown v. Stored Value Cards, et al., United States District Court for the District of Oregon, Cause No. 3:15-cv-01370- MO. 14 15 Dated this 13th day of February, 2025 16 A

17 Theresa L. Fricke United States Magistrate Judge 18

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