Clarke, J. :
The complaint alleges that the plaintiff is and since December 15, 1890, has been a policyholder of the Washington Life Insurance [218]*218Company. The policy insures the life of plaintiff! in the sum of $5,000 for the sole use of Ms wife and children for the term of Ms natural' life, with participation in profits as provided. The i complaint further alleges that the Washington Life Insurance Company is a LFew York corporation,. having a, capital stock of $500,000, incorporated in i860 ; that on December 31, 1908, . said defendant had in number about 28,000 policyholders; that plaintiff brings this action in his own. behalf and also in a representative. capacity for and in behalf of all other policyholders , having like rights and interests; that the Pittsburgh Life and Trust Company is a Pennsylvania corporation, having a capital stock of $659,000, authorized to conduct a general life- insurance business; that said company is not now and never has been authorized to carry on its business in the State of JSTew Yo:k. On information and belief that in August or September, 1908, William C. Baldwin, then and now president ■ of said Pittsburgh Company, acting for himself and. others then associated with him in -the directory of said Pittsburgh Oornpány and for said company, purchased from the then holders thereof 9,148 shares of the .stock of said Washington Company, paying therefor about $87.50 per share, an aggregate amount of $800,450, the shares being of the par value of $50 each; that, on or ¡about September 24,1908, all of the directors - and most of the officers of said Washington Company resigned ; that immediately upon said resignation the said Baldwin and a number of his associates in the management and directory of said Pittsburgh Company were elected directors of the Washington Company; that of said persons then so elected the majority were then and ever since have been officers and directors and the controlling spirits.of said Pittsburgh Company; that immediately thereafter the: said newly-elected officers and directors of the Washington Company entered upon the discharge of their duties as such, and took absolute control of the business, property and effects of said company, they and their associates then and now holding and controlling at least 9,148 shares of the 10,000 shares of stock of said company; that the said Baldwin and his associates, the defendant Washington Company and the defendant Pittsburgh' Company, each of the companies1 ¡acting through their said officers and directors, in pursuance of a fraudulent conspiracy, on or about -December. 31,. 1908, removed from the [219]*219State of Eew York to the State of Pennsylvania all of the books, records, papers, money, choses in action, mortgages and movable property of any substantial value belonging to the Washington Company and' delivered the same to said Pittsburgh Company, and thereupon said Washington Company discontinhed and ceased to do business as a life insurance corporation in the State of blew York ; and at or about the same date, by a contract or a pretended contract with the said Pittsburgh Company made by the same officers and directors, controlling both the said companies, transferred or pretended to transfer all of its insurance in force' including its obligations and rights under its contract of insurance with the plaintiff and other policyholders to said Pittsburgh Company, and contracted or pretended to contract to reinsure plaintiff and all other policyholders in the Pittsburgh Company, all without notice and in violation of the vested contract rights and interests of the plaintiff as against said Washington Company, and in its legal reserve and its properties, and also conveyed or pretended to convey by deeds of conveyance all of its real property and buildings in the city of blew York and elsewhere to said Pittsburgh Company; that all of these acts are in violation of the laws of the State of blew York and of the charter of the Washington Company, its contract obligations to plaintiff and all of the policyholders, and especially in violation of the rights of plaintiff and other policyholders to have an apportionment made of their shares of the profits or surplus of said Washington Company, which distribution some of said policyholders are entitled to from year to year and others at the end of a definite period, the plaintiff being entitled to such apportionment and distribution in the year 1910, of all right to which he will necessarily be deprived if such cessation of business and transfer of assets and contract of reinsurance is not rescinded; that all of said acts and proceedings are in violation and fraud of all the rights of all of the policyholders of said company, and that all of said contracts, transfers and deeds of conveyance of property were and are in excess of the legal rights of said Washington Company and, therefore, ultra vires and void; that said Washington Company, up to and on December 31, 1908, was in a solvent, safe and prosperous condition, affording ample safety and security to this plaintiff and all other policyholders therein, by [220]*220reason of its surplus) its legal reserve and its capital stock, of all of which it and its policyholders have now been deprived by said Pittsburgh- Company through the acts and transactions liere¡ set out. Wherefore, plaintiff demanded judgment (1) that the Pittsburgh Company be enjoined and restrained from paying out, selling or in any way disposing of any of the money, dioses in action, stocks, bonds and properties, real and personal, paid- over, assigned, transferred and conveyed to it by the Washington Life, except as this court may hereafter order and direct; (2) that the Pittsburgh Company be- restrained from collecting any rents, profits, interest, income or earnings arising from or out of any of said properties; (3) that temporary receivers be appointed 'to take possession of the St. James Building in the city of New York belonging'to said Pittsburgh. Company; (4) that temporary receivers be appointed for the Washington Company and all of its properties and assets, with full power and authority to take possession of all properties heretofore belonging to it and by it assigned, transferred, conveyed or delivered to the Pittsburgh Company, and that full power and authority be conferred upon such receivers to bring and maintain actions at law or suits in equity in this or any other State or country, to recover the properties mentioned from the Pittsburgh Company; (5) that said temporary receivers be instructed and empowered to take possession of the home office building of the Washington Life Insurance Company at 141 Broadway, New York city, and to there re-establish the office of said company and until the further orders of the court to collect and receive the rents and profits of said building and to resume and carry on the business of the Washington Company and protect and conserve the interest of its -policyholders, creditors and stockholders by the continuance of its business in as nearly the usual course as is found practicable, and with this end in view to demand arid take over from its officers and directors and from the Pittsburgh Company all the books, records, policy records, accounts and papers, indexes and documents of all descriptions and to continue such transaction of the business of said company until the further orders of the court; (6) that said temporary, receivers be further authorized to receive and receipt for all premiums due or payable from policyholders of the Washington Company and to deposit the same in a special fund separate and distinct from the [221]*221other funds of the corporation; subject to the further orders of this court, and that the Pittsburgh Company be enjoined and restrained from claiming, collecting or receiving any such premiums, payments or any other money which may become due to the Washington Company from any sources whatever; (7) that the temporary receivers, upon their appointment, be authorized to receive all mail addressed to the Washington Company; (8) that an order issue to restrain the county clerk of the county of Hew York from recording the said deeds and assignments of mortgages made by the said Washington Company until the further order of the court; (9) that the plaintiff herein have such other, further and general relief as the nature of the case requires and to'this honorable court seems just.
What the companies conceive has- been accomplished by the contract of reinsurance of December 30,1908, referred to is evidenced by the circular signed in the name of both companies by W. C. Baldwin, president, dated at Pittsburgh and addressed to the policyholders of both companies, wherein it was stated : “The Washington Life Insurance Company had 28,000 policyholders. The Pittsburgh Life and Trust Company had 15,000 policyholders. Therefore, the merging of the business of the two companies creates a group of 43,000 lives which will greatly benefit all the policyholders of the merged group. * * * Since merging the business of the Washington Life Insurance Company and the Pittsburgh Life and Trust Company the premium income will be more than double that of 1907, and it is reasonable to assume that the expense of the conduct of the business will be materially reduced.”
It appears that immediately after the execution of this contract upwards of $18,000,000 of securities of the Washington Company were physically transferred from the office of the company in the city of Hew York to the office of the Pittsburgh Company in the city of Pittsburgh, Penn. It also appears that prior to the making of the order at bar appealed from, the said securities had been brought back to the State of Hew York, and, under negotiations had between .the officers of the several companies, the Attorney-General •of the State of Hew York and the Superintendent of Insurance, had been put into custody of the Superintendent of Insurance under an agreement entered into by the two companies, pending future [222]*222procedure to-- test the validity of the contract of reinsurance, or the determination of an application to be made to admit the Pittsburgh Company to do business 1 under the supervision of - the Insurance Department in the State of Mew York, and in accordance with the provisions of the Insurance Law thereof.
On the fifteenth of February the learned judge sitting at Special Term, Part I, upon the return of orders to show cause why an injunction should not issue and receivers be appointed which had been granted upon the complaint and the accompanying papers, handed down a memorandum, in which he stat-ed: “ The motion must be granted to the extent of'restraining the Pittsburgh Company from removing, assigning, disposing' of, pledging or incumbering the properties, securities, moneys and assets of tlie Washington Company, and appointing receivers during the pendency of the- action of the assets, properties,- securities, books,, papers,, policies, moneys, stocks, bonds, mortgages and choses in action heretofore belonging to the defendant Washington Company, and by it assigned and delivered to the Pittsburgh Company,, and the receivers should have authority to resume and carry on the business of the Washington Company until the trial which can soon take place to protect, and conserve the interests of its policy holders^ creditors and stockholders.” (Russell v. Washington Life Ins. Co., 62 Misc. Rep. 403.)
On the second day of March the order appealed from herein -was made. The said order overruled certain preliminary objections to the jurisdiction of the court -made by the two companies^ -and it determined that the argument on the merits and the- submission of ■ the affidavits by the companies in opposition on the merits are not to be deemed and shall not constitute a general appearance on behalf of the Pittsburgh Company or a waiver of the preliminary objections-raised by the Washington Company. . From that part ,of the order ■ the plaintiff appeals. Further, it restrained the Pittsburgh Company from removing,, assigning, disposing of, pledging or incumbering the properties^ securities, moneys or other assets of, said Washington Company or otherwise dealing, therewith except to deliver the same to William H. Hotchkiss, as the Superintendent of Insurance, during the pendency of this action, or until the further order of the court. The register of deeds was restrained until the further order of the court from recording, the various deeds and [223]*223assignments of mortgages executed by the Washington Company to the Pittsburgh Company now on file with him, if unrecorded, and it further ordered that “ if the defendants shall unnecessarily delay the final determination of this action, or if the conditions at present existing in respect of the assets of the defendant, The Wasliington Life Insurance Company, shall change pending this action, so as to endanger the lights of the plaintiff in or to the security afforded by such assets, he may apply for an amendment of this order upon notice by providing at the foot hereof for the appointment of a receiver or receivers, as to the court shall seem meet and proper.” From all of this order except that portion of it from which the plaintiff appealed, the two defendants appeal.
It will be noted that none of the officers, directors or individuals charged with fraud or conspiracy are made parties defendant. The action is solely against the two corporations. ■ While it is alleged in the complaint that the contract of reinsurance is invalid and ultra vires, the action is not brought to rescind or annul said contract. There is no allegation of the insolvency of either company, but on the contrary the solvency of the Washington Life was affirmatively alleged. The Pittsburgh Company is a foreign stock corporation and the Washington Company isa domestic stock corporation, and both life insurance companies. The action is not to'dissolve either of said corporations. Although stock corporations, no stockholder of either company brings the action. A receiver is asked for certain specific real estate of the Pittsburgh Company situate in the city of Hew York, and a receiver for the Washington Company to take possession thereof and to continue the business of life insurance. There is no allegation of notice served upon the Attorney-General of the State of the application for the order for the appointment of a receiver of this domestic life insurance company.
The Pittsburgh Company appeared specially challenging the jurisdiction of the court upon the ground that it had not been properly brought into court, and the Washington Company raised certain preliminary objections. In the view- that we take of this matter, we do not deem it necessary to consider any of these preliminary objections, but proceed directly to what seems to us the controlling question, which is: Has the plaintiff as a policyholder of a domestic life insurance company, a stock corporation, standing in a court of [224]*224equity to obtain an injunction and the appointment, of receivers upon the facts disclosed in these papers ?
The learned court at .Special Term, in answer to the claim put forth by the defendants, that a policyholder has no standing in a court of equity for the redress sought because he occupies the position simply of a creditor whose claim is not in judgment, said: “ The Washington Company, although, a stock company, is conducted on the mutual plan, and the surplus of its profits above a limited dividend to the stockholders is equitably applied for the benefit of the policyholders. The policy in question has a reserve and surrender value which is'fixed and payable at specified periods. Although a policyholder may technically be said to occupy the relation of creditor to a corporation, in, a company such as this he is likened more to that of an associate or capitalist, furnishing the money upon which the business is conducted. (Lord v. Equitable Life Assur. Soc., 109 App. Div. 252, 263.) In Brown v. Equitable Life Assur. Soc. (151 Fed. Rep. 1), in which the bill charged specific acts of waste, mismanagement and unauthorized diversion of funds, the Circuit Court of Appeals held that a policyholder had a right to appeal to a court of equity for relief. This action is not to recover upon the policy, but to prevent the diversion of its assets. ‘ In a purely mutual company the whole body of policyholders at any given time whose policies are not yet matured, have a .quasi ownership in all the assets of the corporation, and are like stockholders of an ordinary corporation, in effect cestuis que trustent.’ (Young v. Equitable Life Assur. Soc., 49 Misc. Rep. 347, 361, affd., 112 App. Div. 760.) * * * On authority, as well as principle, the policyholders have a standing to maintain this action.”
In Young v. Equitable Life Assur. Soc. (49 Misc. Rep. 347) the plaintiff was a stockholder as well as a policyholder. The. defendants, other than the: company, were directors thereof. Tier complaint alleged waste by said directors and demanded that they account therefor and pay into the treasury the amounts for which they were liable. It was, therefore, an action by a stockholder in the right of his corporation and in its behalf to maintain suit where the corporation had itself improperly failed to bring the same. The quotation, therefore,, from the opinion of the learned judge at Special Term was obiter, because the company was not a purely [225]*225mutual company and, as the court pointe,d out in its opinion, “ This is a stockholder’s action simply. Hone other is attempted to be stated or made.” Upon appeal (112 App. Div. 760) the Appellate Division based its decision upon the stockholder’s right, saying: “ The cause of action here is one belonging to the society, and the action is brought for its benefit. * * * The plaintiff in its place has assumed the burden of the prosecution. Ho accounting or other act by the society is required or would be proper in this action. The sole question is, did the defendant directors mismanage the affairs of the society in the respects alleged, and if so, how much has it lost by reason of such mismanagement % ”
Lord v. Equitable Life Assur. Soc. (109 App. Div. 252) was an action by a, stockholder attacking the action of. the company in attempting to amend its charter by giving policyholders the right to vote for directors in the absence of legislation. In sustaining the action and denying the power to give such right to policyholders, the court used this language: “ The policyholder does not become a member of the corporation; he is a third party holding a contractual relation with the corporation as a distinct entity. * * It would naturally seem as though, if it were intended by the Legislature that persons occupying merely contractual relations with the corporation were to be intrusted with the power to elect, and thus to control the corporation, there would be some provision for making the policyholders answerable in some measure at least for the conduct of the corporation, but we look in vain for any provision of this kind; all of the duties and responsibilities are confined to the members of the corporation and the corporation itself, acting through its board of directors, while there are no duties imposed uj>on the policyholders.”
Brown v. Equitable Life Assur. Soc. (151 Fed. Rep. 1), mainly relied upon by the Special Term, has been reversed by the Supreme Court of the United States (sub nom. Equitable Life Assur. Soc. v. Brown, 213 U. S. 25). Having thus examined all the cases cited by the learned court at Special Term upon this point, we find none of them an authority to sustain its position.
On the other hand; it seems to me that there is an unbroken line of authorities in the State of How York to the contrary. In St. [226]*226John v. American Mutual Life Ins. Co. (13 N. Y. 31) the court said': “ I am not aware of any principle of law: that distinguishes contracts of insurance upon lives from other ordinary contracts, or that takes them out of the operation of the same legal rules which are applied to and govern such contracts.” In Cohen v. New York Mutual Life Ins. Co. (50 N. Y. 610) the court said: 4 Whatever ‘ analogies there may be between mutual companies and ordinary part-. nerships, and the relation of the members of - the two organizations, an incorporated company, although Organized upon the mutual; principle, is in no proper or legal sense a partnership. The defendant, is a body' politic and corporate, capable of contracting and of suing and being sued, and the relation between the plaintiff and the. eor-poration is that of insured and insurer; and the rights and duties of the contracting parties aré to bo governed and determined by the terms of the policy by which the insurance is effected, as; in other eases. Other and incidental rights are secured to the plaintiff as a member of the company, one of the- corporators; but this does not-make the'members partners as between themselv.es or affect the express contract pf the corporation.”
In repudiating the doctrine of partnership the court said in People v. Security Life Ins. & Annuity Co. (78 N. Y. 114), where the defendant was a stock company: “Every policyholder in such a. company enters into engagements with the company and not with' any other policyholder. He pays the premiums upon his policy not to make a fund to insure others, but solely as a consideration of his own insurance. The company receives the money as its own and holds it as its own and may do with it what it will, except as it is restrained by some statute. * * * But they who pay their money for insurances are no more jointly interested! or in any sense partners than the depositors in a bank. The, depositors swell the assets of the bank, and also its liabilities, and they have a common interest that the hank shall keep its funds !so as to be able to discharge its liabilities, and that is all. * * The fund produced by the payment of all. the premiums does not in any sense belong to the policyholders, but belongs exclusively to the' company, and the policyholders are interested in it in the. same way only that the creditors of any other corporation are interested in; its funds.”
In Uhlman v. New York Life Ins. Co. (109 N. Y. 421) the court [227]*227said: “ He claims now to maintain the action and to have the right to an accounting upon the ground * * * that the relation between the plaintiff and defendant is not one solely of contract, but that as to the participation in the profits of this tontine system that relation is similar to one of trustee and cestui que trust. * * * We are convinced after a careful examination of the character of the relations existing between these parties that it cannot be said that the defendant is in any sense a trustee of any particular fund for the plaintiff, or that it acts as to him and in relation to any such fund in a fiduciary capacity. It has been held that the holder of a policy of insurance, even in a mutual company, was in no- sense a partner of the corporation which issued the policy, and that the relation between the policyholder and the company was one of contract measured by the terms of the policy. * * *. We think the payment of a premium by the policyholders of this class of policies is much more like that of a deposit in a bank by a depositor, as to which it is conceded there is no such relation of trustee and cestui que trust. *. * * The situation of the. parties is that of debtor and creditor simply.” (See, also, People ex. rel. Venner v. New York Life Ins. Co., 111 App. Div. 183.)
In reversing the Circuit Court of Appeals in Brown v. Equitable Life Assur. Soc. (151 Fed. Rep. 1) Mr. Justice Peckham for the Supreme Court of the United States, in Equitable Life Assur. Soc. v. Brown (213 U.S. 25), said: “ The suit is brought by complainant for himself, as well as all other policyholders and annuitants, of the defendant, who may choose to come in and join in the suit, and the company is the sole defendant. * * * The purpose, of the averment is probably to sustain the application for a receiver made necessary, as alleged, by the wrongdoing of some of the former officers of the defendant. That, however, gives no j lirisdiction for an accounting in equity as between a simple debtor and creditor and in the absence of any trust relation between them. A mere creditor, as such, has no right to that remedy. We come then to a careful analysis of the other averments in the bill and it is seen that it is- largely founded upon the theory of the existence of a trust in favor of the policyholders, past and present, of the defendant as against the defendant, its officers and stockholders; and it is asked that they, and each of them, be decreed to hold the funds and surplus,1 as [228]*228they may be ascertained, as trustees for such persons as shall be declared to have interests in such funds and surplus, under the decree of the court to be entered in the case. * * * In other words, they aver facts of mismanagement of the funds and wrongdoing by others, upon which a cause of action might arise against the officers and stockholders, or other persons guilty of such wrongdoing and waste, in favor of the company itself, They lay no foundation for the jurisdiction of a court of equity in such a case, unless it appears that the relation between the policyholder and the defendant is that the latter is the trustee of the former by reason of the trust relations between them resulting from the insurance policy. The complainant’s contention, as above stated, that there is such a trust in the fund mentioned, has never been regarded as the law in the State of New York [Cohen v. New York Mutual Life Ins. Co., 50 N. Y. 610; People v. Security Life, etc., Co., 78 N. Y. 114 ; Bewley v. Equitable Life Assur. Soc., 61 How. Pr. 344; Uhlman v. New York Life Ins. Co., 109 N. Y. 421; and to the same effect, Greeff v. Equitable Life Assur. Soc., 160 N. Y. 19] nor anywhere else, so far as any case has been cited on the subject,”- After quoting from the Dlilman case the opinion proceeds: “ Indeed the policyholder in the t)lilman case occupied a much stronger position for making the claim than does this complainant, who is the holder of an ordinary life policy with rights to participate in the distribution in the surplus according to the methods, etc., adopted by the defendant, as already mentioned, The claim was, however, denied by the State court, following the decisions of the Hew York courts for many years. To hold that a trust is proved in this case by virtud of the charter and policy of insurance is to hold contrary to the. decisions ■ of the highest court of* the State of Hew York for a long number of years past, without a single decision the other way in all that time. * * * And the idea that the defendant itself is liable to policyholders for the frauds or wrongdoing set out in the bill and committed by its officers or members of its board of directors against the defendant and in their personal interests, we regard as without foundation. * * '* Yery likely the defendant could itself maintain an action against those who have been guilty of fraudulent conduct towards it. resulting in financial loss to it, and, of course, those wno are alleged to be guilty would have to be made [229]*229parties. Ho case is, therefore, made for an accounting or for a receiver based upon these allegations in the bill. * * * If it be held that there is no trust, then it follows that the suit cannot be maintained in equity on the sole ground of fraud. * * * After a careful consideration of all the facts we are of the opinion that no cause of action is alleged in the bill for an accounting or for the appointment of a receiver, or for other equitable relief. The decree of the Circuit Court of Appeals is, therefore, reversed.”
So that it would seem that the doctrine that a policyholder has a standing in court in an equitable action against his company upon the ground that he is a cestui que trust has finally been set at rest in accordance with the long line of decisions in the State of Hew York by the final determination of the Supreme Court of the United States. I know of no theory upon which a cause of action can be spelled out of this complaint not based upon that doctrine. A stockholder might have a cause of action to attack the transaction upon the ground that the act of the officers and directors in making the contract for reinsurance and attempting to carry it into effect was ultra vires, and 'certainly the Attorney-General, upon his own motion, or at the instigation of the Insurance Department, would have the right to question this transaction if its result is, as claimed, to practically dissolve the company, to prevent it from doing further business and to transfer such business to a foreign corporation having no right to do such business within the State of Hew York, and that is the protection given by the law to the policyholder.
“ If an action had for its object the compelling of the trustees, directors, managers or other officers of a corporation to account for their official conduct in the management and disposition of the property committed to their charge, then it would have to be brought by the Attorney-General in behalf of the People; or it might be brought by a judgment creditor of the corporation under sections 1781 and 1782 of the Code of Civil Procedure. * * * The objects of life insurance corporations invest them with such a public interest that the State has placed them within the superintendence of a special department, and every consideration militates in favor of the protection which the State has thrown around these companies.” (Swan v. Mutual Reserve Fund Life Assn., 155 N. Y. 9.)
[230]*230■ The business of insurance is so important to the community that ' the Legislature has extended over it, to an extraordinarily minute degree the protection of public supervision and control; and for. such alleged wrongs as.the plaintiff here complains of there is ample power and authority in the State officers having supervision of the corporation and its acts, illustrated in this very case,, because when such State officers learned of the transaction and took action, the $18,000,000 of assets were promptly brought back within the State. On the other hand, if we should change what I conceive to be the well-established rule of law, and support this action, we ' would lay open every insurance company to inconsiderate or wicked attacks by every policyholder, a result not to be contemplated without the gravest apprehensions of the ultimate consequences to the policyholders and those for whose benefit their earnings have been in vested in insurance.
We do not pass upon the validity of the contract or the acts done thereunder, or whether or not it'was uUt'a vires either corporation, because we do not think such matters properly before us. We hold squarely that the plaintiff has no standing in court on any cause of action set up in his complaint for any relief therein prayed.
Therefore, the order, so far as appealed from by the defendants, is reversed, with ten dollars costs .and disbursements, and the motion denied, with ten dollars costs to the appellants; and so far as the plaintiff appeals, the appeal is dismissed, with ten dollars costs and disbursements.
Ingraham, McLaughlin, Laughlin and Scott, JJ., concurred.
On defendants’ appeal, order reversed,, with ten dollars costs and disbursements, and motion denied, with ten dollars costs to appellants ; on plaintiff’s appeal, appeal dismissed, with ten dollars costs and disbursements. Settle order on notice.