OPINION No. 04-10-00328-CR
Rudy L. VALLADO, Appellant
v.
The STATE of Texas, Appellee
From the 144th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas Trial Court No. 2008CR11728 Honorable Pat Priest, Judge Presiding 1
Opinion by: Steven C. Hilbig, Justice
Sitting: Phylis J. Speedlin, Justice Rebecca Simmons, Justice Steven C. Hilbig, Justice
Delivered and Filed: June 22, 2011
AFFIRMED
Rudy L. Vallado appeals the trial court’s judgment of conviction for aggravated assault.
Vallado contends the evidence is insufficient to support a finding that he used or exhibited a
deadly weapon. We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
BACKGROUND
Roy Cortez worked as a security officer at Gloria’s Lounge in San Antonio. On
September 22, 2008, he went to the bar to present an invoice for his services to the owner.
1 Senior Judge sitting by assignment 04-10-00328-CR
Cortez testified that as he walked back outside, he was attacked by Vallado. Richard Pacheco
told the jury he was sitting in his parked car, facing the bar when he saw Vallado come out the
front door of the bar, followed by Cortez. Pacheco testified Cortez began to push Vallado and
eventually pushed him to the ground. Pacheco saw Cortez lift Vallado and slam him into
Pacheco’s car. Pacheco testified Vallado then stabbed Cortez two or three times with a knife.
Pacheco told the jury he saw intestines protruding from a wound to Cortez’s stomach. Pacheco
went inside the bar to call police and others ran after Vallado and caught him a short distance
from the bar.
San Antonio Police Officer Jason Mendez testified that when he arrived at the bar,
Vallado was being held by a security guard. The security guard handed Officer Mendez a knife
he said he had taken from Vallado. Officer Mendez described the knife as being five to seven
inches long with a two or three inch blade. Officer Mendez later gave the knife to the reporting
officer, San Antonio Police Officer Manuel Rodriguez. Officer Rodriguez testified the knife
contained a single blade and was approximately six inches long. Officer Rodriguez testified the
knife was a deadly weapon because it was capable of causing serious bodily injury or death. The
officer stated the blade could “slice an artery,” “cause severe internal injuries,” or cause a person
to “bleed out and die.” The knife, a folding knife with a locking blade approximately three
inches in length, was introduced into evidence.
Cortez testified he did not remember fighting with Vallado before being stabbed. Cortez
stated he was stabbed on his side, cut on his shoulder blade, and cut on his elbow. After the
stabbing, he noticed his clothes were wet and “full of blood” from the wound to his side. He
recalled being transported to the hospital and treated for his wounds. He told the jury that,
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except for a single day, he was hospitalized or in a rehabilitation center from the date he was
stabbed (September 22, 2008) until December 4, 2008.
Cortez’s mother, Rose Marie Coronado, testified she went to the hospital after being
notified about the stabbing by the police. She told the jury that Cortez was in surgery when she
arrived. Coronado testified her son underwent a skin graft to his abdomen because the injury to
his stomach became infected and would not close. Cortez also suffered a ruptured bowel and
had been wearing a colostomy bag for one and one-half years at the time of trial. It is not clear
from the record whether the colostomy was required by the injuries Cortez suffered in the attack
or by subsequent complications.
In accordance with the allegations of the indictment, the jury was charged that it could
return a verdict of guilt if it found beyond a reasonable doubt Vallado committed aggravated
assault either by causing bodily injury while using a deadly weapon or by causing serious bodily
injury. The jury returned a general verdict, finding Vallado guilty of aggravated assault as
alleged in the indictment.
SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
Applicable Law
The indictment charged a single count of aggravated assault in two separate paragraphs.
Paragraph A alleged Vallado committed aggravated assault by using and exhibiting a deadly
weapon — a knife — and caused bodily injury to Cortez by cutting and stabbing him with the
knife. Paragraph B alleged Vallado committed aggravated assault by cutting and stabbing Cortez
with the knife and causing serious bodily injury. The trial court instructed the jury on both
theories in the disjunctive.
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Vallado asserts the evidence is legally insufficient to prove the knife used in the attack is
a deadly weapon. Vallado does not directly attack the sufficiency of the evidence under
Paragraph B as to whether Cortez suffered serious bodily injury. Normally, an appellate court
will refrain from conducting a sufficiency of the evidence review when the defendant fails to
attack all theories of conviction submitted alternatively to the jury. See Kitchens v. State, 823
S.W.2d 256, 259 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991)(overruling sufficiency of the evidence point of error
because defendant failed to contest all acts charged), cert. denied, 504 U.S. 958 (1992); Gokey v.
State, 314 S.W.3d 63, 68 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2010, pet. dism’d)(holding court would not
conduct sufficiency of evidence review when defendant failed to challenge both theories of
aggravated assault submitted to jury); Gonzalez Soto v. State, 267 S.W.3d 327, 333 n. 23 (Tex.
App.—Corpus Christi 2008, no pet.)(appellate court declined to render judgment of acquittal
after State conceded evidence was legally insufficient to support one of the theories submitted to
jury because jury returned general verdict and defendant did not challenge sufficiency of
evidence to support remaining two theories); Randall v. State, 232 S.W.3d 285, 288 (Tex.
App.—Beaumont 2007, pet. ref’d)(overruling defendant’s claim of legal insufficiency because
defendant did not challenge all theories submitted to jury); Henderson v. State, 77 S.W.3d 321,
327 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2002, no pet.)(same). However, in his argument that the evidence
is insufficient to support a finding that he used a deadly weapon, Vallado contends Cortez did
not suffer serious bodily injury. Liberally construing the argument, and in the interest of justice,
we will consider whether the evidence is sufficient to support the jury’s verdict under either
theory.
A weapon used to cause serious bodily injury is by definition a deadly weapon. See TEX.
PENAL CODE ANN. § 1.07(a)(17)(B) (West 2011)(“deadly weapon” means “anything that in the
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manner of its use or intended use is capable of causing death or serious bodily injury”); Landrian
v. State, 268 S.W.3d 532, 538 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). “Serious bodily injury” is “bodily injury
that creates a substantial risk of death or that causes death, serious permanent disfigurement, or
protracted loss or impairment of the function of any bodily member or organ.” TEX. PEN. CODE
ANN.
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OPINION No. 04-10-00328-CR
Rudy L. VALLADO, Appellant
v.
The STATE of Texas, Appellee
From the 144th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas Trial Court No. 2008CR11728 Honorable Pat Priest, Judge Presiding 1
Opinion by: Steven C. Hilbig, Justice
Sitting: Phylis J. Speedlin, Justice Rebecca Simmons, Justice Steven C. Hilbig, Justice
Delivered and Filed: June 22, 2011
AFFIRMED
Rudy L. Vallado appeals the trial court’s judgment of conviction for aggravated assault.
Vallado contends the evidence is insufficient to support a finding that he used or exhibited a
deadly weapon. We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
BACKGROUND
Roy Cortez worked as a security officer at Gloria’s Lounge in San Antonio. On
September 22, 2008, he went to the bar to present an invoice for his services to the owner.
1 Senior Judge sitting by assignment 04-10-00328-CR
Cortez testified that as he walked back outside, he was attacked by Vallado. Richard Pacheco
told the jury he was sitting in his parked car, facing the bar when he saw Vallado come out the
front door of the bar, followed by Cortez. Pacheco testified Cortez began to push Vallado and
eventually pushed him to the ground. Pacheco saw Cortez lift Vallado and slam him into
Pacheco’s car. Pacheco testified Vallado then stabbed Cortez two or three times with a knife.
Pacheco told the jury he saw intestines protruding from a wound to Cortez’s stomach. Pacheco
went inside the bar to call police and others ran after Vallado and caught him a short distance
from the bar.
San Antonio Police Officer Jason Mendez testified that when he arrived at the bar,
Vallado was being held by a security guard. The security guard handed Officer Mendez a knife
he said he had taken from Vallado. Officer Mendez described the knife as being five to seven
inches long with a two or three inch blade. Officer Mendez later gave the knife to the reporting
officer, San Antonio Police Officer Manuel Rodriguez. Officer Rodriguez testified the knife
contained a single blade and was approximately six inches long. Officer Rodriguez testified the
knife was a deadly weapon because it was capable of causing serious bodily injury or death. The
officer stated the blade could “slice an artery,” “cause severe internal injuries,” or cause a person
to “bleed out and die.” The knife, a folding knife with a locking blade approximately three
inches in length, was introduced into evidence.
Cortez testified he did not remember fighting with Vallado before being stabbed. Cortez
stated he was stabbed on his side, cut on his shoulder blade, and cut on his elbow. After the
stabbing, he noticed his clothes were wet and “full of blood” from the wound to his side. He
recalled being transported to the hospital and treated for his wounds. He told the jury that,
-2- 04-10-00328-CR
except for a single day, he was hospitalized or in a rehabilitation center from the date he was
stabbed (September 22, 2008) until December 4, 2008.
Cortez’s mother, Rose Marie Coronado, testified she went to the hospital after being
notified about the stabbing by the police. She told the jury that Cortez was in surgery when she
arrived. Coronado testified her son underwent a skin graft to his abdomen because the injury to
his stomach became infected and would not close. Cortez also suffered a ruptured bowel and
had been wearing a colostomy bag for one and one-half years at the time of trial. It is not clear
from the record whether the colostomy was required by the injuries Cortez suffered in the attack
or by subsequent complications.
In accordance with the allegations of the indictment, the jury was charged that it could
return a verdict of guilt if it found beyond a reasonable doubt Vallado committed aggravated
assault either by causing bodily injury while using a deadly weapon or by causing serious bodily
injury. The jury returned a general verdict, finding Vallado guilty of aggravated assault as
alleged in the indictment.
SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
Applicable Law
The indictment charged a single count of aggravated assault in two separate paragraphs.
Paragraph A alleged Vallado committed aggravated assault by using and exhibiting a deadly
weapon — a knife — and caused bodily injury to Cortez by cutting and stabbing him with the
knife. Paragraph B alleged Vallado committed aggravated assault by cutting and stabbing Cortez
with the knife and causing serious bodily injury. The trial court instructed the jury on both
theories in the disjunctive.
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Vallado asserts the evidence is legally insufficient to prove the knife used in the attack is
a deadly weapon. Vallado does not directly attack the sufficiency of the evidence under
Paragraph B as to whether Cortez suffered serious bodily injury. Normally, an appellate court
will refrain from conducting a sufficiency of the evidence review when the defendant fails to
attack all theories of conviction submitted alternatively to the jury. See Kitchens v. State, 823
S.W.2d 256, 259 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991)(overruling sufficiency of the evidence point of error
because defendant failed to contest all acts charged), cert. denied, 504 U.S. 958 (1992); Gokey v.
State, 314 S.W.3d 63, 68 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2010, pet. dism’d)(holding court would not
conduct sufficiency of evidence review when defendant failed to challenge both theories of
aggravated assault submitted to jury); Gonzalez Soto v. State, 267 S.W.3d 327, 333 n. 23 (Tex.
App.—Corpus Christi 2008, no pet.)(appellate court declined to render judgment of acquittal
after State conceded evidence was legally insufficient to support one of the theories submitted to
jury because jury returned general verdict and defendant did not challenge sufficiency of
evidence to support remaining two theories); Randall v. State, 232 S.W.3d 285, 288 (Tex.
App.—Beaumont 2007, pet. ref’d)(overruling defendant’s claim of legal insufficiency because
defendant did not challenge all theories submitted to jury); Henderson v. State, 77 S.W.3d 321,
327 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2002, no pet.)(same). However, in his argument that the evidence
is insufficient to support a finding that he used a deadly weapon, Vallado contends Cortez did
not suffer serious bodily injury. Liberally construing the argument, and in the interest of justice,
we will consider whether the evidence is sufficient to support the jury’s verdict under either
theory.
A weapon used to cause serious bodily injury is by definition a deadly weapon. See TEX.
PENAL CODE ANN. § 1.07(a)(17)(B) (West 2011)(“deadly weapon” means “anything that in the
-4- 04-10-00328-CR
manner of its use or intended use is capable of causing death or serious bodily injury”); Landrian
v. State, 268 S.W.3d 532, 538 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). “Serious bodily injury” is “bodily injury
that creates a substantial risk of death or that causes death, serious permanent disfigurement, or
protracted loss or impairment of the function of any bodily member or organ.” TEX. PEN. CODE
ANN. § 1.07(a)(46) (West 2011). An object need not actually cause serious bodily injury or
death to be a deadly weapon within the meaning of the Penal Code; however, the evidence must
establish “the actor intend[ed] a use of the object in which it would be capable of causing death
or serious bodily injury.” McCain v. State, 22 S.W.3d 497, 503 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). When
the wounds caused by the weapon do not result in serious bodily injury or death, an object is a
deadly weapon only if the State proves it “(1) was capable of causing serious bodily injury; and
(2) was displayed or used in a manner that establishes the intent to use the [weapon] to cause
death or serious bodily injury.” Lockett v. State, 874 S.W.2d 810, 814 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1994,
pet. ref’d); see Johnson v. State, 919 S.W.2d 473, 477 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1996, pet. ref’d)
(holding that State must prove “the thing used as a weapon was capable of causing death or
serious bodily injury”).
We conduct a legal sufficiency review by looking at all of the evidence in the light most
favorable to the verdict to determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the
essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Prible v. State, 175 S.W.3d 724,
729-30 (Tex. Crim. App.), cert. denied, 546 U.S. 962 (2005). We resolve any inconsistencies in
the testimony in favor of the verdict. Curry v. State, 30 S.W.3d 394, 406 (Tex. Crim. App.
2000). We defer to the jury’s determination of the weight to be given to contradictory
testimonial evidence because resolution of the conflict is often determined by the jurors’
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evaluation of the witnesses’ credibility and demeanor. Johnson v. State, 23 S.W.3d 1, 9 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2000).
Discussion
The evidence is sufficient to support the jury’s verdict under both the “serious bodily
injury” and the “deadly weapon” means of committing aggravated assault. Officer Rodriguez
testified the knife Vallado used was a deadly weapon. Although Vallado argues on appeal we
should not consider this testimony because the State failed to establish the basis of the opinion,
he did not object to the testimony at trial. Moreover, Officer Rodriguez explained the basis for
his opinion — that when the blade was extended, the knife could be used to “stab somebody,
slice an artery; . . . cause severe internal injuries,” and the person could “bleed out and die.” The
knife has a blade that is approximately three inches long, and witnesses testified it was used to
stab Cortez. According to Pacheco, the attack caused Cortez’s intestines to protrude from one of
his wounds. This evidence was sufficient to support a rational finding by the jury that the knife,
in its manner of use and intended use, was capable of causing serious bodily injury or death. See
Tucker v. State, 274 S.W.3d 688, 692 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008)(holding that evidence knife wound
was in vulnerable area and could have resulted in severing major blood vessel or nerve supported
finding that weapon was capable of causing serious bodily injury or death).
There is also sufficient evidence to allow a rational jury to conclude beyond a reasonable
doubt Cortez suffered serious bodily injury. Cortez testified he was in a hospital or in a
rehabilitation facility for over two months after the stabbing. His mother testified the wound to
her son’s stomach would not heal due to infection and a skin graft was required to close the
wound. Cortez also suffered a ruptured bowel and was required to use a colostomy bag. Cortez
was still using the bag at the time of trial, almost one and one-half years after the crime. This
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evidence demonstrates Cortez suffered a protracted loss or impairment of use of the function of a
bodily organ.
CONCLUSION
The State presented sufficient evidence to allow a rational jury to find beyond a
reasonable doubt the essential elements of aggravated assault. There was sufficient evidence to
support a finding that Vallado used a deadly weapon and caused bodily injury to the victim or
that Vallado caused Cortez to suffer serious bodily injury. The judgment of the trial court is
affirmed.
Steven C. Hilbig, Justice
PUBLISH
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