COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Humphreys, McCullough and Senior Judge Bumgardner UNPUBLISHED
RUBINA AZAM, F/H/A RUBINA MIAH MEMORANDUM OPINION* v. Record No. 0884-14-2 PER CURIAM NOVEMBER 18, 2014 AZHAR MIAH
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF HENRICO COUNTY Catherine C. Hammond, Judge
(Neil Kuchinsky; Kuchinsky & Yeamans, P.C., on brief), for appellant.
(Richard L. Locke; Shannon S. Otto; Locke & Quinn, on brief), for appellee.
Rubina Azam (mother) appeals a custody and visitation order. Mother argues that the trial
court erred by (1) failing to consider all of the necessary factors in determining custody and
visitation; (2) failing to appoint a guardian ad litem for the child because the trial court refused to
speak with the child, there was disagreement regarding the frequency of the mother’s
communication and visitation with the child, and the child was not able to make her own decisions;
(3) ordering that Azhar Miah (father) and his parents shall have joint legal custody of the parties’
child; and (4) not ordering that the child could have a passport, so long as she returned to the United
States. Upon reviewing the record and briefs of the parties, we conclude that this appeal is
without merit. Accordingly, we summarily affirm the decision of the trial court. See Rule
5A:27.
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. BACKGROUND
The parties married on July 4, 2000 and divorced on August 4, 2003. They have one
daughter, who was born in May 2001.
Pursuant to the final decree of divorce, the parties had joint legal custody of their
daughter, with father having primary physical custody. Mother had reasonable visitation,
including every other weekend and additional time during the week, summer, and holidays.
On December 1, 2006, the trial court entered an order modifying mother’s visitation. The
visitation addressed the time periods between December 2006 until August 2007 and encouraged
the parties to determine the visitation schedule for the 2007-08 school year. If the parties were
unable to agree on a visitation schedule, then they could bring the matter to the court’s attention,
and mother could continue to have monthly visits in Richmond.
Since the December 1, 2006 order, mother married and moved to California. On
December 12, 2013, father filed a motion to amend custody and visitation. Father alleged that
mother had not visited with the child “for over six (6) years” and that joint legal custody was
“unworkable.”
On April 14, 2014, the parties appeared before the trial court on father’s motion. Mother
testified that she visited with their daughter “every two to three, four months, five months,” but
the last time that she saw her was in May 2010. She introduced photographs to verify her
visitations. She also testified that she maintained weekly telephone contact with their daughter
until December 2013. She said that since December 2013, she would call, but no one answered.
She admitted that she would not agree to sign the papers for their daughter’s passport because
she was concerned about her daughter’s safety and that her daughter would not return to the
United States.
-2- Father testified that he has lived with his parents since approximately 2000, and his
daughter has always lived there. He and his parents have lived in Richmond for almost forty
years. Father testified that he proposed a visitation schedule after the summer of 2007, but
mother did not respond. He also explained that mother would tell the child that she was coming
to visit, but never came. Father testified that he asked mother to sign the passport forms so that
he could take their daughter on the Hajj for their religious pilgrimage to Mecca. Mother refused.
After hearing all of the evidence and argument, the trial court held that there has been a
material change in circumstances, including mother’s remarriage and the parties’ inability to
decide on a visitation schedule. The trial court further found that “the mother and the child have
not been in close contact and the last physical contact was almost four years ago.” Based on
these changes, it ordered that joint legal custody be awarded to father and his parents. It also
ordered that mother would have visitation and contact with the child upon request of the child.
Lastly, it held that father could obtain a passport for the child. The trial court entered an order
reflecting its rulings on the same date of the hearing, April 14, 2014. The trial court handwrote
the following on the order: “Ms. Azam objected orally to all of this Court’s rulings.” Mother’s
endorsement was waived pursuant to Rule 1:13. She did not file any objections or post-trial
motions. This appeal followed.
ANALYSIS1
Assignments of error # 1 and 4
For her first assignment of error, mother argues that the trial court erred by not
considering “all the necessary factors in making its decisions regarding custody and visitation.”
1 Father argues that mother erroneously included the transcript from the April 14, 2014 hearing in the appendix because she did not include it in her designation of the contents of appendix. Although the transcript was not in the designation, the transcript was timely filed with the circuit court and included in the record. Father was not prejudiced by its inclusion in the appendix. -3- Mother argues in her opening brief that the judge did not communicate her decision based on the
Code § 20-124.3 factors. Mother did not raise this argument below, nor did she file any
objections or post-trial motions.
For her fourth assignment of error, mother argues that the trial court “should have made
the grant of the passport to the child conditional on the child’s return to the U.S.” Again, mother
never raised this argument below.
“No ruling of the trial court . . . will be considered as a basis for reversal unless an
objection was stated with reasonable certainty at the time of the ruling, except for good cause
shown or to enable the Court of Appeals to attain the ends of justice.” Rule 5A:18. “The
purpose of Rule 5A:18 is to allow the trial court to correct in the trial court any error that is
called to its attention.” Lee v. Lee, 12 Va. App. 512, 514, 404 S.E.2d 736, 737 (1991) (en banc).
We “will not consider an argument on appeal which was not presented to the trial court.”
Ohree v. Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 299, 308, 494 S.E.2d 484, 488 (1998).
Since mother did not raise the arguments in her first and fourth assignments of error with
the trial court, this Court will not consider them.
Assignment of error #2
Mother argues that the trial court abused its discretion by not appointing a guardian ad
litem for the child. She contends a guardian ad litem was necessary to investigate the situation,
including the child’s feelings and her home.
It is within “the discretionary power of the court, in an appropriate case, to appoint a
guardian ad litem to protect the best interests of a child in a contested custody hearing.”
Verrocchio v. Verrocchio, 16 Va. App. 314, 321, 429 S.E.2d 482, 486 (1993) (citation omitted).
“[I]n those contested custody cases where the trial judge finds that the best interests of the child
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Humphreys, McCullough and Senior Judge Bumgardner UNPUBLISHED
RUBINA AZAM, F/H/A RUBINA MIAH MEMORANDUM OPINION* v. Record No. 0884-14-2 PER CURIAM NOVEMBER 18, 2014 AZHAR MIAH
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF HENRICO COUNTY Catherine C. Hammond, Judge
(Neil Kuchinsky; Kuchinsky & Yeamans, P.C., on brief), for appellant.
(Richard L. Locke; Shannon S. Otto; Locke & Quinn, on brief), for appellee.
Rubina Azam (mother) appeals a custody and visitation order. Mother argues that the trial
court erred by (1) failing to consider all of the necessary factors in determining custody and
visitation; (2) failing to appoint a guardian ad litem for the child because the trial court refused to
speak with the child, there was disagreement regarding the frequency of the mother’s
communication and visitation with the child, and the child was not able to make her own decisions;
(3) ordering that Azhar Miah (father) and his parents shall have joint legal custody of the parties’
child; and (4) not ordering that the child could have a passport, so long as she returned to the United
States. Upon reviewing the record and briefs of the parties, we conclude that this appeal is
without merit. Accordingly, we summarily affirm the decision of the trial court. See Rule
5A:27.
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. BACKGROUND
The parties married on July 4, 2000 and divorced on August 4, 2003. They have one
daughter, who was born in May 2001.
Pursuant to the final decree of divorce, the parties had joint legal custody of their
daughter, with father having primary physical custody. Mother had reasonable visitation,
including every other weekend and additional time during the week, summer, and holidays.
On December 1, 2006, the trial court entered an order modifying mother’s visitation. The
visitation addressed the time periods between December 2006 until August 2007 and encouraged
the parties to determine the visitation schedule for the 2007-08 school year. If the parties were
unable to agree on a visitation schedule, then they could bring the matter to the court’s attention,
and mother could continue to have monthly visits in Richmond.
Since the December 1, 2006 order, mother married and moved to California. On
December 12, 2013, father filed a motion to amend custody and visitation. Father alleged that
mother had not visited with the child “for over six (6) years” and that joint legal custody was
“unworkable.”
On April 14, 2014, the parties appeared before the trial court on father’s motion. Mother
testified that she visited with their daughter “every two to three, four months, five months,” but
the last time that she saw her was in May 2010. She introduced photographs to verify her
visitations. She also testified that she maintained weekly telephone contact with their daughter
until December 2013. She said that since December 2013, she would call, but no one answered.
She admitted that she would not agree to sign the papers for their daughter’s passport because
she was concerned about her daughter’s safety and that her daughter would not return to the
United States.
-2- Father testified that he has lived with his parents since approximately 2000, and his
daughter has always lived there. He and his parents have lived in Richmond for almost forty
years. Father testified that he proposed a visitation schedule after the summer of 2007, but
mother did not respond. He also explained that mother would tell the child that she was coming
to visit, but never came. Father testified that he asked mother to sign the passport forms so that
he could take their daughter on the Hajj for their religious pilgrimage to Mecca. Mother refused.
After hearing all of the evidence and argument, the trial court held that there has been a
material change in circumstances, including mother’s remarriage and the parties’ inability to
decide on a visitation schedule. The trial court further found that “the mother and the child have
not been in close contact and the last physical contact was almost four years ago.” Based on
these changes, it ordered that joint legal custody be awarded to father and his parents. It also
ordered that mother would have visitation and contact with the child upon request of the child.
Lastly, it held that father could obtain a passport for the child. The trial court entered an order
reflecting its rulings on the same date of the hearing, April 14, 2014. The trial court handwrote
the following on the order: “Ms. Azam objected orally to all of this Court’s rulings.” Mother’s
endorsement was waived pursuant to Rule 1:13. She did not file any objections or post-trial
motions. This appeal followed.
ANALYSIS1
Assignments of error # 1 and 4
For her first assignment of error, mother argues that the trial court erred by not
considering “all the necessary factors in making its decisions regarding custody and visitation.”
1 Father argues that mother erroneously included the transcript from the April 14, 2014 hearing in the appendix because she did not include it in her designation of the contents of appendix. Although the transcript was not in the designation, the transcript was timely filed with the circuit court and included in the record. Father was not prejudiced by its inclusion in the appendix. -3- Mother argues in her opening brief that the judge did not communicate her decision based on the
Code § 20-124.3 factors. Mother did not raise this argument below, nor did she file any
objections or post-trial motions.
For her fourth assignment of error, mother argues that the trial court “should have made
the grant of the passport to the child conditional on the child’s return to the U.S.” Again, mother
never raised this argument below.
“No ruling of the trial court . . . will be considered as a basis for reversal unless an
objection was stated with reasonable certainty at the time of the ruling, except for good cause
shown or to enable the Court of Appeals to attain the ends of justice.” Rule 5A:18. “The
purpose of Rule 5A:18 is to allow the trial court to correct in the trial court any error that is
called to its attention.” Lee v. Lee, 12 Va. App. 512, 514, 404 S.E.2d 736, 737 (1991) (en banc).
We “will not consider an argument on appeal which was not presented to the trial court.”
Ohree v. Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 299, 308, 494 S.E.2d 484, 488 (1998).
Since mother did not raise the arguments in her first and fourth assignments of error with
the trial court, this Court will not consider them.
Assignment of error #2
Mother argues that the trial court abused its discretion by not appointing a guardian ad
litem for the child. She contends a guardian ad litem was necessary to investigate the situation,
including the child’s feelings and her home.
It is within “the discretionary power of the court, in an appropriate case, to appoint a
guardian ad litem to protect the best interests of a child in a contested custody hearing.”
Verrocchio v. Verrocchio, 16 Va. App. 314, 321, 429 S.E.2d 482, 486 (1993) (citation omitted).
“[I]n those contested custody cases where the trial judge finds that the best interests of the child
-4- are not adequately protected by the parties, appointment of a guardian ad litem for the child is
appropriate.” Id. at 322, 429 S.E.2d at 487.
The trial court did not find that it was in the child’s best interests to appoint a guardian ad
litem in this case. The child was available to speak with the trial court. However, the trial court
declined to speak with the child because it did not want to “put her in that position” and it could
“tell from the testimony” of both parents and the paternal grandfather how the child felt.
Based on the circumstances of this case, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
declining to appoint a guardian ad litem.
Assignment of error #3
Mother argues that the trial court erred by changing the legal custody of the child to
father and his parents. Mother contends there was insufficient evidence to support the trial
court’s ruling.
“[T]he parent seeking to obtain a transfer of custody bears the burden to show a change in
circumstances following the most recent custody award.” Hughes v. Gentry, 18 Va. App. 318,
322, 443 S.E.2d 448, 451 (1994) (citations omitted).
“The test [for modifying custody] . . . has two prongs: first, has there been a change in
circumstances since the most recent custody award; second, would a change in custody be in the
best interests of the children.” Keel v. Keel, 225 Va. 606, 611, 303 S.E.2d 917, 921 (1983).
“As long as evidence in the record supports the trial court’s ruling and the trial court has
not abused its discretion, its ruling must be affirmed on appeal.” Brown v. Brown, 30 Va. App.
532, 538, 518 S.E.2d 336, 338 (1999).
Father presented evidence that the child has lived with him and his parents her entire life.
Since the last court order, mother remarried and moved to California. Father argued that mother
had not been very involved in the child’s life and rarely visited the child. The trial court found
-5- that the child and mother were not in “close contact” and mother’s last visit was “almost four
years ago.” The trial court further held that the parents were “unable to cooperate on the
visitation schedule.” There was evidence regarding the parents’ inability to communicate and
agree on whether the child should get a passport and under what circumstances. There was no
evidence regarding mother’s involvement in the child’s daily life, whereas father and his parents
were actively involved in the child’s daily life. Father presented evidence about how well the
child was doing in school and her extracurricular activities. The trial court also heard evidence
that when father traveled for work, his parents took care of the child and have been an important
part of her life.
Based on all of the evidence, the trial court did not err in finding that there had been a
material change in circumstances and that a change in custody was in the child’s best interests.
Attorney’s fees and costs
Father asks this Court to award him attorney’s fees and costs incurred on appeal. See
O’Loughlin v. O’Loughlin, 23 Va. App. 690, 695, 479 S.E.2d 98, 100 (1996). On consideration
of the record before us, this Court denies father’s request.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the trial court’s ruling is summarily affirmed. Rule 5A:27.
Affirmed.
-6-