Roth v. Mulch Mfg., Inc.

2025 Ohio 5241

• Court: Ohio Court of Appeals
• Decided: November 19, 2025
• Docket: 2025 CA 00014
• Status: Published

Opinion

[Cite as Roth v. Mulch Mfg., Inc., 2025-Ohio-5241.]

COURT OF APPEALS LICKING COUNTY, OHIO FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

TINA ROTH Case No. 2025 CA 00014

Plaintiff - Appellee Opinion And Judgment Entry

-vs- Appeal from the Court of Common Pleas, Case No. 22CV00347 MULCH MANUFACTURING, INC., ET AL. Judgment: Appeal Dismissed

Defendants – Appellants Date of Judgment Entry: November 19, 2025

BEFORE: Andrew J. King; Craig R. Baldwin; David M. Gormley, Appellate Judges

APPEARANCES: JUDITH E. GALEANO, STEPHEN E. DUTTON, for Plaintiff-Appellee; NELSON M. REID, MATTHEW T. WATSON, CHRISTOPHER R. BUTLER, for Defendants-Appellants.

King, P.J.

{¶ 1} Defendants-Appellants, Mulch Manufacturing, Inc. and Sustainable Green

Team, Ltd., appeal the February 20, 2025 judgment entry of the Licking County Court of

Common Pleas, granting default judgment and awarding damages and attorney fees to

Plaintiff-Appellee, Tina Roth. Additional defendants were Anthony Raynor and Ralph

Spencer. We dismiss the appeal.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

{¶ 2} Roth was employed by Mulch Manufacturing and/or Sustainable Green

from 2013 until her termination from employment in 2021.1 Raynor and Spencer were

1In 2020, Sustainable Green acquired Mulch Manufacturing and the two corporations

merged. executive officers with the corporations. On April 12, 2022, Roth filed a complaint against

appellants and the additional defendants and an amended complaint on November 10,

2022. Roth alleged as a female, she consistently received a lower commission than her

newly hired male coworkers. Roth alleged claims for violations of the Equal Pay Act

against all defendants (Count I), retaliation in violation of the Equal Pay Act against all

defendants (Count II), sex discrimination in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of

1964 against all defendants (Count III), sex discrimination in violation of R.C. Chapter

4112 against the corporations (Count IV), retaliation in violation of R.C. Chapter 4112

against all defendants (Count V), retaliation in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act

of 1964 against all defendants (Count VI), wage discrimination in violation of R.C. 4111.17

against the corporations (Count VII), breach of contract against all defendants (Count

VIII), breach of contract against defendant Spencer (Count IX), promissory estoppel

against all defendants (Count X), unjust enrichment against all defendants (Count XI),

quantum meruit against all defendants (Count XII), and fraud against defendants Raynor

and Spencer (Count XIII).

{¶ 3} On May 9, 2022, appellants and Raynor filed a joint answer to the original

complaint, along with a cross-claim against Spencer, seeking indemnification if they were

ordered to issue company stocks to Roth. On March 27, 2023, appellants and Raynor

filed separate answers to the amended complaint without a cross-claim against Spencer.

{¶ 4} On August 15, 2023, Roth filed a motion to compel discovery due to

appellants' failure to produce requested documents after six months. Appellants failed to

respond to the motion. By order filed August 31, 2023, the trial court granted the motion.

Thereafter, appellants made two supplemental document disclosures. {¶ 5} On October 24, 2023, Roth filed a stipulation of dismissal, dismissing all her

claims against Spencer. The dismissal was with prejudice. Her remaining claims against

appellants and Raynor remained.

{¶ 6} On November 3, 2023, Roth filed a motion for sanctions, claiming appellants

failed to comply with the discovery order. A hearing was held on November 20, 2023. By

entry filed December 22, 2023, the trial court granted the motion, finding appellants to be

in violation of the August 31, 2023 order; the trial court ordered appellants to produce all

discovery by January 30, 2024, and ordered appellants to pay Roth's attorney fees in the

amount of $28,930.17 as a sanction. The trial court warned defendants failure to comply

with the entry "shall cause the Court to designate the facts as alleged in Plaintiff’s First

Amended Complaint established for the purposes of this action."

{¶ 7} On May 1, 2024, Roth filed a combined motion to deem the facts alleged in

the amended complaint as admitted, for default judgment against appellants, and for

attorney fees. Appellants failed to respond to the motions. By entry filed September 11,

2024, the trial court granted the motions, granted default judgment against appellants,

and set a hearing to determine damages; the trial court also awarded Roth an additional

$47,000.12 for accrued interest and additional attorney fees due to appellants' failure to

comply with the trial court's December 22, 2023 discovery entry. A damages hearing was

held five months later on February 10, 2025; no one appeared on behalf of appellants.

By judgment entry filed February 20, 2025, the trial court entered judgment against

appellants, jointly and severally, as follows: $379,654.10 in economic compensatory

damages which included backpay losses for unlawful termination of employment;

$274,521.59 in economic compensatory damages for pay differential damages; $654,175.69 in liquidated damages for violating the Equal Pay Act and wage

discrimination; $313,500.00 in contractual damages; $350,000.00 in non-economic

compensatory damages for sex discrimination and retaliation; $2,008,351.38 in punitive

damages for sex discrimination and retaliation; $193,501.99 reflecting five years of front

pay as equitable relief; and $139,873.76 in costs and additional attorney fees. In total,

the February 20, 2025 judgment entry awarded Roth $4,313,578.51. The judgment entry

was silent as to any claims against Raynor.

{¶ 8} On March 18, 2025, appellants filed an appeal on the trial court's February

20, 2025 judgment entry. Also on March 18, 2025, Roth filed a pretrial statement

reiterating her claims against Raynor, as the sole remaining defendant. On June 24,

2025, Roth dismissed her claims against Raynor. The dismissal was without prejudice.

Appellants set forth the following assignments of error:

I

{¶ 9} "THE LOWER COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION IN ORDERING THE

FACTS ALLEGED IN APPELLEE’S AMENDED COMPLAINT AS TRUE, ORDERING

DEFAULT JUDGMENT AGAINST APPELLANTS AND ORDERING PAYMENT OF

ATTORNEY'S FEES IN AN ORDER DATED FEBRUARY 20, 2025 "

II

{¶ 10} "THE LOWER COURT ERRED IN AWARDING APPELLEE ECONOMIC

DAMAGES UNDER ALTERNATIVE THEORIES BASED UPON THE SAME SET OF

CIRCUMSTANCES." III

{¶ 11} "THE LOWER COURT ERRED IN AWARDING PUNITIVE DAMAGES

AGAINST APPELLANT."

{¶ 12} At the outset, we will address the issue of whether there is a final appealable

order before this court. If a court's order is not final and appealable, we have no

jurisdiction to review the matter and must dismiss the appeal. General Accident

Insurance Co. v. Insurance Company of North America, 44 Ohio St.3d 17 (1989).

{¶ 13} In her appellate brief, Roth argues the appealed judgment entry did not fall

under any of the categories for being a final order under R.C. 2505.02(B), did not dispose

of all claims, and the trial court did not certify that there was no just reason for delay under

Civ.R. 54(B); therefore, Roth argues the judgment entry appealed was not a final

appealable order. Appellee’s Brief at 2-3. We agree.

{¶ 14} Roth filed an amended complaint against appellants and their respective

executive officers, Raynor and Spencer. Roth voluntarily dismissed her claims against

Spencer on October 24, 2023. The dismissal was with prejudice.

{¶ 15} By entry filed September 11, 2024, the trial court granted default judgment

to Roth against appellants. By judgment entry filed February 20, 2025, the trial court

entered judgment and assessed damages against appellants, jointly and severally. The

two entries were silent as to any claims against Raynor.

{¶ 16} Appellants filed an appeal on March 18, 2025. As stated by Roth in her

appellate brief, she continued to litigate her claims against Raynor. Appellee’s Brief at 2;

see Roth's Pretrial Statement filed March 18, 2025. But on June 24, 2025, Roth dismissed her claims against Raynor. The dismissal was without prejudice. So, at the

time of the filing of the notice of appeal, Roth’s claims against Raynor were still viable.

{¶ 17} In order for this court to have jurisdiction, there must be a final appealable

order before the court. Ohio Const., art. IV, § 3(B)(2); R.C. 2505.02. Under R.C.

2505.02(B)(1), an order is final if it "affects a substantial right in an action that in effect

determines the action and prevents a judgment." "For an order to determine the action

and prevent a judgment for the party appealing, it must dispose of the whole merits of the

cause or some separate and distinct branch thereof and leave nothing for the

determination of the court." Hamilton County Board of Mental Retardation &

Developmental Disabilities v. Professionals Guild of Ohio, 46 Ohio St.3d 147, 153 (1989).

"'A judgment that leaves issues unresolved and contemplates that further action must be

taken is not a final appealable order.'" State ex rel. Keith v. McMonagle, 2004-Ohio-5580,

¶ 4, quoting Bell v. Horton, 142 Ohio App.3d 694, 696 (4th Dist. 2001).

{¶ 18} In addition, if a case involves multiple parties or multiple claims, the court's

order must meet the requirements of Civ.R. 54(B) to qualify as a final, appealable order.

Civ.R. 54(B) states: "When more than one claim for relief is presented in an action . . . or

when multiple parties are involved, the court may enter final judgment as to one or more

but fewer than all of the claims or parties only upon an express determination that there

is no just reason for delay." Absent this language, "there is no just reason for delay," an

order "which adjudicates fewer than all the claims or the rights and liabilities of fewer than

all the parties, shall not terminate the action as to any of the claims or parties, and the

order or other form of decision is subject to revision at any time before the entry of

judgment adjudicating all the claims and the rights and liabilities of all the parties." Id. Therefore, the order would not be final and appealable. Clifton v. Johnson, 2015-Ohio-

4246, ¶ 10-11 (4th Dist.).

{¶ 19} At the time of the filing of the notice of appeal, the case was still active as

to Raynor, an executive with Sustainable Green, with claims against him intricately

intertwined with the corporation. Depending on the outcome of the claims against Raynor,

the trial court could have revised the judgment against appellants. The February 20, 2025

judgment entry did not resolve all of the claims against the multiple parties, and the

judgment entry did not contain the mandatory Civ.R. 54(B) language that there is no just

reason for delay. Accordingly, without a final order, we lack jurisdiction to consider this

appeal.

{¶ 20} For the reasons stated in our accompanying Opinion, the appeal is

DISMISSED.

{¶ 21} Costs to Appellants.

By: King, P.J.

Baldwin, J. and,

Gormley, J. concurs separately.

Gormley, J., concurring in the opinion and judgment

{¶ 22} I join the court’s opinion and judgment in full.

{¶ 23} I write separately simply to note that we are not treading new ground in

dismissing this appeal for want of a final and appealable order. Other Ohio appellate

courts have confronted similar scenarios to the one that this case presents. See, e.g.,

Coleman v. Stroup, 2023-Ohio-1080, ¶ 21-26 (4th Dist.) (where a trial court granted

motions to dismiss or motions for summary judgment in favor of all defendants, and where the plaintiff then filed a prompt appeal, that appeal was premature because one of the

defendant’s counterclaims were unresolved, and that defendant’s later voluntary

dismissal of the counterclaims while the plaintiff’s appeal was pending was in fact the

event that started the running of the 30-day clock for the filing of a proper notice of

appeal); Doe v. Dayton Bd. of Edn., 2020-Ohio-5355, ¶ 9 (2d Dist.) (where a trial court

granted judgment on the pleadings in favor of some but not all defendants, that trial-court

ruling was not a final and appealable order until the plaintiff later filed a Civ.R. 41(A)(1)(a)

dismissal of the plaintiff’s claims against the remaining defendant).

{¶ 24} And our decision also comports with the relevant Ohio appellate rule. See

App.R. 4(A)(2) (“a party who wishes to appeal from an order that is not final upon its entry

but subsequently becomes final — such as an order that . . . becomes final upon dismissal

of the action — shall file the notice of appeal required by App.R. 3 within 30 days of the

date on which the order becomes final”); 2014 Staff Note, App.R. 4 (noting that “confusion

. . . can arise when the trial court enters an order that is not final when entered but

becomes final . . . because of the dismissal of the action (e.g., under Civ.R. 41(A)),” and

explaining that “[i]n these circumstances, the time to appeal begins to run when the

previously non-final order becomes a final order”).

{¶ 25} Given that the appeal in this case was filed in March 2025, and given that

the plaintiff did not voluntarily dismiss in the trial court the last of her unresolved claims

against one of the defendants until June 2025, this appeal was premature. The trial

court’s February 2025 judgment was not final and appealable until that June 2025

voluntary dismissal, and it was the plaintiff’s filing of that latter document that started the 30-day clock for the filing of a timely appeal by any defendants who wished to challenge

the February 2025 judgment.