ADAMS, J.
It is proper to state, by way of preface to our review of this case, that, the trial court having rendered a decision which does not state separately the facts found, this court is required, under the existing rules of practice, to review all questions of fact and of law, and award to either party such judgment as he may be fairly entitled to. Code Civ. Proc. § 1022; New Britain Nat. Bank v. Cleveland Co., 91 Hun, 447, 36 N. Y. Supp. 387; Harding v. Elliott, 91 Hun, 502, 36 N. Y. Supp. 648. The plaintiff, who is a judgment debtor of the-defendant Georgia S. Holcomb, brings this action to set aside as. fraudulent and void a pretended sale of a stock of merchandise made by the judgment debtor to the defendant Caywood, who subsequently-agreed with his co-defendant Donovan that, if he would sell the goods, thus purchased,-he would give him a share of the profits realizéd from such sale. The defendant Holcomb suffered judgment to be taken against her by default, thereby virtually admitting that in the attempted transfer of the goods in question to her co-defendant she was-guilty of the fraud charged against her. The learned trial justice felt constrained, however, to dismiss the plaintiff’s complaint as. against the defendants Caywood and Donovan, for the reason that, in his opinion, the evidence in the case failed to establish actual notice- or knowledge upon their part of any fraudulent intent upon the part of Mrs. Holcomb. After a careful examination of the record, we find ourselves unable to adopt this view of the case, or to escape the conviction that the circumstances attending the transactions in which. [986]*986these two defendants participated, and from which they seek to derive some profit, were so presumptively and palpably fraudulent as to render it absolutely impossible for them to claim, with any degree of sincerity, that they were not apprised of their true character. It is quite apparent to our minds that the learned trial justice was by no means convinced of the bona fides of the defendants Caywood and Donovan, but that he was influenced in his determination by the case of Parker v. Conner, 93 N. Y. 118, which he seems to have regarded as conclusive upon the question of notice. We are inclined to think, however, that the doctrine of that case must be carried to an extreme length in order to relieve these defendants from the inference which is fairly warranted by their relation to the transactions upon which the allegation of fraud is founded; for while it does unquestionably require that, before a vendee can be held responsible for the fraud of his vendor, it must be shown that he had some actual knowledge or notice of such fraud, it expressly recognizes the rule, which has long obtained, that knowledge or notice, in order to be deemed direct and actual, need not be established by positive evidence, but may be inferred from circumstances, like any‘other fact. McNally v. City of Cohoes, 127 N. Y. 350, 27 N. E. 1043. This case seems to furnish a very excellent illustration of the rule just adverted to, as well as of the necessity which almost invariably exists for its application in actions involving the investigation of fraudulent transactions, where, from the very nature of things, it is impossible to establish the fraud in any other manner, and a brief review of some of the uncontradicted facts of the case will satisfactorily demonstrate the correctness of this assertion. As has already been stated, the defendant Holcomb admits the charge of fraud, so far as she is concerned, by suffering default in the action; and we are unable to discover that any one connected with the case has had the temerity to even suggest that, in disposing of her stock of goods to the defendant Caywood, she was actuated by any other motive than a desire to cheat the plaintiff and obtain what little money she could for her own use. So far as appears, she owed no debts to any considerable amount except the one she was owing the plaintiff, and no creditor save one, to whom she was indebted in the insignificant sum of $15, was pressing her for settlement. On the 14th day of February, 1896, her indebtedness to the plaintiff amounted to the sum of about $1,500; and upon that day her husband, who conducted the business for his wife, and who, it is but fair to say, appears to have furnished the inspiration for the fraud which was subsequently perpetrated, received a letter from the plaintiff requesting a statement of his wife’s financial condition. Immediately upon receipt of this letter Holcomb endeavored to find some one who would purchase his wife’s stock of boots and shoes, and in the evening of the same day he applied to the defendant Caywood, who was a money lender, and had never engaged in the shoe business. Holcomb represented to Caywood that his wife’s stock would inventory, at cost, at about $2,000 or $2,100, and offered to sell the same for $1,000. Within half an hour after negotiations were thus opened he had agreed to dispose of the stock to 'Caywood for $850, and at about 11 o’clock of the same evening, in company with the defendants Caywood and Donovan, [987]*987lie began taking an inventory, which was continued until about 2 o’clock in the morning, when it was discovered that the stock inventoried at the sum of only $1,835, instead of the amount anticipated. When this fact was ascertained, and it was made apparent that Holcomb was determined to sell the goods at any price he could get for them, Caywood took advantage of the situation, and insisted that he would give but $050 for the same. Immediately upon this proposition being made Holcomb rushed up to his wife’s room over the store, informed her of Caywood’s last offer, and in a short time returned and accepted the same. The fraud was thereupon consummated through the medium of a bill of sale, which was executed before the parties separated. At the time of the trial it appeared that $1,083 had been realized from the sale of the stock thus transferred, and that there still remained about $000 worth of goods unsold, so that Caywood actually obtained the stock for about 35 cents on the dollar. It was further made to appear by evidence quite convincing that one, if not both, of the defendants knew that Holcomb bought goods of the plaintiff; that the plaintiff’s monogram appeared upon all, or nearly all, of the boxes in the store in which the goods were kept; that Donovan stated to the plaintiff that Holcomb had been in such transactions before; and that, when he failed the last time, he (Donovan) had bought his stock in substantially the same manner. Weedsport is a small village. Caywood had lived there and been acquainted with Holcomb and his wife for many years. It is altogether probable, therefore, that he was acquainted with their financial standing, and the extent and character of their business, and, presumably, he also possessed some knowledge of the motives which generally underlie and govern human conduct. Now, it may be conceded that no one of the circumstances which surrounded this transaction would, of itself, have been sufficient to establish either the fraudulent intent of Mrs. Holcomb, or any knowledge of such intent upon the part of her co-defendants. Nevertheless, when all these circumstances are considered in their true light and proper relation to each other, we are of the opinion that they certainly permit, if they do not actually force, the inference that this pretended transfer was conceived in fraud, and that its purpose was so apparent that no one who was a party thereto can be permitted to escape the consequences of his guilty participation, by saying that he did not know or understand what any man of ordinary intelligence, under the same circumstances, ought to have known and understood.
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ADAMS, J.
It is proper to state, by way of preface to our review of this case, that, the trial court having rendered a decision which does not state separately the facts found, this court is required, under the existing rules of practice, to review all questions of fact and of law, and award to either party such judgment as he may be fairly entitled to. Code Civ. Proc. § 1022; New Britain Nat. Bank v. Cleveland Co., 91 Hun, 447, 36 N. Y. Supp. 387; Harding v. Elliott, 91 Hun, 502, 36 N. Y. Supp. 648. The plaintiff, who is a judgment debtor of the-defendant Georgia S. Holcomb, brings this action to set aside as. fraudulent and void a pretended sale of a stock of merchandise made by the judgment debtor to the defendant Caywood, who subsequently-agreed with his co-defendant Donovan that, if he would sell the goods, thus purchased,-he would give him a share of the profits realizéd from such sale. The defendant Holcomb suffered judgment to be taken against her by default, thereby virtually admitting that in the attempted transfer of the goods in question to her co-defendant she was-guilty of the fraud charged against her. The learned trial justice felt constrained, however, to dismiss the plaintiff’s complaint as. against the defendants Caywood and Donovan, for the reason that, in his opinion, the evidence in the case failed to establish actual notice- or knowledge upon their part of any fraudulent intent upon the part of Mrs. Holcomb. After a careful examination of the record, we find ourselves unable to adopt this view of the case, or to escape the conviction that the circumstances attending the transactions in which. [986]*986these two defendants participated, and from which they seek to derive some profit, were so presumptively and palpably fraudulent as to render it absolutely impossible for them to claim, with any degree of sincerity, that they were not apprised of their true character. It is quite apparent to our minds that the learned trial justice was by no means convinced of the bona fides of the defendants Caywood and Donovan, but that he was influenced in his determination by the case of Parker v. Conner, 93 N. Y. 118, which he seems to have regarded as conclusive upon the question of notice. We are inclined to think, however, that the doctrine of that case must be carried to an extreme length in order to relieve these defendants from the inference which is fairly warranted by their relation to the transactions upon which the allegation of fraud is founded; for while it does unquestionably require that, before a vendee can be held responsible for the fraud of his vendor, it must be shown that he had some actual knowledge or notice of such fraud, it expressly recognizes the rule, which has long obtained, that knowledge or notice, in order to be deemed direct and actual, need not be established by positive evidence, but may be inferred from circumstances, like any‘other fact. McNally v. City of Cohoes, 127 N. Y. 350, 27 N. E. 1043. This case seems to furnish a very excellent illustration of the rule just adverted to, as well as of the necessity which almost invariably exists for its application in actions involving the investigation of fraudulent transactions, where, from the very nature of things, it is impossible to establish the fraud in any other manner, and a brief review of some of the uncontradicted facts of the case will satisfactorily demonstrate the correctness of this assertion. As has already been stated, the defendant Holcomb admits the charge of fraud, so far as she is concerned, by suffering default in the action; and we are unable to discover that any one connected with the case has had the temerity to even suggest that, in disposing of her stock of goods to the defendant Caywood, she was actuated by any other motive than a desire to cheat the plaintiff and obtain what little money she could for her own use. So far as appears, she owed no debts to any considerable amount except the one she was owing the plaintiff, and no creditor save one, to whom she was indebted in the insignificant sum of $15, was pressing her for settlement. On the 14th day of February, 1896, her indebtedness to the plaintiff amounted to the sum of about $1,500; and upon that day her husband, who conducted the business for his wife, and who, it is but fair to say, appears to have furnished the inspiration for the fraud which was subsequently perpetrated, received a letter from the plaintiff requesting a statement of his wife’s financial condition. Immediately upon receipt of this letter Holcomb endeavored to find some one who would purchase his wife’s stock of boots and shoes, and in the evening of the same day he applied to the defendant Caywood, who was a money lender, and had never engaged in the shoe business. Holcomb represented to Caywood that his wife’s stock would inventory, at cost, at about $2,000 or $2,100, and offered to sell the same for $1,000. Within half an hour after negotiations were thus opened he had agreed to dispose of the stock to 'Caywood for $850, and at about 11 o’clock of the same evening, in company with the defendants Caywood and Donovan, [987]*987lie began taking an inventory, which was continued until about 2 o’clock in the morning, when it was discovered that the stock inventoried at the sum of only $1,835, instead of the amount anticipated. When this fact was ascertained, and it was made apparent that Holcomb was determined to sell the goods at any price he could get for them, Caywood took advantage of the situation, and insisted that he would give but $050 for the same. Immediately upon this proposition being made Holcomb rushed up to his wife’s room over the store, informed her of Caywood’s last offer, and in a short time returned and accepted the same. The fraud was thereupon consummated through the medium of a bill of sale, which was executed before the parties separated. At the time of the trial it appeared that $1,083 had been realized from the sale of the stock thus transferred, and that there still remained about $000 worth of goods unsold, so that Caywood actually obtained the stock for about 35 cents on the dollar. It was further made to appear by evidence quite convincing that one, if not both, of the defendants knew that Holcomb bought goods of the plaintiff; that the plaintiff’s monogram appeared upon all, or nearly all, of the boxes in the store in which the goods were kept; that Donovan stated to the plaintiff that Holcomb had been in such transactions before; and that, when he failed the last time, he (Donovan) had bought his stock in substantially the same manner. Weedsport is a small village. Caywood had lived there and been acquainted with Holcomb and his wife for many years. It is altogether probable, therefore, that he was acquainted with their financial standing, and the extent and character of their business, and, presumably, he also possessed some knowledge of the motives which generally underlie and govern human conduct. Now, it may be conceded that no one of the circumstances which surrounded this transaction would, of itself, have been sufficient to establish either the fraudulent intent of Mrs. Holcomb, or any knowledge of such intent upon the part of her co-defendants. Nevertheless, when all these circumstances are considered in their true light and proper relation to each other, we are of the opinion that they certainly permit, if they do not actually force, the inference that this pretended transfer was conceived in fraud, and that its purpose was so apparent that no one who was a party thereto can be permitted to escape the consequences of his guilty participation, by saying that he did not know or understand what any man of ordinary intelligence, under the same circumstances, ought to have known and understood. In saying this we are not unmindful of the rule that fraud may not, generally speaking, be imputed to a purchaser by reason of his omission to exercise active diligence in endeavoring to ascertain the motive of his vendor. But this rule, we apprehend, has no application to a case where the indicia of fraud are so patent as they are here.
As we have already suggested, Caywood certainly had good reason to suppose that some extraordinary motive impelled Holcomb to come to him in the evening with an offer to sell a stock of goods for about one-third of their actual value, and, had he taken the precaution to make the slightest inquiry as to Mrs. Holcomb’s financial condition, he would probably have learned what that motive was. But this he failed to do. He simply satisfied himself that there were no liens [988]*988upon the stock, and then made the purchase. In these circumstances we are clearly of the opinion that it cannot be said that he acted in good faith, or that h,e is entitled to any protection as against the creditors of his vendor. On the contrary, our conclusion of the whole matter is (1) that the defendant Holcomb executed the bill of sale of the goods in question to the defendant Caywood with the fraudulent purpose of hindering and delaying the plaintiff in the collection of his claim against her; (2) that the defendant 'Caywood purchased such goods with notice or knowledge of his vendor’s fraudulent purpose; and (3) that, whatever may have been the relation of the defendant Donovan to the transaction in question, he possessed sufficient notice or know-ledge of its fraudulent character to deprive him of the right to reap any benefit therefrom. It is therefore ordered, adjudged, and decreed that the judgment appealed from be, and the same hereby is, reversed, with costs; that the bill of sale executed by the defendant Georgia S. Holcomb to the defendant Chauncey C. Caywood, dated February 14, 1896, be declared fraudulent and void, as against this plaintiff; that any subsequent agreement entered into between the defendants Caywood and Donovan, relative to the property mentioned in such bill of sale, be likewise declared fraudulent and void as against this plaintiff; that the defendants Caywood and Donovan account to the plaintiff for the property received by them in consequence of such bill of sale; and that to that end James R. Davy, Esq., of the city of Rochester, be, and he is hereby, appointed a referee to ascertain and report the value of the property thus attempted to be transferred, and that upon the filing of the report of said referee the plaintiff be at liberty to apply to the special term for such further judgment as he may be advised. All concur.