Opinion of the Couet by
Judge Olaeke
— Affirming.
Appellant brought this-suit to recover for alleged injuries sustained by her on July 19, 1913, when, while riding on Eighteenth Street at or near its crossing of St. Louis Avenue in Louisville in an automobile driven [278]*278by ber husband, the automobile was struck by one of appellee’s cars as a result of the alleged negligence of the’motorman. Appellant’s contention-is that the'-collision occurred after her automobile had turned off of St’. Louis Avenue into Eighteenth Street, and 'had proceeded about one hundred feet along Eighteenth Street; that the street car was, .running at-an unusually fast rate of speed, and that-appellee’s agent in-the operation of said car by the exercise of ^ordinary care. -could -have avoided the accident. ■ -■ - ,
Appellee’s contention is that the. accident- occurred at the intersection of-the two streets above,named, and resulted from the turning of the automobile out óf St. Louis Avenue into Eighteenth Street in front of and so close to the approaching street car that its motorman, although doing everything that was within his power to do, could not .avoid the accident.
A verdict' resulted' in íavór óf appellee^ "and' appellant’s motion and grounds.for a new trial having been overruled, she appeals.
Counsel for'aiipéllaht 'hrgües that-the court did not present in the instructions given to-the jury appellant’s theory of the case, and directs his objection to the following .instructionsgiven: , \ ...
“1. It was the -duty, of .the motorman, ,in charge of the south-bound car in the -testimony referred to,,to run' his car at a reasonable rate of-speed;-to keep lookout -ahead for peísóns up'on' the -track- in front of -him or-so near the track as to be in danger of being struck by the car; and to have, his, car under reasonable control;- and, as he. approached the,,infer section óf Eightéerith Street and St. Louis Avenue, to give.tiniely warning of the approach of the car to-dhe intersection,,and,,,generally, t.q-exercise ordinary care;- as -he.-approached, and -crossed, over, the intersection, to so operate his car as to avoid colliding with persons or vehicles using the intersection; and, if you believe from the evidence ih'this'cáse, that the motorman in charge of said car failed ip any one, or more of these duties, and thereby negligently caused his car to collide with the automobile in which the plaintiff was riding,-, and she was- thereby injured,- the law is for., the plaintiff, and the jury should so find.
' ''‘But finles's you be’lieve;frondthé' evidence 'the -law of the'' cáse "is ' for' ’the'-'defendant, ‘the Eouisyi-lle - -Railway Company',' and'ydit 'sho'u'ld so‘ find.", :‘! ■ :•
[279]*279“2. If you believe from tbe evidence that tbe automobile came upon .or near tbe track in. front of tbe car and was .then in a position from being. struck, by tbe car, and tbe motorman saw, or by tbe exercise of ordinary care could have.-seen, that tbe. automobile was in a position of danger, and that tbe street car was then far enough back from tbe automobile for tbe motorman, in tbe exercise of ordinary care with the means at bis command, to have slowed, or stopped tbe car so as to have avoided striking tbe automobile, and be negligently failed to do so, tbe law is for tbe plaintiff, although tbe preson operating tbe automobile was also negligent.”
Counsel’s objections to tbe first instruction are that it defines the duties of tbe street car motorman at tbe intersection of streets where appellee claims tbe accident occurred, and that it does not define tbe motorman’s duties except at tbe intersection, when appellant’s contention .is that tbe accident occurred about one hundred feet from tbe corner, .but counsel’s contention is not sustained by reading tbe instruction, for tbe first three duties therein specified are not limited to tbe street crossing, but are applicable at all times, and seem to us to correctly define the duties of tbe motorman applicable to this case, even if it might be assumed that tbe accident happened at tbe point claimed by appellant.
Tbe jury were told therein that it was tbe motorman’s duty at all times to run bis car at a reasonable rate of speed; to keep a lookout ahead for persons upon tbe track in front of him or so near'the track as to be in danger, and to have bis car under reasonable control.
Tbe instruction does define bis especial'duties at tbe street crossing, as was proper it should in view of tbe testimony for appellee tending to show that the accident occurred at or near tbe crossing rather than at tbe point claimed by appellant, which gave appellant tbe right to recover if' the motorman failed in any of bis duties, whether at tbe crossing or between crossings, which might have caused tbe accident.
We think this instruction presented to the jury tbe question of whether or not the accident resulted from tbe negligence .of appellee’s motorman, at either place, and while it is probably true that,. in. view of the conflict in tbe evidence about.the exact place of this accident, it would have been tbe better practice.for the court to have given a separate instruction with reference to [280]*280each, place; still the above instruction having defined the motorman’s duties at each place and having combined into one instruction all that could have been given under the two, if separated, we cannot believe appellant was prejudiced thereby, or that her theory of the accident was not presented to the jury by that instruction.
Counsel for appellant also objects earnestly to the second instruction given by the court, alleging as a reason for his objection that it assumes that appellant, or her husband, was guilty of such negligence as placed her in peril. We do not so read.it. This instruction, it seems to us, very clearly and in almost the exact language used by appellant in the third instruction offered by her, explains to the jury that appellant was entitled to recover without regard to whether or not she or her husband was guilty of negligence, if the motorman saw, or b3r the exercise of ordinary care could have seen, that the automobile was in a position of danger in time to have avoided the accident, and he failed to use every means at hand to prevent it. This instruction correctly presented appellant’s theory of the case, even if the first -one had not done so, and we do not see how the court could have more clearly or completely presented it than is done by this second instruction. We are convinced there was no prejudicial error, if any, either in the giving or refusing of the instructions by the trial court.
II. The next objection is that the action of the court in refusing to permit appellant to prove by herself and her witness, Mr. Shaw, the rate at which appellee’s street car was traveling just before the time of the accident was prejudicial error. Appellant was permitted and did testify that the street car was approaching very fast, and the witness Shaw said that something over half of a square from where the accident occurred the street car was coming at an awful rate of speed. There is no avowal as to what either of these witnesses would have stated the speed of the car to have been in miles per hour, nor in fact were they asked the exact question. The court permitted appellant to state how hard the car struck the automobile, how far it knocked it, and whether it was a heavy or a light-blow.
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Opinion of the Couet by
Judge Olaeke
— Affirming.
Appellant brought this-suit to recover for alleged injuries sustained by her on July 19, 1913, when, while riding on Eighteenth Street at or near its crossing of St. Louis Avenue in Louisville in an automobile driven [278]*278by ber husband, the automobile was struck by one of appellee’s cars as a result of the alleged negligence of the’motorman. Appellant’s contention-is that the'-collision occurred after her automobile had turned off of St’. Louis Avenue into Eighteenth Street, and 'had proceeded about one hundred feet along Eighteenth Street; that the street car was, .running at-an unusually fast rate of speed, and that-appellee’s agent in-the operation of said car by the exercise of ^ordinary care. -could -have avoided the accident. ■ -■ - ,
Appellee’s contention is that the. accident- occurred at the intersection of-the two streets above,named, and resulted from the turning of the automobile out óf St. Louis Avenue into Eighteenth Street in front of and so close to the approaching street car that its motorman, although doing everything that was within his power to do, could not .avoid the accident.
A verdict' resulted' in íavór óf appellee^ "and' appellant’s motion and grounds.for a new trial having been overruled, she appeals.
Counsel for'aiipéllaht 'hrgües that-the court did not present in the instructions given to-the jury appellant’s theory of the case, and directs his objection to the following .instructionsgiven: , \ ...
“1. It was the -duty, of .the motorman, ,in charge of the south-bound car in the -testimony referred to,,to run' his car at a reasonable rate of-speed;-to keep lookout -ahead for peísóns up'on' the -track- in front of -him or-so near the track as to be in danger of being struck by the car; and to have, his, car under reasonable control;- and, as he. approached the,,infer section óf Eightéerith Street and St. Louis Avenue, to give.tiniely warning of the approach of the car to-dhe intersection,,and,,,generally, t.q-exercise ordinary care;- as -he.-approached, and -crossed, over, the intersection, to so operate his car as to avoid colliding with persons or vehicles using the intersection; and, if you believe from the evidence ih'this'cáse, that the motorman in charge of said car failed ip any one, or more of these duties, and thereby negligently caused his car to collide with the automobile in which the plaintiff was riding,-, and she was- thereby injured,- the law is for., the plaintiff, and the jury should so find.
' ''‘But finles's you be’lieve;frondthé' evidence 'the -law of the'' cáse "is ' for' ’the'-'defendant, ‘the Eouisyi-lle - -Railway Company',' and'ydit 'sho'u'ld so‘ find.", :‘! ■ :•
[279]*279“2. If you believe from tbe evidence that tbe automobile came upon .or near tbe track in. front of tbe car and was .then in a position from being. struck, by tbe car, and tbe motorman saw, or by tbe exercise of ordinary care could have.-seen, that tbe. automobile was in a position of danger, and that tbe street car was then far enough back from tbe automobile for tbe motorman, in tbe exercise of ordinary care with the means at bis command, to have slowed, or stopped tbe car so as to have avoided striking tbe automobile, and be negligently failed to do so, tbe law is for tbe plaintiff, although tbe preson operating tbe automobile was also negligent.”
Counsel’s objections to tbe first instruction are that it defines the duties of tbe street car motorman at tbe intersection of streets where appellee claims tbe accident occurred, and that it does not define tbe motorman’s duties except at tbe intersection, when appellant’s contention .is that tbe accident occurred about one hundred feet from tbe corner, .but counsel’s contention is not sustained by reading tbe instruction, for tbe first three duties therein specified are not limited to tbe street crossing, but are applicable at all times, and seem to us to correctly define the duties of tbe motorman applicable to this case, even if it might be assumed that tbe accident happened at tbe point claimed by appellant.
Tbe jury were told therein that it was tbe motorman’s duty at all times to run bis car at a reasonable rate of speed; to keep a lookout ahead for persons upon tbe track in front of him or so near'the track as to be in danger, and to have bis car under reasonable control.
Tbe instruction does define bis especial'duties at tbe street crossing, as was proper it should in view of tbe testimony for appellee tending to show that the accident occurred at or near tbe crossing rather than at tbe point claimed by appellant, which gave appellant tbe right to recover if' the motorman failed in any of bis duties, whether at tbe crossing or between crossings, which might have caused tbe accident.
We think this instruction presented to the jury tbe question of whether or not the accident resulted from tbe negligence .of appellee’s motorman, at either place, and while it is probably true that,. in. view of the conflict in tbe evidence about.the exact place of this accident, it would have been tbe better practice.for the court to have given a separate instruction with reference to [280]*280each, place; still the above instruction having defined the motorman’s duties at each place and having combined into one instruction all that could have been given under the two, if separated, we cannot believe appellant was prejudiced thereby, or that her theory of the accident was not presented to the jury by that instruction.
Counsel for appellant also objects earnestly to the second instruction given by the court, alleging as a reason for his objection that it assumes that appellant, or her husband, was guilty of such negligence as placed her in peril. We do not so read.it. This instruction, it seems to us, very clearly and in almost the exact language used by appellant in the third instruction offered by her, explains to the jury that appellant was entitled to recover without regard to whether or not she or her husband was guilty of negligence, if the motorman saw, or b3r the exercise of ordinary care could have seen, that the automobile was in a position of danger in time to have avoided the accident, and he failed to use every means at hand to prevent it. This instruction correctly presented appellant’s theory of the case, even if the first -one had not done so, and we do not see how the court could have more clearly or completely presented it than is done by this second instruction. We are convinced there was no prejudicial error, if any, either in the giving or refusing of the instructions by the trial court.
II. The next objection is that the action of the court in refusing to permit appellant to prove by herself and her witness, Mr. Shaw, the rate at which appellee’s street car was traveling just before the time of the accident was prejudicial error. Appellant was permitted and did testify that the street car was approaching very fast, and the witness Shaw said that something over half of a square from where the accident occurred the street car was coming at an awful rate of speed. There is no avowal as to what either of these witnesses would have stated the speed of the car to have been in miles per hour, nor in fact were they asked the exact question. The court permitted appellant to state how hard the car struck the automobile, how far it knocked it, and whether it was a heavy or a light-blow. The court volunteered the statement that appellant having her back to the approaching car, would not be able to estimate accurately the rate of speed at which it was approaching, and that Mr. Sh'aw from his position inside his home having sim[281]*281ply seen the car pass in front of the door, could not have estimated the speed at which it was going. While, of course, it is better practice for a trial court to refrain from voluntary statements about the witnesses and the evidence, and to confine himself to passing upon objections as presented, still we think appellant got the full force of what these witnesses co.uld have known about the speed of the car; but, however that may be, in the absence of avowals as to what they would have said, we are unable to say, if error, it was prejudicial error, for the court to have refused to permit these witnesses to attempt to express more accurately the rate of speed at which the car was going.
TTT. Another ground for reversal urged by counsel for appellant is that the court erred in refusing to grant a new trial upon the ground of newly discovered evidence. Affidavits were filed of five persons who would have testified that the .accident occurred practically where stated by appellant in her testimony, one of whom measured the distance from the corner by stepping it, and stated the distance to be one hundred and twenty-six feet. Even if it might be conceded the testimony of these witnesses would have been conclusive of the exact location at which the accident occurred, which it would not have been since several of'appellee’s witnesses had testified as positively as these witnesses could have done that the accident occurred at or near the corner, still there was nothing in this testimony that could not have been ascertained with as much certainty by measurement before as after the trial. And while agreeing with counsel’s propositions of law that newly discovered evidence, although in a sense cumulative, may furnish ground for a new trial, if it is decisive and could not have been produced at the time of the trial, we do not believe that the newly discovered evidence as disclosed by the affidavits was of the required character, or might not with diligence have been produced at the trial. It is certainly cumulative.
Other grounds named in the motion for a new trial and not urged by counsel in brief, will not be discussed; although they were reviewed.
Perceiving no prejudicial error in the trial of this case, the judgment herein is affirmed.