Roseanne Kwak v. Kimberly Overmyer and Marshall-Starke Development Center, Inc., West Bend Mutual Ins. Company

• Court: Indiana Court of Appeals
• Decided: December 13, 2012
• Docket: 75A03-1203-CT-104
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as precedent or cited before any court except for the purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE: West Bend Mutual Insurance Company MARK A. MATTHES Yoder Ainlay Ulmer & Buckingham, LLP JON C. ABERNATHY Goshen, Indiana ELIZABETH J. WYSONG BERG Goodin Abernathy, LLP Indianapolis, Indiana

FILED IN THE Dec 13 2012, 9:17 am

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA CLERK of the supreme court, court of appeals and tax court

ROSEANN KWAK, ) ) Appellant-Plaintiff, ) ) vs. ) No. 75A03-1203-CT-104 ) KIMBERLY OVERMYER and MARSHALL- ) STARKE DEVELOPMENT CENTER, INC., ) ) Defendants, ) ) WEST BEND MUTUAL INSURANCE ) COMPANY, ) ) Appellee/Garnishee-Defendant. )

APPEAL FROM THE STARKE CIRCUIT COURT The Honorable Kim Hall, Judge Cause No. 75C01-0408-CT-21

December 13, 2012

MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION

FRIEDLANDER, Judge Roseann Kwak appeals from the trial court’s order denying her motion to correct error

from the trial court’s order granting summary judgment in favor of West Bend Mutual

Insurance Company (West Bend), the garnishee-defendant, in proceedings supplemental

initiated by Kwak. Kwak raises several issues for our review which we consolidate and

restate as follows: Did the trial court err by granting summary judgment in favor of West

Bend? West Bend cross-appeals, raising the following restated and dispositive issue for our

review: Did the trial court err by concluding that Kimberly Overmyer (Overmyer) was

entitled to coverage under a commercial umbrella policy issued to her employer by West

Bend?

We affirm.

On September 25, 2002, Overmyer, who was an employee of Marshall-Starke

Development Center, Inc. (Marshall-Starke), while operating her personal vehicle, but acting

in the scope of her employment, was involved in an automobile accident which injured

Kwak. At the time of the collision, Overmyer had insurance on her personal vehicle through

State Farm Insurance (State Farm), and Marshall-Starke had automobile insurance issued by

Auto-Owners Insurance Company (Auto-Owners), and a commercial umbrella policy issued

by West Bend.

On November 8, 2004, Kwak filed an amended complaint against Overmyer and

Marshall-Starke for the injuries she sustained in the collision. On March 21, 2006, a

$500,000 consent judgment (2006 Consent Judgment) was entered into between Kwak and

Overmyer, which by its terms was non-binding on Marshall-Starke. Kwak and Overmyer,

2 through State Farm, also executed a covenant not to execute, in which State Farm agreed to

pay its policy limits in exchange for Kwak’s agreement not to execute the judgment against

Overmyer’s personal assets. Instead, Kwak agreed to attempt to collect the judgment from

West Bend under the commercial umbrella policy issued to Marshall-Starke. On April 26,

2006, State Farm paid the policy limits of $100,000 to Kwak for its coverage of Overmyer.

On September 11, 2008, Kwak and Marshall-Starke entered into and executed a loan receipt

agreement in which Auto-Owners, having issued a policy to Marshall-Starke providing for

$1,000,000 of coverage, paid $75,000 to Kwak as an interest-free loan. Neither Overmyer

nor Marshall-Starke were explicitly released from liability under the agreement.

Kwak then filed proceedings supplemental naming West Bend as a garnishee-

defendant. West Bend had issued a commercial umbrella policy to Marshall-Starke.

Ultimately, Kwak and West Bend filed cross-motions for summary judgment. On September

7, 2007, the trial court entered an order on those cross-motions for summary judgment

concluding that West Bend’s commercial umbrella policy did provide coverage for

Overmyer, but that West Bend was not bound by the 2006 Consent Judgment. Kwak’s

motion to correct error from that order was denied by the trial court, which found that the

remedy sought by Kwak was antithetical to public policy that cases should be decided on

their merits, and that the 2006 Consent Judgment, to which West Bend was not a party to the

negotiations or agreement, undermined the integrity of the adjudicative process.

On February 2, 2009, Kwak, Overmyer, and Marshall-Starke entered into a Revised

Consent Judgment. Kwak initiated proceedings supplemental again naming West Bend as a

3 garnishee-defendant. Kwak and West Bend filed cross-motions for summary judgment in

that action. On April 26, 2011, the trial court issued its order concluding that West Bend

would not be bound by the Revised Consent Judgment because Overmyer had not exhausted

the Auto-Owners policy, thus, West Bend’s duty to defend had not been triggered. Kwak

filed a motion to correct error, which the trial court denied by written order on July 27, 2011.

In that order, the trial court concluded that West Bend was not bound by the Revised

Consent Judgment for several reasons. First, West Bend’s duty to defend was not triggered

because Overmyer had not exhausted the coverage provided for under the Auto-Owners

policy. Further, West Bend was never put on notice or contacted by Kwak’s, Overmyer’s, or

Marshall-Starke’s counsel about the Revised Consent Judgment. In addition, the trial court

stated that the Revised Consent Judgment “which [Kwak] seeks to enforce against West

Bend Insurance Company, who was neither a party to the negotiations or the purported

agreement, undermines the integrity of the adjudicative process and goes against public

policy, considering that West Bend was and is a party to this cause of action.” Appellant’s

Appendix at 23.

Kwak initiated an appeal of the orders granting summary judgment in favor of West

Bend. West Bend filed a motion to dismiss the appeal, which this court granted. We

remanded the matter to the trial court “for consideration of an entry of finality pursuant to

Trial Rule 54(B).” Id. at 17. On February 17, 2012, the trial court entered an order granting

Kwak’s motion for entry of final judgment. Kwak now appeals.

4 Kwak argues that the trial court erred by granting summary judgment in favor of West

Bend. When reviewing a trial court’s order granting summary judgment, we apply the same

standard as that of the trial court. Lacy-McKinney v. Taylor Bean & Whitaker Mortg. Corp.,

937 N.E.2d 853 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010). Summary judgment is appropriate if the pleadings and

designated evidence demonstrate that there are no genuine issues of fact and that the moving

party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id.; Ind. Trial Rule 56(C). We construe the

pleadings, affidavits, and designated materials in the light most favorable to the non-moving

party, and the moving party has the burden of demonstrating the absence of a genuine issue

of material fact. Lacy-McKinney v. Taylor Bean & Whitaker Mortg. Corp., 937 N.E.2d 853.

Because a trial court’s grant of summary judgment comes to us clothed with a

presumption of validity, the appellant must persuade us that error occurred. Id. If the trial

court’s order granting summary judgment can be sustained on any theory or basis in the

record, we must affirm. Id. We must carefully review a grant of summary judgment in order

to ensure that a party was not improperly denied his or her day in court. Id. Further, our

standard of review is not altered by the fact the parties filed cross-motions for summary

judgment. Mahan v. Am. Standard Ins. Co., 862 N.E.2d 669 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007). We

consider each motion separately to determine if the moving party is entitled to judgment as a

matter of law. Id.

Resolution of this case involves the interpretation of the insurance policies at issue.

The interpretation of an insurance policy is generally a question of law appropriate for

summary judgment. Smith v. Auto-Owners Ins. Co., 877 N.E.2d 1220 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007).

5 We review an insurance policy using the same rules of interpretation applied to other

contracts, namely if the language is clear and unambiguous we will apply the plain and

ordinary meaning. Id. An insurance policy is ambiguous where a provision is susceptible to

more than one interpretation and reasonable persons would differ as to its meaning.

American Family Ins. Co. v. Glabe Am. Cas. Co., 774 N.E.2d 932 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002). An

ambiguity, however, does not exist merely because the parties favor different interpretations.

Id. “Additionally, the power to interpret contracts does not extend to changing their terms,

and we will not give insurance policies an unreasonable construction to provide added

coverage.” Id. at 935.

The dispositive issue in this case is whether the trial court was correct in finding that

Overmyer was entitled to coverage under a commercial umbrella policy issued to Marshall-

Starke by West Bend. If coverage is not available to Overmyer, then West Bend is entitled to

summary judgment on that ground. We are not limited to a review of the trial court’s reasons

for granting or denying summary judgment, but may affirm a grant of summary judgment on

any theory supported by the evidence. Wagner v. Yates, 912 N.E.2d 805 (Ind. 2009). The

trial court found that West Bend was entitled to summary judgment on the grounds that 1)

Overmyer had not exhausted the coverage found under the Auto-Owners policy, 2) West

Bend was never put on notice about the Revised Consent Judgment, and 3) the Revised

Consent Judgment purporting to bind West Bend, who was not a party to the negotiations,

was against public policy.

6 On the declarations page of West Bend’s commercial umbrella liability policy issued

to Marshall-Starke, the Auto-Owner’s policy is listed as underlying automobile liability

insurance. The Auto-Owner’s policy provides in pertinent part as follows:

1. COVERAGE SECTION II—LIABILITY COVERAGE is extended: .... b. to any automobile (that is not a trailer) you do not own while operated in your business. .... 2. EXCLUSIONS .... The coverage extension does not apply to: c. your employee, if the automobile is owned by such employee or any member of the employee’s household.

Appellee’s Appendix at 38 (emphasis in original).

Further, the West Bend umbrella policy provides in pertinent part as follows:

1. Duties in the event of Occurrence, Claim or Suit a. You must see to it we are notified promptly of an “occurrence” or an offense which may result in a claim. . . Notice of an “occurrence” is not notice of a claim.

b. If a claim is made or “suit” is brought against any insured, you must: (1) Immediately record the specifics of the claim or “suit” and the date received; and (2) Notify us as soon as practicable. You must see to it that we receive written notice of the claim or “suit” as soon as practicable.

c. You and any other involved insured must: (1) Immediately send us copies of any demands, notices, summonses or legal papers received in connection with the claim or “suit.” (2) Authorize us to obtain records and other information; (3) Cooperate with us in the investigation, settlement, or defense of the claim or “suit;” and (4) Assist us, upon our request, in the enforcement of any right against any person or organization which may be liable to the insured because of injury or damge to which this insurance may also apply.

7 d. No insureds will, except at their own cost, voluntarily make a payment, assume any obligation or incur any expense, other than for first aid, without our consent.

Appellant’s Appendix. at 39.

The West Bend policy defines the insured as follows:

Section III - WHO IS AN INSURED

1. a. If you are designated in the Declarations as: ... (3) An organization other than a partnership or joint venture, you are an insured. Your executive officers and directors are insureds, but only with respect to their duties as your officers or directors. Your stockholders are also insureds, but only with respect to their liability as stockholders.

b. No person or organization, except the Named Insured shown in the Declarations, is an insured with respect to the ownership, maintenance, operation, use, “loading or unloading” or entrustment to others of any “autos,” except as provided in 3. below.

2. Except as provided in 4. below, each of the following is also an insured.

a. Your employees, other than your executive officers, but only for acts within the scope of their employment by you. . . .

Except as provided in 3. below, none of the persons or organizations included as an insured in this paragraph 2, is an insured with respect to the ownership, maintenance, operation, use, “loading or unloading” or entrustment to others of any “auto.”

3. Except as provided in 4. below, any person is an insured while using an “auto” you own, hire or borrow with your permission. The following are not insureds under this provision:

a. the owner of an “auto” you hire or borrow from one of your employees or a member of his or her household. However, if the owner of such auto is an insured in the “underlying insurance” then that person shall be an “insured” under this Coverage Part. Coverage provided by this exception shall be no broader than that of the “underlying insurance”. . . .

Appellant’s Appendix at 37-38 (emphasis in original).

8 Additionally, the Endorsement to the West Bend Umbrella Policy clearly excludes

coverage when a car is involved. The Endorsement states:

Except to the extent coverage is available to you or the insured in the “underlying insurance,” this insurance shall not apply to “bodily injury,” “property damage,” “personal injury” or “advertising injury” arising out of the ownership, maintenance, use or entrustment to others of any “auto” owned or operated by or rented or loaned to any insured. Use includes operation and “loading or unloading.”

Id. at 46.

Thus, under the unambiguous language and provisions of the relevant insurance

policies, Overmyer was not an insured for purposes of Kwak’s lawsuit under the Auto-

Owner’s policy or West Bend’s umbrella policy. The trial court erred by holding that

Overmyer had insurance coverage under the West Bend umbrella policy as an employee of

Marshall-Starke. Nonetheless, this error does not affect the trial court’s entry of summary

judgment in favor of West Bend. Although the trial court erred in finding coverage under the

West Bend policy, the trial court did not err by entering summary judgment in favor of West

Bend on other grounds we need not, and in fact, do not address in this opinion. Viewed

consistently with our standard of review for summary judgment, this basis is sufficient to

uphold the trial court’s entry of summary judgment in favor of West Bend.

Judgment affirmed.

BARNES, J., concurs.

MAY, J., dissents with separate opinion.

9 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

ROSEANN KWAK, ) ) Appellant-Plaintiff, ) ) vs. ) No. 75A03-1203-CT-104 ) KIMBERLY OVERMYER and MARSHALL- ) STARKE DEVELOPMENT CENTER, INC., ) ) Defendants, ) ) WEST BEND MUTUAL INSURANCE ) COMPANY, ) ) Appellee/Garnishee-Defendant. )

MAY, Judge, dissenting

In light of the record before us, I believe it was error for the trial court to grant

summary judgment on the question whether the West Bend policy covers Overmyer. There is

a genuine issue of fact as to whether the policy exceptions and exclusions on which the

majority relies might apply only to non-employees of Marshall-Starke, because the references

in the policy to “employees” and to “any person,” (e.g., Appellant’s App. at 38), indicate

those are two separate categories. Therefore, the exclusions applicable to “any person” or to

“any organization” might not apply to Overmyer as an employee. As the majority finds this

question “dispositive,” (slip op. at 6), and determines Overmyer was not covered, I must

10 respectfully dissent.

The West Bend policy issued to Marshall-Starke as the named insured indicates

Marshall-Starke “employees” are insured for acts within the scope of their employment.

(Appellant’s App. at 37.). It then goes on to enumerate certain other “persons” or

“organizations” that are insured in certain circumstances. (Id. at 37-38.) Then it states an

exclusion on which the majority relies in part: “Except as provided in [paragraph] 3. below,

none of the persons or organizations included as an insured in this paragraph 2. is an insured

with respect to [the use of any auto].” (Id. at 38) (emphasis added).

However, then in paragraph 3, the policy says: “Except as provided in [paragraph] 4.

below, any person is an insured” while using an auto the policyholder owns, hires, or

borrows with the policyholder’s permission. (Id.) (emphasis added). Immediately after that,

it excludes “the owner of an ‘auto’ you hire or borrow from one of your employees” unless

the owner if such auto is an insured in the “underlying insurance.” (Id.)

Our case law indicates there is a genuine issue of fact as to whether or how this tangle

of definitions, exceptions, inclusions, and exclusions might apply to Overmyer. We said in

Am. States Ins. Co. v. Adair Indus., Inc., 576 N.E.2d 1272, 1275 (Ind. Ct. App. 1991):

the terms “family member” and “any person” are selectively used in the exclusion portion of the American States policy. Also, the term “family member” is emphasized and distinguished from the term “any person.” We agree this creates the impression that the terms refer to two distinct and different classes, which are mutually exclusive. Consequently, there is an ambiguity created by the manner in which the terms are used in the policy. Reasonable persons may honestly differ as to the meaning of the terms, and thus the policy must be construed in favor of the insured.

Similarly, in the West Bend policy before us, the terms “employee,” “person,” and

11 “organization” could be read as “selectively used” and distinguished, such that the categories

are mutually exclusive.

The majority goes on to correctly note that after all those policy definitions, coverages,

exclusions, and exceptions to exclusions, an “endorsement” to the West Bend policy might

undo all of that language by saying the policy does not apply to injury arising out of the use

of any auto owned or operated by any insured “except to the extent coverage is available to

you or the insured in the ‘underlying insurance.’” (Appellant’s App. at 46) (emphasis

added). However, that language does not permit summary judgment on the premise

Overmyer is not covered by the “underlying” Auto-Owners policy Marshall-Starke had.

That underlying policy provides coverage for any automobile the policyholder does

not own while operated in the policyholder’s business – in the case before us, Overmyer’s

car. But it then goes on to exclude “your employee, if the automobile is owned by such

employee.” (Appellee’s App. at 38.) I believe this exclusion does not apply to Overmyer

because of the language “you or the insured” in the West Bend policy endorsement. As the

underlying insurance undoubtedly covers Marshall-Starke, Overmyer correctly argues, it need

not cover her also.

For the reasons explained above, I do not believe summary judgment was appropriate

on the “dispositive” question whether the West Bend policy covered Overmyer. I would

reverse the trial court’s grant of summary judgment and remand for a trial on that question.