Mr Justice M’Lean
delivered the opinion of the Court.
This writ, of error is prosecuted to reverse.a judgment of the circuit court for the district of Columbia.
The defendant in error brought an action of ejectment in the circuit court, to récover possession of lot No. 4, ip square No. 491, in the city of Washington, half of which had been sold for taxes; and under the special instructions of the court,-recovered á verdict and judgment. Several exceptions were taken to the competency of the evidence admitted on the trial, all of which appear in the bill of exceptions.
The first objection was taken to the competency of the proof of the assessment-of the lot-for taxation: the legality-of the tax is not disputed.
To show the taxes assessed on the lot for the years 1820 and 1821, the defendant below produced in evidence the' official tax books of the corporation, regularly made up by its officers; from which it appeared, that thé plaintiff stood charged for 1820, with thirty-one dollars- eighty-six cents for. the tax on the . half, of lot No. 4, which contained four thousand two hundred and two square feet, valued at one thousand six hundred and eighty dollars. For the year 1821, he stood charged with eight dollars forty cents tax on the same lot. It appeared in proof, that the assessors appointed by the authority of the corporation, make a valuation of
.property within the city, about the month of October, annually, and a return of their proceedings; which are laid' before the board of appeal empowered to correct the valuations of the assessors, according to the laws and ordinances of the corporation. The assessment' lists are then returned to the register of the corporation. The register then proceeds to make out the tax books, from the original assessment lists returned by the assessors, and corrected by the board of appeal. But it was contended, that the original lists of the assessors must be. produced, and also proof of their appointment.
The court recognize the correctness of the principle contended for by the counsel for tho.plaintiff in error; that in an ex parte proceeding of this kind, under a special authority, great strictness is required. To divest an individual of his property, against his consent, every substantial requisite of the law must be shown to have been complied with. No presumption can be raised in behalf of a collector who sells real estate for taxes, to cover any radical defect in his proceeding; and ihe proof of regularity in the procedure devolves upon the person who claims under the collector’s sale.
In this case, was it necessary to exhibit proof of the regular appointment, of the assessors ? They acted under the authority of the corporation, and the highest evidence of this fact is the sanction which it has given to their return. This return has been examined and .corrected by the board of appeal, and was then handed over to the register, \yhat better proof can be required of the assessor’s authority to act.
The municipal powers of the corporation are conferred by apublic law, and all courts are bound to notice them. Is it necessary.in any case to go into the proof of the election of the mayor, or any of the other officers of this corporation? This has not been contended; nor can it be necessary to ..prove the appointment of an officer of the corporation, who has. acted under its authority, and whose proceedings, as in the present case, have received its express sanction.
Did the court below err in requiring tho original assessment lists to be produced.
These lists, under the law, were not ’Conclusive on the
corporation, or on the person whose property was assessed. They were laid before the court of appeal for their correction and sanction, and they were then passed to the register.
If the»assessment was not conclusive, or indeed binding on either party until.sanctioned by the board of appeal; t ten, without this sanction, the assessment lists could not be received as evidence. These lists being handed over to the register, the law requires him to furnish a tax book to the collector, from the original assessment lists on file in his office, according to a prescribed form. -This was done in the case under consideration ; and is-not this book evidence ?
It was made out and arranged by an officer, in pursuance of a duty expressly enjoined by law. This not only makes the tax book evidence, but the best evidence which can be given of the facts it contains. In this book are stated, the name of the owner of the. property, and his residence,,if known ; the number of the square, the number of the lot, the square feet it contains; the rate of assessment, the valuation, and the amount of the tax. Only a part of these appear Upon the assessment list.
This court think, 'that-the circuit court arred in their instructions to the jury on both of the, points stated. 1. In deciding that the proof was not competent to show the authority of the assessorsand,
-2.
That the official tax book, certified by the register, did not prove an assessment of the property.
The next point presented by .the bill of exceptions is as to the legality of the notice of sale given by the collector.
■Th'e court instructed fhe jury, that the advertisement was defective in several particulars.
By the tenth section of the apt of congress, which directs-this proceeding ;, the collector is required to give public notice of the time and place, of’sale, by advertising once a week, in.some newspaper printed in the city of Washington", for thr.ee months ; when the property is assessed to a person who .resides within'the United. States, but without the district of Columbia.
Notice of the sale.of the lot in controversy was given by .the collector; first; in a newspaper published the 6th of.De
cember 1822, and last, in the same paper of the 10th of March 1823. These periods, embrace the time the advertisement is required to be publishéd: but it is contended, that •the notice was not published once in each week, within the meaning of the act of congress. ■
In examining the dates of the publications, it appears that eleven days at one time transpired between them, and at another time'ten days, at another eight.
These:'omissions, it is contended, are fatal: that the publication being once made, it was essential to the validity of the notice that- it should be published every seventh day thereafter.
The words of the law are, “oncea week.” Does this limit the publication to a particular day of the week1? If the notice be published on Monday, is it fatal to omit the publication until the Tuesday week succeeding ^ The object of the notice is as well answered by such a publication,, as if' it had been made on the following Monday.
A week is. a definite period of time, commencing on Sunday and ending on Saturday. By this construction the no, tice in this case must be held sufficient. It was published, Monday, January the' 6th, and omitted until Saturday, January the 18th, leaving an interval of eleven days; still the . publication on Saturday was within the week succeeding the notice of the sixth.
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Mr Justice M’Lean
delivered the opinion of the Court.
This writ, of error is prosecuted to reverse.a judgment of the circuit court for the district of Columbia.
The defendant in error brought an action of ejectment in the circuit court, to récover possession of lot No. 4, ip square No. 491, in the city of Washington, half of which had been sold for taxes; and under the special instructions of the court,-recovered á verdict and judgment. Several exceptions were taken to the competency of the evidence admitted on the trial, all of which appear in the bill of exceptions.
The first objection was taken to the competency of the proof of the assessment-of the lot-for taxation: the legality-of the tax is not disputed.
To show the taxes assessed on the lot for the years 1820 and 1821, the defendant below produced in evidence the' official tax books of the corporation, regularly made up by its officers; from which it appeared, that thé plaintiff stood charged for 1820, with thirty-one dollars- eighty-six cents for. the tax on the . half, of lot No. 4, which contained four thousand two hundred and two square feet, valued at one thousand six hundred and eighty dollars. For the year 1821, he stood charged with eight dollars forty cents tax on the same lot. It appeared in proof, that the assessors appointed by the authority of the corporation, make a valuation of
.property within the city, about the month of October, annually, and a return of their proceedings; which are laid' before the board of appeal empowered to correct the valuations of the assessors, according to the laws and ordinances of the corporation. The assessment' lists are then returned to the register of the corporation. The register then proceeds to make out the tax books, from the original assessment lists returned by the assessors, and corrected by the board of appeal. But it was contended, that the original lists of the assessors must be. produced, and also proof of their appointment.
The court recognize the correctness of the principle contended for by the counsel for tho.plaintiff in error; that in an ex parte proceeding of this kind, under a special authority, great strictness is required. To divest an individual of his property, against his consent, every substantial requisite of the law must be shown to have been complied with. No presumption can be raised in behalf of a collector who sells real estate for taxes, to cover any radical defect in his proceeding; and ihe proof of regularity in the procedure devolves upon the person who claims under the collector’s sale.
In this case, was it necessary to exhibit proof of the regular appointment, of the assessors ? They acted under the authority of the corporation, and the highest evidence of this fact is the sanction which it has given to their return. This return has been examined and .corrected by the board of appeal, and was then handed over to the register, \yhat better proof can be required of the assessor’s authority to act.
The municipal powers of the corporation are conferred by apublic law, and all courts are bound to notice them. Is it necessary.in any case to go into the proof of the election of the mayor, or any of the other officers of this corporation? This has not been contended; nor can it be necessary to ..prove the appointment of an officer of the corporation, who has. acted under its authority, and whose proceedings, as in the present case, have received its express sanction.
Did the court below err in requiring tho original assessment lists to be produced.
These lists, under the law, were not ’Conclusive on the
corporation, or on the person whose property was assessed. They were laid before the court of appeal for their correction and sanction, and they were then passed to the register.
If the»assessment was not conclusive, or indeed binding on either party until.sanctioned by the board of appeal; t ten, without this sanction, the assessment lists could not be received as evidence. These lists being handed over to the register, the law requires him to furnish a tax book to the collector, from the original assessment lists on file in his office, according to a prescribed form. -This was done in the case under consideration ; and is-not this book evidence ?
It was made out and arranged by an officer, in pursuance of a duty expressly enjoined by law. This not only makes the tax book evidence, but the best evidence which can be given of the facts it contains. In this book are stated, the name of the owner of the. property, and his residence,,if known ; the number of the square, the number of the lot, the square feet it contains; the rate of assessment, the valuation, and the amount of the tax. Only a part of these appear Upon the assessment list.
This court think, 'that-the circuit court arred in their instructions to the jury on both of the, points stated. 1. In deciding that the proof was not competent to show the authority of the assessorsand,
-2.
That the official tax book, certified by the register, did not prove an assessment of the property.
The next point presented by .the bill of exceptions is as to the legality of the notice of sale given by the collector.
■Th'e court instructed fhe jury, that the advertisement was defective in several particulars.
By the tenth section of the apt of congress, which directs-this proceeding ;, the collector is required to give public notice of the time and place, of’sale, by advertising once a week, in.some newspaper printed in the city of Washington", for thr.ee months ; when the property is assessed to a person who .resides within'the United. States, but without the district of Columbia.
Notice of the sale.of the lot in controversy was given by .the collector; first; in a newspaper published the 6th of.De
cember 1822, and last, in the same paper of the 10th of March 1823. These periods, embrace the time the advertisement is required to be publishéd: but it is contended, that •the notice was not published once in each week, within the meaning of the act of congress. ■
In examining the dates of the publications, it appears that eleven days at one time transpired between them, and at another time'ten days, at another eight.
These:'omissions, it is contended, are fatal: that the publication being once made, it was essential to the validity of the notice that- it should be published every seventh day thereafter.
The words of the law are, “oncea week.” Does this limit the publication to a particular day of the week1? If the notice be published on Monday, is it fatal to omit the publication until the Tuesday week succeeding ^ The object of the notice is as well answered by such a publication,, as if' it had been made on the following Monday.
A week is. a definite period of time, commencing on Sunday and ending on Saturday. By this construction the no, tice in this case must be held sufficient. It was published, Monday, January the' 6th, and omitted until Saturday, January the 18th, leaving an interval of eleven days; still the . publication on Saturday was within the week succeeding the notice of the sixth.
It would be a most rigid construction of the act of congress,, justified neither by its spirit nor its language, to say that this notice must-be published on.añy particular day of a week. If published once a week, for three months, the law is complied with, and its object effectuated.
The circuit court erred on this point in their instructions to the-jury.
The court below also instructed the jury, “ that the corporation, or its collector of taxes, acting under its authority, was not competent to advertise and sell.any part of said lot No. 4, for the taxes assessed on the same.”
By the law, not less than a lot, when the property upon which the tax has accrued is hot less than that quantity, may be sold for the taxes due thereon.
No doubt-can exist, that a part of a lot may be sold for taxes, where they have accrued on such part;- it appears, therefore, that the circuit court have also erred on this point.
It is again objected, “ that the entire lot should have been assessed to the two tenants in common, Taylor and Toland; and accordingly advertised and sold, as assessed to them. ■
The same valuation was placed on each half of .this lot; so that so far as the assessment goes, it did not substantially differ from the instruction given. But the salé,_to be valid, need not extend to the interest of both claimants. One having paid his share of the tax, the interest of the other may well be sold for the balance. The court therefore erred in their instructions on this point also.
In their fourth instruction the court say to the jury, “ that the advertisement did not sufficiently designate what half of the said lot was charged with the said taxes, and was to be sold for the same, and did not purport to be an advertiseméntof an undivided moiety.”
•The law requires “the number of the lots, (if the square has been divided into lots,.) the number,of the square or squares, or other sufficient of definite description of the property selected for sale, to be stated in the advertisement.”
Congress had two objects in view in requiring this notice to be given. 1. To apprise the owner of the property; and,
2.
To give notice to persons desirous of purchasing. These objects are important. It is necessary for the interest of the owner that he should be informed of a proceeding which, unless arrested by the payment of lh‘e tax, would divest him of his property. And it was of equal, if not greater importance, that the property should be so definitely described, that- no purchaser could be at a loss to estimate its value.
It is not sufficient that such a description should be given in the advertisement as would enable the person desirous of .purchasing to ascertain the .. tuation Of the property by inquiry. Nor, if the purchaser at the sale had been informed of every fact ne'cessary to enable him to fix a value upon the property ; yet the sale would be void, unless the same information had been communicated to the public in the notice. Its defects, if any exist in the description of the
property to be sold, cannot be cured by any communication made to bidders on the day of sale by the auctioneer.
What was the description given in the advertisement of the property in controversy 1 It was described to be half of lot No. 4, in square No. 491; and the other half was advertised at the same time under the same description, as belonging to Toland’s heirs.
What would be understood by such a description. Suppose half a square had been advertised, it not having been divided into lots: would it convey .that certainty to the public, as to the precise property about to be sold, that would enable any one to form an opinion of its value
%
No one could suppose that an undivided half of the square was to be sold Under the notice; and which half was offered, could .not be determined from the advertisement. Would this be a notice under the requisites of the law ?
The value of a lot or half lot depends upon its situation. If one of the half lots front two streets in a populous part of the city, it is of much higher value than the other half. And" this difference in value may still be greater, if the lot be situated near the middle of a square, fronting the street, and it be divided so as to cut off one half of it from the street.
It will thus be seen, that it is not a matter of small importance to the person who wishes to purchase, to know which half of a lot is offered for sale; and as any uncertainty in this matter must materially affect the value of the property at the sale, it is of great importance to the owner that the description should be definite. That an undivided moiety of a lot may be sold for taxes, has already been stated. But would any one understand that one half of lot No. 4 means an undivided moiety
In all cities half lots are as common as whole ones; and when a half lot is spoken of, we understand it to be a piece of ground half the size of an entire lot, and of as definite boundaries.
The illustrations given show how great a difference in value may exist between halves of the same lot. And would not the preferable half be of much higher value than an undivided moiety of the entire lot
%
In every point of view in which this notice can be considered, under the act of congress, it was radically defective. The property should have been described, as an undivided half of lot No. 4. Under such a description, no one could be at a loss, as to its situation and value. The instructions of the circuit court on this point are. not erroneous.
In their fifth instruction the court say, “that the corpo-. ration, or its collector, had-no power or authority to advertise the said lot for sale till the last of the two years’ taxes for which the same was advértised for sale, had remained unpaid and in arrear for two years.”
•The tenth section of the act of congress, which governs this subject, provides, “ that real property, whether improved or unimproved, in the city of Washington, on which two or more years’ taxes shall have remained due and unpaid; pr on which any special tax, imposed by virtue' of the authority of the provisions of this acjt, shall have remained unpaid for two or more years after’ the same shall have become due, may be sold, &c.”
In this section, a distinction is made between a general and a special tax. Property may be sold to. pay the former, so soon as two years’ taxes shall be due; but to pay the latter, property cannot bé sold until the expiration of two years after the second year’s tax-becomes due.
The taxes for which theiot in controversy was sold, were assessed in 1820 and 1821; and by the ordinance of the corporation they became due on the 1st of. January succeeding the assessment.
A special tax for. paving was charged against Taylor in 1820, and composed a part of the sum for which the property was sold.
This special tax became due on the 1st of January 1821;. but the ground on which it was assessed, was not liable to be sold for the tax until the 1st of January 1823. On the 1st of January 1822 the same property was liable to.be sold under -the assessments of the years-1820 and 1821, for a general tax:
The first notice of the sale'was given on the 6th of December 1822, nearly a moiith before the lot. was liable to be
sold for the special tax of 1820. Does this render the notice invalid
%
This court think, that the whole period should have elapsed which was necessary to render the lot liable to be sold for special tax, before the advertisement was published. That the owner of the lot,
hf
paying the tax at any time before the 1st of January 1823, would save it .from die liability of being sold;- and that until this liability had attached, .he could not be chargeable with-the expense of notice, nor could it legally be given.
The circuit court, therefore, did not err in their instruction to the jury on this point.
The court also instructed the jury, that the advertisement was defective, as it “ does not purport to advertise the said lot for two years’ taxes unpaid and in arrear.” It states that the lot was offered for sale, “ for taxes due thereon up to the year 1821.” This was sufficient; for if the taxes were due, and the property Was liable to be sold for them, it can be of no importance tO\ the purchaser to have a more technical description of the tax than the notice contained.
The seventh instruction, “ that the said property, attempted to be sold, was not described with Sufficient certainty either in the advertisement or at the sale,” is substantially embraced by the fourth instruction which has been considered.
For the errors specified, the judgment of the circuit court must be reversed, and the cause removed to that court for further proceedings, in conformity to this opinion.
This cause came on to be heard on the transcript of the record from the circuit court of the United States, for the district of Columbia, holden in and for the county'of Washington, and was argued by counsel; on consideration whereof, it is ordered and adjudged by this court, that the judgment of the said circuit court in this cause be, and the same is hereby reversed, and that the cause be and the same is hereby, remanded to the said circuit court, for further proceed ings to be had therein, according to law and justice.