USCA11 Case: 19-13871 Date Filed: 01/13/2021 Page: 1 of 6
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 19-13871 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket Nos. 2:16-cv-08148-SLB; 2:06-cr-00047-SLB-JHE-1
RONALD WAYLAND COLE,
Petitioner-Appellant,
versus
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Respondent-Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama ________________________
(January 13, 2021) USCA11 Case: 19-13871 Date Filed: 01/13/2021 Page: 2 of 6
Before MARTIN, BRANCH, and GRANT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Ronald Wayland Cole, a federal prisoner, appeals the district court’s denial
of his 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion to vacate his sentence. The district court granted
Cole a certificate of appealability on one issue: “Whether Cole’s prior conviction
for attempted rape in the first degree, in violation of Ala. Code § 13A-6-61(a)(2),
qualifies as a ‘violent felony’ under the elements clause of the Armed Career
Criminal Act, § 924(e)(2)(B)(i).” The government concedes that under our binding
precedent, Cole’s attempted rape conviction does not qualify as a violent felony as
that term is defined in the Act. We agree, and therefore reverse the judgment of
the district court and remand for resentencing.
The Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA) provides that a defendant
convicted of illegally possessing a firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) who
has three prior convictions for violent felonies or serious drug offenses is subject to
a 15-year mandatory minimum sentence. 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). Without the
ACCA enhancement, the statutory maximum sentence for a violation of § 922(g) is
ten years. Id. § 924(a)(2).
In relevant part, ACCA defines the term “violent felony” as any crime
punishable by a term of imprisonment exceeding one year that “has as an element
the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of
2 USCA11 Case: 19-13871 Date Filed: 01/13/2021 Page: 3 of 6
another.” Id. § 924(e)(2)(B)(i). The Supreme Court has explained that in this
context, “the phrase ‘physical force’ means violent force—that is, force capable of
causing physical pain or injury to another person.” Johnson v. United States, 559
U.S. 133, 140 (2010) (“Curtis Johnson”) (emphasis in the original). Where the
elements of an offense require only the “merest touching,” the crime is not
categorically a violent felony within the meaning of the Act. Id. at 139, 142–43.
Here, Cole pleaded guilty to possession with intent to distribute cocaine, in
violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 841(b)(1)(B) (Count 1); use of a firearm in
relation to a drug trafficking crime, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(i)
(Count 2); and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) (Count 3). Cole’s presentence investigation report (PSR)
identified three prior Alabama “violent felony” convictions that qualified him for a
mandatory minimum 15-year sentence on Count 3: two for second-degree assault
and one for attempted first-degree rape.1 The district court adopted the PSR and
sentenced Cole to concurrent terms of 202 months’ imprisonment on Count 1 and
Count 3, and 60 months’ imprisonment, to be served consecutively, on Count 2.
1 The PSR also referenced a prior state conviction for abuse and neglect, but because the government has been unable to identify the relevant criminal statute, it does not contend that the abuse-and-neglect conviction counts as a qualifying violent felony. 3 USCA11 Case: 19-13871 Date Filed: 01/13/2021 Page: 4 of 6
In his § 2255 petition, Cole challenges his sentence on Count 3 on the
ground that his conviction for Alabama attempted rape is not a violent felony as
that term is defined in ACCA. Our precedent compels us to agree.
Cole and the government agree that his attempted rape conviction was for a
violation of Alabama Code § 13A-6-61(a)(2). At the time of Cole’s offense, that
section provided that a person was guilty of rape in the first degree if he engaged
“in sexual intercourse with a female who is incapable of consent by reason of
being physically helpless or mentally incapacitated.” Ala. Code § 13A-6-61(a)(2)
(1997). For purposes of the Alabama statute, the term “sexual intercourse” has “its
ordinary meaning and occurs upon any penetration, however slight; emission is not
required.” Ala. Code § 13A-6-60(1) (1997). This Court has previously held that
Alabama second-degree rape, which prohibits sexual intercourse with a person
who is incapable of consent due to age, is not a violent felony under ACCA.
United States v. Owens, 672 F.3d 966, 971 (11th Cir. 2012); see Ala. Code § 13A-
6-62. We explained that in light of Curtis Johnson, “the kind of physical force
required for a qualifying violent felony under the ACCA is not satisfied by the
merest touching, or in this case, the slightest penetration.” Id.
Like Alabama second-degree rape, the force required for first-degree rape
under Alabama Code § 13A-6-61(a)(2) is the force required to engage in the act of
sexual intercourse—which requires only slight penetration under Alabama law.
4 USCA11 Case: 19-13871 Date Filed: 01/13/2021 Page: 5 of 6
Ala. Code § 13A-6-60(1) (1997). Owens provides that such force does not amount
to the kind of “violent force” necessary to classify an offense as a “violent felony”
under ACCA’s elements clause. Accordingly, Cole’s conviction for attempted
rape under § 13A-6-61(a)(2) is not a qualifying violent felony, and he has, at most,
two predicate violent felony convictions. His 202-month sentence on Count 3
therefore exceeds the statutory maximum of ten years’ imprisonment.
The district court implied that Owens had been undermined by Stokeling v.
United States, 139 S. Ct. 544 (2019), in which the Supreme Court clarified that its
holding in Curtis Johnson “does not require any particular degree of likelihood or
probability that the force used will cause physical pain or injury; only potentiality.”
139 S. Ct. at 554. But even if Stokeling can be said to weaken Owens, we are not
free to disregard our precedent—and neither is the district court.
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USCA11 Case: 19-13871 Date Filed: 01/13/2021 Page: 1 of 6
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 19-13871 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket Nos. 2:16-cv-08148-SLB; 2:06-cr-00047-SLB-JHE-1
RONALD WAYLAND COLE,
Petitioner-Appellant,
versus
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Respondent-Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama ________________________
(January 13, 2021) USCA11 Case: 19-13871 Date Filed: 01/13/2021 Page: 2 of 6
Before MARTIN, BRANCH, and GRANT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Ronald Wayland Cole, a federal prisoner, appeals the district court’s denial
of his 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion to vacate his sentence. The district court granted
Cole a certificate of appealability on one issue: “Whether Cole’s prior conviction
for attempted rape in the first degree, in violation of Ala. Code § 13A-6-61(a)(2),
qualifies as a ‘violent felony’ under the elements clause of the Armed Career
Criminal Act, § 924(e)(2)(B)(i).” The government concedes that under our binding
precedent, Cole’s attempted rape conviction does not qualify as a violent felony as
that term is defined in the Act. We agree, and therefore reverse the judgment of
the district court and remand for resentencing.
The Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA) provides that a defendant
convicted of illegally possessing a firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) who
has three prior convictions for violent felonies or serious drug offenses is subject to
a 15-year mandatory minimum sentence. 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). Without the
ACCA enhancement, the statutory maximum sentence for a violation of § 922(g) is
ten years. Id. § 924(a)(2).
In relevant part, ACCA defines the term “violent felony” as any crime
punishable by a term of imprisonment exceeding one year that “has as an element
the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of
2 USCA11 Case: 19-13871 Date Filed: 01/13/2021 Page: 3 of 6
another.” Id. § 924(e)(2)(B)(i). The Supreme Court has explained that in this
context, “the phrase ‘physical force’ means violent force—that is, force capable of
causing physical pain or injury to another person.” Johnson v. United States, 559
U.S. 133, 140 (2010) (“Curtis Johnson”) (emphasis in the original). Where the
elements of an offense require only the “merest touching,” the crime is not
categorically a violent felony within the meaning of the Act. Id. at 139, 142–43.
Here, Cole pleaded guilty to possession with intent to distribute cocaine, in
violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 841(b)(1)(B) (Count 1); use of a firearm in
relation to a drug trafficking crime, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(i)
(Count 2); and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) (Count 3). Cole’s presentence investigation report (PSR)
identified three prior Alabama “violent felony” convictions that qualified him for a
mandatory minimum 15-year sentence on Count 3: two for second-degree assault
and one for attempted first-degree rape.1 The district court adopted the PSR and
sentenced Cole to concurrent terms of 202 months’ imprisonment on Count 1 and
Count 3, and 60 months’ imprisonment, to be served consecutively, on Count 2.
1 The PSR also referenced a prior state conviction for abuse and neglect, but because the government has been unable to identify the relevant criminal statute, it does not contend that the abuse-and-neglect conviction counts as a qualifying violent felony. 3 USCA11 Case: 19-13871 Date Filed: 01/13/2021 Page: 4 of 6
In his § 2255 petition, Cole challenges his sentence on Count 3 on the
ground that his conviction for Alabama attempted rape is not a violent felony as
that term is defined in ACCA. Our precedent compels us to agree.
Cole and the government agree that his attempted rape conviction was for a
violation of Alabama Code § 13A-6-61(a)(2). At the time of Cole’s offense, that
section provided that a person was guilty of rape in the first degree if he engaged
“in sexual intercourse with a female who is incapable of consent by reason of
being physically helpless or mentally incapacitated.” Ala. Code § 13A-6-61(a)(2)
(1997). For purposes of the Alabama statute, the term “sexual intercourse” has “its
ordinary meaning and occurs upon any penetration, however slight; emission is not
required.” Ala. Code § 13A-6-60(1) (1997). This Court has previously held that
Alabama second-degree rape, which prohibits sexual intercourse with a person
who is incapable of consent due to age, is not a violent felony under ACCA.
United States v. Owens, 672 F.3d 966, 971 (11th Cir. 2012); see Ala. Code § 13A-
6-62. We explained that in light of Curtis Johnson, “the kind of physical force
required for a qualifying violent felony under the ACCA is not satisfied by the
merest touching, or in this case, the slightest penetration.” Id.
Like Alabama second-degree rape, the force required for first-degree rape
under Alabama Code § 13A-6-61(a)(2) is the force required to engage in the act of
sexual intercourse—which requires only slight penetration under Alabama law.
4 USCA11 Case: 19-13871 Date Filed: 01/13/2021 Page: 5 of 6
Ala. Code § 13A-6-60(1) (1997). Owens provides that such force does not amount
to the kind of “violent force” necessary to classify an offense as a “violent felony”
under ACCA’s elements clause. Accordingly, Cole’s conviction for attempted
rape under § 13A-6-61(a)(2) is not a qualifying violent felony, and he has, at most,
two predicate violent felony convictions. His 202-month sentence on Count 3
therefore exceeds the statutory maximum of ten years’ imprisonment.
The district court implied that Owens had been undermined by Stokeling v.
United States, 139 S. Ct. 544 (2019), in which the Supreme Court clarified that its
holding in Curtis Johnson “does not require any particular degree of likelihood or
probability that the force used will cause physical pain or injury; only potentiality.”
139 S. Ct. at 554. But even if Stokeling can be said to weaken Owens, we are not
free to disregard our precedent—and neither is the district court. “Under the well-
established prior panel precedent rule of this Circuit, the holding of the first panel
to address an issue is the law of this Circuit, thereby binding all subsequent panels
unless and until the first panel’s holding is overruled by the Court sitting en banc
or by the Supreme Court.” Smith v. GTE Corp., 236 F.3d 1292, 1300 n.8 (11th
Cir. 2001). To overrule our prior precedent, an intervening Supreme Court
decision must be “clearly on point.” Atlantic Sounding Co., Inc. v. Townsend, 496
F.3d 1282, 1284 (11th Cir. 2007) (citation omitted). “Even if the reasoning of an
intervening high court decision is at odds with a prior appellate court decision, that
5 USCA11 Case: 19-13871 Date Filed: 01/13/2021 Page: 6 of 6
does not provide the appellate court with a basis for departing from its prior
decision.” United States v. Vega-Castillo, 540 F.3d 1235, 1237 (11th Cir. 2008).
We conclude that under Curtis Johnson and Owens, Cole’s conviction for
attempted rape in violation of Alabama Code § 13A-6-61(a)(2) is not a “violent
felony” within the meaning of ACCA. Because Cole did not have three prior
violent felony convictions, his 202-month sentence on Count 3 exceeds the
statutory maximum. We therefore reverse the district court’s denial of Cole’s
§ 2255 motion and remand for resentencing.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.