RENDERED: AUGUST 14, 2025 TO BE PUBLISHED
Supreme Court of Kentucky 2023-SC-0357-MR
RONALD SIMPSON APPELLANT
ON APPEAL FROM KENTON CIRCUIT COURT V. HONORABLE KATHLEEN LAPE, JUDGE NO. 22-CR-00337
COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY APPELLEE
OPINION OF THE COURT BY JUSTICE GOODWINE
REVERSING AND REMANDING
A Kenton County jury convicted Ronald Simpson (“Simpson”) of murder
and the trial court sentenced him to thirty years’ imprisonment. He appeals to
this Court as a matter of right. KY. CONST. § 110(2)(b). After careful review, we
reverse and remand for a new trial.
BACKGROUND
In 2022, a Kenton County grand jury indicted Simpson for the murder of
Randel Helton (“Helton”). The trial court scheduled the trial to begin on May
30, 2023. In the month prior to trial, the Commonwealth amended the
indictment against Simpson twice to charge him as a persistent felony offender
(“PFO”) in the first degree and to include complicity in the murder charge. On
May 17, 2023, Simpson requested funds to retain a forensic medical expert. Two days later, he moved for a continuance to allow him time to hire an expert
and prepare for trial based on the amended indictment. The trial court granted
his request for funds but denied his motion for a continuance. The trial
proceeded as scheduled.
At trial, the Commonwealth called H.P. 1, a former officer with the
Covington Police Department (“CPD”); Derek Uhl (“Uhl”), a Sergeant with the
CPD; Torie Vilvanathan (“Vilvanathan”), a crime scene technician with the CPD;
Alice McCall (“McCall”), Bradley Ard (“Ard”), and Casey Penick (“Penick”), all of
whom lived in the apartment complex where the murder occurred; Gavin Hall
(“Hall”) and Katherine Spendel (“Spendel”), Kentucky State Police forensic
scientists; Dr. Sarah Maines (“Maines”), the Commonwealth’s forensic
pathologist; and Jim Lindeman (“Lindeman”), the CPD detective assigned to the
case. Simpson testified in his own defense.
Evidence at trial focused on the events of the night of December 31,
2021, and the morning of January 1, 2022. On the afternoon of December
31st, Simpson visited his estranged wife, Hope, at her apartment in a complex
on Hermes Avenue in Covington, Kentucky. 2 Later in the afternoon, Simpson
went to a nearby bar with Jennifer Michaud (“Michaud”), 3 one of Hope’s
1 The officer’s full name is not discernable from the video record. He requested to be called “H.P.” during his testimony. 2 The apartment complex was owned and operated by Transitions, an
organization that provided transitional housing to individuals in recovery for substance use issues. 3 Although she was subpoenaed by the Commonwealth, Michaud did not testify
at trial. According to Detective Lindeman’s testimony, she was not charged with any crime as a result of these events.
2 neighbors, to watch a University of Cincinnati ballgame. Michaud lived with
Helton, her boyfriend, with whom she had a volatile relationship. Helton
watched Simpson and Michaud leave the complex from the apartment balcony,
spitting and yelling at them. Later in the evening, Michaud and Simpson
returned to the apartment together. Helton was present when they arrived and,
from that point on, only Helton, Simpson, and Michaud were present in the
apartment during the night except for a brief visit by Penick and Ard.
The Commonwealth presented footage from McCall’s security camera of
the night of December 31st and the morning of January 1st. 4 The video showed
Simpson repeatedly tossed, pushed, and dragged Helton out of the apartment
onto the balcony during the night.
Penick and her boyfriend, Ard, testified they heard yelling and crashing
from Michaud’s apartment which prompted them to check on her twice during
the night. On the first visit, they entered Michaud’s apartment and saw that it
was in disarray. Simpson, Michaud, and Helton were in the apartment.
Penick described Helton as bloodied and appearing to have been beaten up,
with contusions on his head and a black eye. Helton appeared extremely
intoxicated and was barely able to stand up from where he was sitting on the
couch. While Penick was in the apartment, Simpson told Helton he was not
4 The Commonwealth entered unedited copies of the security footage through
McCall’s testimony. Later, Detective Lindeman testified to clips of the footage which were zoomed in on Michaud’s balcony. Some of the clips were slowed to half their original speed.
3 going to continue to hit Michaud or call Simpson racial slurs. 5 Penick offered to
call 911 but Simpson and Michaud told her not to do so.
The second time Penick and Ard checked on Michaud, Simpson and
Michaud were standing on the balcony laughing and joking. Helton was lying
on the floor. Michaud and Simpson laughed when Penick asked if Helton was
okay. Michaud said, “Yeah, he’s just dead.” Video Record (“V.R.”) 5/31/23 at
3:05:10-12. Simpson hushed Michaud. Penick again offered to call 911, but
Simpson and Michaud told her not to call. 6 Penick and Ard returned to their
apartment.
The next morning, Michaud ran to Penick’s apartment yelling that Helton
was dead. Penick and Ard went to her apartment. They saw Helton’s body was
lying on a couch in the bedroom. Penick called 911.
The police investigation determined blood on Simpson’s shirt, swabs
from the bedroom floor, a cigar, and a cup found in the living room tested
presumptively positive for blood matching Helton’s DNA profile. During
Vilvanathan’s testimony, the Commonwealth entered twenty-six photos of
Helton’s body at the crime scene, both on the couch and on top of the body bag
after he was moved to the floor.
Dr. Maines testified to Helton’s injuries. During her testimony, the
Commonwealth presented seventy-six photos of Helton’s body from the
5 Helton was white, and Simpson is African American.
6 In his testimony, Simpson claimed he asked Penick to call 911, but she
refused. He testified that he could not call 911 himself because he did not have a cellphone.
4 autopsy. He had numerous scrapes and contusions on his body. He had five
broken ribs, a fractured C4 vertebrae in his neck, and a broken hyoid bone.
The autopsy revealed internal hemorrhaging in his head, torso, and throat. Dr.
Maines testified that Helton’s death was a homicide caused by strangulation
and blunt force injuries to his head, neck, and torso sustained by an “assault
by another person(s).” Commonwealth’s Exhibit 201. She was unable to
identify a single injury which caused his death but testified that the totality of
his injuries caused “neurologic death.” She explained that when Helton’s body
was unable to get enough oxygen, his organs gradually shut down until he
died. She was also unable to identify when the injuries occurred but testified
they likely occurred within the twenty-four hours prior to his death.
At the close of the Commonwealth’s case-in-chief, the trial court denied
Simpson’s motion for directed verdict. The jury ultimately found Simpson guilty
of murder and being a PFO in the first degree and recommended a sentence of
thirty years’ imprisonment. The court imposed the jury’s recommended
sentence. This appeal followed.
ANALYSIS
On appeal, Simpson raises the following arguments: (1) the trial court
erred by denying his motion for a continuance; (2) the trial court allowed the
Commonwealth to improperly question Simpson by (a) asking him to comment
on the credibility of other witnesses, and (b) asking him a hypothetical question
requiring a legal conclusion; (3) the court erred by denying his motion for
directed verdict; (4) the court should not have admitted cumulative, prejudicial
5 photographs of Helton’s body from the crime scene and autopsy; and (5)
cumulative errors rendered his trial fundamentally unfair.
1. The trial court abused its discretion by denying Simpson’s motion to continue the trial but granting his motion for funding to hire an expert witness.
First, Simpson argues the trial court should have granted him a
continuance to hire an expert witness. “The court, upon motion and sufficient
cause shown by either party, may grant a postponement of the hearing or
trial.” RCr 7 9.04. We review a circuit court’s decision on a motion for a
continuance for abuse of discretion. Slone v. Commonwealth, 382 S.W.3d 851,
855-56 (Ky. 2012) (citations omitted). “The test for abuse of discretion is
whether the trial judge’s decision was arbitrary, unreasonable, unfair, or
unsupported by sound legal principles.” Id. at 856 (quoting Commonwealth v.
English, 993 S.W.2d 941, 945 (Ky. 1999)).
Simpson was indicted for Helton’s murder on April 7, 2022. On
December 7, 2022, the trial court scheduled the trial to begin on May 30, 2023.
The trial order states, “[p]ursuant to RCr 8.20(1), all pretrial motions shall be
filed and noticed for a hearing no later than fifteen (15) days prior to the
scheduled trial date.” Record (“R.”) at 33. On May 11, 2023, the Commonwealth
amended the indictment against Simpson to charge him with PFO in the first
degree. On May 17th, Simpson moved, ex parte, for funds to retain a forensic
7 Kentucky Rules of Criminal Procedure.
6 medical expert. On May 18th, the Commonwealth moved to amend the murder
charge to include complicity.
On May 19th, Simpson asked to continue the trial for approximately
three months due to the Commonwealth’s amendment of the indictment and
because the trial court had not yet ruled on his motion for expert funding.
When it heard the motion, the trial court noted that Simpson’s motion was filed
outside the fifteen-day deadline set in the trial order. On May 23rd, the trial
court entered an order granting Simpson’s request for funding to hire an expert
witness. On the same day, the trial court denied Simpson’s requested
continuance. The trial began as scheduled a week later.
When ruling on a motion for a continuance the trial court must consider the facts of each case, especially the length of delay; previous continuances; inconvenience to the litigants, witnesses, counsel and the court; whether the delay is purposeful or is caused by the accused; the complexity of the case; and whether denying the continuance will lead to identifiable prejudice.
Slone, 382 S.W.3d at 855 (citing Edmonds, 189 S.W.3d 558, 564 (Ky. 2006)). 8
The first five of the six listed factors largely weigh in favor of granting the
continuance. First, a delay of three months would not have been unreasonable
in a murder case which was otherwise progressing quickly. Second, there had
been no prior continuances or other delays. Third, the record does not
demonstrate that the litigants, witnesses, counsel, or the court would have
8 This list of factors is derived from Snodgrass v. Commonwealth, 814 S.W.2d
579, 581 (Ky. 1991). The Snodgrass factors also include the “availability of other competent counsel.” Id. The availability of counsel was not at issue in Simpson’s motion for a continuance.
7 suffered “some significant or substantial inconvenience” had the court granted
a continuance. See Eldred v. Commonwealth, 906 S.W.2d 694, 700 (Ky. 1994),
abrogated on other grounds by Commonwealth v. Barroso, 122 S.W.3d 554 (Ky.
2003). Fourth, Simpson did not purposefully cause any delay. Fifth, complicity
to murder is “serious and of at least moderate complexity.” Manning v.
Commonwealth, 701 S.W.3d 478, 494 (Ky. 2024). This case was also made
more complex by the fact that Dr. Maines was unable to precisely identify when
or how Helton was injured and concluded that no single injury caused his
death.
However, to determine whether the trial court abused its discretion by
denying his request, we must decide whether the denial resulted in identifiable
prejudice against him. Proof of “identifiable prejudice is especially important” in
deciding a motion to continue. Taylor v. Commonwealth, 611 S.W.3d 730, 735
(Ky. 2020) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “A defendant must
state with particularity how his or her case will suffer if the motion to postpone
is denied.” Id. at 735-36 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
Simpson argues that, despite granting his funding request, the trial court’s
refusal to continue the trial was effectively a denial of an expert witness. He
claims a defense expert could have made a “significant challenge” to Dr.
Maines’ testimony. Appellant’s Brief at 12. Specifically, Simpson claims a
forensic medical expert may have explained
how the [victim’s] injuries relate and the interplay between them[,] . . . may have come to a different conclusion and given a time of death and reason for
8 that finding[,] . . . [and] may have concluded differently about the internal pooling of blood and timing of the various injuries or given evidence about how someone would act while suffering from these various injuries that differed from that of the Commonwealth’s witness.
Appellant’s Reply Brief at 2.
The trial court’s denial of Simpson’s request was primarily based on the
fact that the motion was filed after the trial order deadline to file motions. “The
court may, at the arraignment or as soon afterward as practicable, set
deadlines for the parties to make or assert pretrial motions, defenses,
objections and requests[.]” RCr 8.20(1). Trial courts have the inherent authority
to enforce their own orders. Crandell v. Cabinet for Health and Family Servs. ex
rel. Dilke, 642 S.W.3d 686, 689 (Ky. 2022) (citation omitted); Akers v.
Stephenson, 469 S.W.2d 704, 706 (Ky. 1970) (citations omitted). This authority
includes enforcement of the deadlines in trial orders. Simpson was in
possession of the autopsy report for more than a year prior to trial. He had
ample time to file a motion for expert funding but waited until after the trial
court’s fifteen-day deadline.
This Court has previously held a trial court did not abuse its discretion
by denying a continuance for a defendant to hire an expert where he had been
under indictment for four months and could have made his request anytime
thereafter but chose to file his motion just four days before trial. Pendleton v.
Commonwealth, 83 S.W.3d 522, 526 (Ky. 2002). Therein, the defendant wished
to oppose evidence of an interview with a child victim by having an expert
testify to “the coercive of suggestive propensities of the interviewing techniques”
9 used in the interview. Id. This Court held “the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in determining that further delay for the purpose of exploring a
controversial topic and setting up a battle of experts was not appropriate.” Id.
Although there are similarities between the trial court’s denial of
Simpson’s motion to continue and the circumstances in Pendleton, there is one
important distinction –here, the trial court simultaneously denied the
continuance but granted Simpson’s motion for expert funding under KRS 9
31.185. By statute, a defendant may request funding for use of private facilities
and/or personnel for evaluation of evidence where use of state facilities and/or
personnel is impractical. KRS 31.185; see also Perry Cty. Fiscal Court v.
Commonwealth, 674 S.W.2d 954, 956 (Ky. 1984). When a trial court
determines the services of an independent expert are “reasonably necessary,” it
must allocate funds to hire such an expert. McKinney v. Commonwealth, 60
S.W.3d 499, 505 (Ky. 2001) (citation omitted).
Here, in its order granting expert funding, the trial court found Simpson
was “in need of an expert” and that services of an expert witness were
“necessary for the preparation and presentation of a defense.” The court further
found that the use of state facilities and personnel was impractical. These
findings are in conflict with the court’s denial of Simpson’s motion to continue.
A trial court cannot find that an expert witness is necessary for the preparation
of a defendant’s defense while simultaneously preventing him from hiring such
9 Kentucky Revised Statutes.
10 an expert by denying a motion for a continuance. This amounts to identifiable
prejudice amounting to an abuse of discretion, which necessitates reversal.
2. The Commonwealth improperly questioned Simpson on cross- examination.
Simpson next raises the following issues regarding the Commonwealth’s
questioning of him on cross-examination: (1) he was impermissibly asked to
comment on the truthfulness of other witnesses; and (2) he was erroneously
asked to make a legal conclusion in response to a hypothetical posed by the
prosecutor. We review a trial court’s decision on whether to admit evidence,
including testimony, for abuse of discretion. Boyd v. Commonwealth, 439
S.W.3d 126, 129 (Ky. 2014) (citation omitted).
The Commonwealth repeatedly asked Simpson to comment on the
credibility of other witnesses. First, when Simpson testified that he asked
Penick and Ard to call 911 but they refused, the Commonwealth asked, “So
your testimony is that [Penick], someone who’s not involved in this at all,
walked through those courtroom doors and lied about that detail?” V.R.
6/1/23 at 4:01:00-07. Next, when Simpson disputed which portion of McCall’s
security footage he was shown during his police interview, the Commonwealth
asked, “So now you’re testifying that Detective Lindeman was not telling the
truth when he told the members of this jury. . .” Id. at 4:21:35-41. The
question was cut short by defense counsel’s objection. Finally, when Simpson
said he did not laugh at Helton when he was lying on the balcony, the
Commonwealth asked, “So everyone’s lying on you? Detective Lindeman is
11 lying on you? Casey Penick and Bradley Ard?” Id. at 4:35:20-24. Simpson
answered “no” as his counsel objected. Id. at 4:35:24.
We must first address whether Simpson preserved these alleged errors
for our review. The Commonwealth argues Simpson did not preserve his
argument because “he did not request a ruling on the issue when the trial
judge failed to make one.” Appellee’s Brief at 19.
In each instance, Simpson’s counsel objected to the Commonwealth
asking Simpson to comment on the credibility of other witnesses. In making
two of the three objections, counsel cited to relevant case law, Moss v.
Commonwealth, 949 S.W.2d 579 (Ky. 1997). On the first objection, after
defense counsel argued the prosecutor could not ask Simpson to testify to the
credibility of another witness, the trial court allowed testimony to proceed with
only an admonishment for Simpson to answer the question being asked. In the
second instance, defense counsel objected before the prosecutor finished
asking the question about Detective Lindeman’s credibility and the prosecutor
offered to rephrase the question. Soon after, he again asked Simpson to
comment on the credibility of Penick, Ard, and Detective Lindeman, and
defense counsel again objected. The trial judge ultimately rejected defense
counsel’s argument by reasoning that Simpson opened the door to these
questions.
In allowing testimony to proceed and ultimately ruling that Simpson
opened the door, the trial court effectively denied defense counsel’s objections.
While defense counsel did not specifically ask for a ruling on their argument
12 under Moss, the trial court’s actions can be seen only as a rejection of the
argument. This is sufficient for preservation purposes.
We turn now to the substance of Simpson’s claims.
A witness should not be required to characterize the testimony of another witness, particularly a well- respected police officer, as lying. Such a characterization places the witness in such an unflattering light as to potentially undermine his entire testimony. Counsel should be sufficiently articulate to show the jury where the testimony of the witnesses differ without resort to blunt force.
Moss, 949 S.W.2d at 583. Decisions on the credibility of witness testimony are
within the “exclusive province of the jury.” Id. (citation omitted).
In Barrett v. Commonwealth, 677 S.W.3d 326, 339-40 (Ky. 2023), a
sexual abuse case, the defendant was repeatedly asked about the truthfulness
of the victim’s testimony. On cross-examination, the defendant testified he
never read a note on the victim’s iPad or had a conversation with his wife and
the victim. Id. at 339. The Commonwealth then asked, “Why would she tell the
jury that if that never happened?” Id. at 340. The defendant said he did not
understand why, and the Commonwealth asked, “You don’t understand why
because she has no reason to say it, does she?” Id.
On appeal, Barrett argued the Commonwealth’s questions were a
violation of Moss. Id. This Court compared Barrett’s testimony to that of the
defendant in Graham v. Commonwealth, 571 S.W.3d 575, 585 (Ky. 2019). Id. In
Graham, the defendant testified that his last interaction with the victims,
Joseph and Lonnie, was when he refused to take them fishing. 571 S.W.3d at
584-85. He said the victims “stomped into the house, went in Lonnie’s bedroom 13 and locked the door.” Id. at 585. The Commonwealth asked if the defendant
believed “Joseph and Lonnie getting together in Lonnie’s room that day while
angry” was the reason he was on trial. Id. This Court held the Commonwealth’s
questioning of Graham was not a violation of Moss because the Commonwealth
was attempting to clarify Graham’s testimony regarding his belief that the
victims made up allegations against him because they were angry with him. Id.
Graham was not asked to call the Commonwealth’s witnesses liars, nor was he
placed in an unflattering light by the questioning. Id.
Comparatively, the Court in Barrett found the Commonwealth’s
questioning was designed to make him comment on the victim’s credibility by
repeatedly asking why she would testify to something that did not happen. 677
S.W.3d at 341. The Court rejected the Commonwealth’s argument that its line
of questions did not cross the line into impropriety under Moss because the
prosecutor never directly asked Barrett whether the victim was lying. Id.
Despite not explicitly asking Barrett to call the victim a liar, the
Commonwealth’s questions “placed him in an unflattering light and attempted
to take the determination of [the victim’s] truthfulness away from the jury.”
Id. 10
This matter is easily distinguishable from Graham and the
Commonwealth’s questions were even more clearly improper than the
10 Barrett did not preserve this error and requested review for palpable error.
The Court held, as was found in prior decisions, that a Moss violation did not rise to palpable error. Id.
14 prosecutor’s questions in Barrett. Here, the prosecutor repeatedly asked
Simpson whether other witnesses, including a police detective, were lying. This
is a clear violation of the standard set out in Moss. There is a distinct likelihood
that the questions cast Simpson in a bad light and the entirety of his testimony
was undermined in the eyes of the jury. The Commonwealth’s decision to
employ blunt force in this manner erroneously removed the judgment of
credibility from the jury.
The Commonwealth’s repeated cross-examination of Simpson on the
truthfulness of other witnesses cannot be categorized as harmless error. “A
non-constitutional evidentiary error may be deemed harmless . . . if the
reviewing court can say with fair assurance that the judgment was not
substantially swayed by the error.” Winstead v. Commonwealth, 283 S.W.3d
678, 688-89 (Ky. 2009) (citing Kotteakos v. United States, 328 U.S. 750, 765
(1946)). “The inquiry is not simply whether there was enough [evidence] to
support the result, apart from the phase affected by the error. It is rather, even
so, whether the error itself had substantial influence. If so, or if one is left in
grave doubt, the conviction cannot stand.” Id. at 689 (citation and quotation
marks omitted). Here, the error is not harmless because we are not sufficiently
assured that the jury was not swayed by the Commonwealth’s repeated
questioning of Simpson regarding the truthfulness of other witnesses.
Second, Simpson claims he was asked to respond to a hypothetical
question which required him to make a legal conclusion. Over Simpson’s
objection, the trial court allowed the Commonwealth to pose a hypothetical in
15 its cross-examination of Simpson. The Commonwealth asked, “Mr. Simpson,
you would agree if you see someone who’s been shot in the stomach by a gun
shot, hypothetically, and they’re dying slowly, and you walk up and shoot them
in the face, kill them right away, you’ve committed murder, right? You would
agree with that hypothetically?” V.R. 6/1/23 at 4:27:09-28. After the trial court
overruled Simpson’s objection, the Commonwealth returned to the hypothetical
and asked, “You would agree that that second person is still culpable, right?”
Id. at 4:27:52-54. Simpson responded, “To be honest with you, no.” Id. at
4:27:56-58.
Simpson argues he was impermissibly asked to make a legal conclusion
and the question was asked solely to inflame the jury. The Commonwealth
argues
[t]here was no error because Simpson was not asked to render an opinion about what legally constituted murder. He was asked instead about culpability. Simpson offered an opinion on whether someone who hastened the death of someone who was already dying was culpable in that death. He did not draw a conclusion about whether that person was legally guilty of murder.
Appellee’s Brief at 23. The Commonwealth’s argument fails on two grounds.
First, the assertion that Simpson was not asked to render an opinion
about what legally constitutes murder is plainly contradicted by the record.
The Commonwealth asked if he would have “committed murder” had he been
the second shooter in the hypothetical. This can only be viewed as asking what
legally constitutes murder.
16 Furthermore, the Commonwealth’s attempt to distinguish what legally
constitutes murder from culpability for murder, claiming the former is a legal
conclusion but the latter is not, amounts to a false distinction. As the
Commonwealth knows, culpability is “[t]he mental state that must be proved
for a defendant to be held liable for a crime.” Culpability, BLACK’S LAW
DICTIONARY (12th ed. 2024); see also KRS 501.020. It is disingenuous to claim
that asking a defendant to opine on his own culpability in a hypothetical
murder is anything other than eliciting a legal conclusion.
A lay witness may testify to his opinions or inferences which are:
(a) Rationally based on the perception of the witness;
(b) Helpful to a clear understanding of the witness’ testimony or the determination of a fact in issue; and
(c) Not based on scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge within the scope of Rule 702.
KRE 11 701. Generally, it is improper for a witness to testify to legal
conclusions. Tamme v. Commonwealth, 973 S.W.2d 13, 32 (Ky. 1998) (citation
omitted). In unpublished, nonbinding decisions, this Court has found
questioning a lay witness about whether a defendant acted in self-defense
amounted to asking for a legal conclusion. See Whaley v. Commonwealth,
2009-SC-000516-MR, 2011 WL 1642191, *5 (Ky. Apr. 21, 2011); see also
Hatcher v. Commonwealth, 2015-SC-000258-MR, 2016 WL 3370999, *8 (Ky.
June 16, 2016). The Commonwealth’s question undoubtedly called for Simpson
11 Kentucky Rules of Evidence.
17 to draw a legal conclusion rather than testify to his own rationally based
perceptions.
Hypothetical questions are commonly allowed during expert testimony.
In such testimony, “[i]t is a fundamental rule of evidence that a hypothetical
question must be based upon, or contain, a state of facts supported by some
evidence.” Hodge v. Commonwealth, 159 S.W.2d 422, 423 (Ky. 1942) (citation
omitted). More recently, this Court has determined the following requirements
for use of hypothetical questions:
(1) the assumptions used in a hypothetical question were required to reflect the true state of facts in evidence; (2) competent evidence was required to be introduced to support each and every assumption used in such a question; and (3) although the supporting evidence did not have to be uncontradicted, it had to be sufficient to support findings by the jury on every assumption essential to the validity of the opinion.
Thomas v. Commonwealth, 170 S.W.3d 343, 352 (Ky. 2005) (citation omitted).
In Thomas, the defendant was convicted of first and second-degree
assault for shooting two individuals during an altercation outside a bar. Id. at
346. At trial, an expert testified to the defendant’s blood alcohol level. Id. at
351. During her testimony, the Commonwealth asked the expert to use
retrograde extrapolation to estimate his blood alcohol level at the time of the
altercation “assuming a history of alcohol abuse.” Id. at 351-52. There was no
evidence in the record showing the defendant had a history of alcohol abuse.
Id. at 352. This Court held the “unsubstantiated hypothetical fact” could not be
used to support the expert’s testimony and “it served no purpose other than to
18 insinuate that [Thomas] was a person of bad character in contravention of KRE
404(a)(1).” Id.
Here, the Commonwealth’s hypothetical question was neither based on
the true state of facts in evidence nor had competent evidence been introduced
to support any part of the question. Instead, the Commonwealth conjured up
an entirely fictional set of facts, placed Simpson at the center of the narrative,
and asked him to draw a legal conclusion. This neither complies with the
requirements detailed in Thomas, nor does it conform with the requirement
that lay witness testimony be based on the witness’ rationally based
perceptions under KRE 701. The trial court abused its discretion in allowing
the Commonwealth’s question.
The Commonwealth urges us to find any error in allowing the
hypothetical to be harmless. It argues “since Simpson chose to go to trial and
argued throughout that trial that he did not injure Helton at any time and was
not responsible in any way for Helton’s death, the jury would not have been
surprised to hear his opinion on culpability.” Appellee’s Brief at 23-24.
However, the Commonwealth’s reasoning evades the purpose of asking the
question. Using an entirely irrelevant set of hypothetical facts, the
Commonwealth forced Simpson to either answer in the affirmative, conceding
that if he injures a victim, even when another person had already caused a
fatal injury, then he is liable for murder; or answer in the negative, as he did,
to avoid such a concession. The Commonwealth could have only asked this
question anticipating one of two outcomes: (1) Simpson would concede his
19 culpability for the hypothetical crime to give the jury the impression he was
admitting guilt for Helton’s murder, or (2) the question would elicit some
emotional reaction from the jury in hearing Simpson say he did not think he
would be culpable for shooting someone in the face. This was not harmless
error.
On remand, the Commonwealth must refrain from asking questions
requiring a witness to comment on the credibility of other witnesses or draw
legal conclusions.
3. The trial court did not err by denying Simpson’s motion for directed verdict.
Simpson claims the trial court should have granted his motion for
directed verdict because the Commonwealth failed to prove all elements of
wanton murder beyond a reasonable doubt. When deciding a motion for
directed verdict
[t]he trial court must draw all fair and reasonable inferences from the evidence in favor of the Commonwealth. If the evidence is sufficient to induce a reasonable juror to believe beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty, a directed verdict should not be given. For the purpose of ruling on the motion, the trial court must assume that the evidence for the Commonwealth is true, but reserving to the jury questions as to the credibility and weight to be given to such testimony.
Commonwealth v. Benham, 816 S.W.2d 186, 187 (Ky. 1991). On appeal, this
Court will reverse only if we find “under the evidence as a whole, it would be
clearly unreasonable for a jury to find guilt[.]” Id. (citation omitted).
20 A person is guilty of murder when “he wantonly engages in conduct
which creates a grave risk of death to another person and thereby causes the
death of another person.” KRS 507.020(1)(b).
A person acts wantonly with respect to a result or to a circumstance described by a statute defining an offense when he is aware of and consciously disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the result will occur or that the circumstance exists. The risk must be of such nature and degree that disregard thereof constitutes a gross deviation from the standard of conduct that a reasonable person would observe in the situation.
KRS 501.020(3). However, “mere wantonness” is insufficient to convict
someone of murder. Brown v. Commonwealth, 174 S.W.3d 421, 425 (Ky.
2005). Instead, the defendant “must have had a more egregious mental state”
under “circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to human life.” Id.
(citation omitted). The requirement of extreme indifference to human life
“elevates wanton homicide to the same level of culpability as intentional
homicide.” Id. The question of whether a defendant’s conduct demonstrates
extreme indifference to human life must be answered by the trier of fact. Brown
v. Commonwealth, 975 S.W.2d 922, 924 (Ky. 1998) (citation omitted).
Simpson argues the Commonwealth did not prove he manifested an
extreme indifference to human life. We disagree. The Commonwealth must
prove the following characteristics of the defendant’s actions: “(i) homicidal risk
that is exceptionally high; (ii) circumstances known to the actor that clearly
show awareness of the magnitude of the risk; and (iii) minimal or non-existent
social utility in the conduct.” Brown, 174 S.W.3d at 427 (citation omitted).
21 First, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
Commonwealth, Simpson repeatedly assaulted a man who appeared to be so
intoxicated that he was barely able to stand. Helton’s face was bloodied. He
suffered extensive injuries, including multiple broken bones and hemorrhaging
in his brain. A reasonable juror could find that this shows an exceptionally
high risk of homicide.
Second, Simpson was present when Helton was slurring his words and
barely able to stand, making him appear nonthreatening to Penick. He could
see Helton from inside Michaud’s apartment as he laid unconscious on the
balcony. Later, after he threw Helton out of the apartment two more times,
Simpson knew Helton had been lying on the balcony for more than a half hour
when he chose to slam his head against the floor. A reasonable juror could find
Simpson was clearly aware of the magnitude of the homicidal risk.
Third, while Simpson asserts Helton was using slurs and threatening
Michaud, he and Michaud primarily complained that he would not leave the
apartment. Helton lived in the apartment with Michaud. Simpson did not. He
was, at most, an acquaintance of Michaud. On this basis, a reasonable juror
could find there was minimal or non-existent social utility in Simpson’s
conduct. Considering these factors, the Commonwealth sufficiently
demonstrated an extreme indifference to human life to survive Simpson’s
motion for directed verdict.
Simpson further claims the Commonwealth failed to meet its burden
because the jury was required to make inference upon inference to convict him.
22 The Commonwealth is not required to meet its burden through direct evidence
alone. A conviction can be supported by circumstantial evidence. Berry v.
Commonwealth, 680 S.W.3d 827, 838 (Ky. 2023) (citation omitted). Jurors may
draw “reasonable inferences from such evidence.” Dillingham v. Commonwealth,
995 S.W.2d 377,380 (Ky. 1999) (citation omitted).
In this case, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
Commonwealth, there was sufficient evidence to survive Simpson’s motion for
directed verdict. Based on the video evidence and testimony of the witnesses, a
reasonable juror could find that Simpson caused at least some of Helton’s
injuries. Because Dr. Maines testified that all of Helton’s injuries collectively
caused his death, it is sufficient that a reasonable juror could believe beyond a
reasonable doubt that Simpson caused some injury. For this reason, Simpson
was not entitled to a directed verdict.
4. We need not address the merits of Simpson’s remaining arguments.
Simpson argues the trial court erred in admitting cumulative and
prejudicial photos of Helton’s body from the crime scene and the autopsy. At
trial, the court admitted 102 photos of Helton’s body. Simpson objected to eight
photos. On appeal, he requests review for abuse of discretion of the trial court’s
decision to admit those eight photos over his objections, and palpable error
review of admission of thirty photos to which he did not object at trial. Because
other grounds necessitate reversal and Simpson’s arguments regarding the
photos are largely unpreserved, we decline to address their merits. However,
because we are remanding this matter for retrial and the Commonwealth is
23 likely to request admission of some or all the photos, we note that, when
considering admission of such evidence, the trial court cannot conduct the
KRE 403 balancing test “in a vacuum.” Hall v. Commonwealth, 468 S.W.3d
814, 824 (Ky. 2015). Instead, the court must consider each photo “within the
full evidentiary context of the case, giving due regard to the other evidence
admitted as well as evidentiary alternatives, so as to ascertain each item’s
‘marginal’ or ‘incremental’ probative worth for purposes of weighing that value
against the risk of prejudice posed by the evidence.” Id. (citations omitted).
Because other grounds mandate reversal for a new trial, we need not
address the merits of Simpson’s argument regarding cumulative error.
CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, the judgment of the Kenton Circuit Court is
hereby reversed, and this matter is remanded for a new trial consistent with
this opinion.
All sitting. Lambert, C.J.; Bisig, Conley, Nickell, and Thompson,
JJ., concur. Keller, J., concurs in result only.
24 COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT:
Sarah D. Dailey Assistant Public Advocate
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:
Russell M. Coleman Attorney General of Kentucky
Jenny L. Sanders Assistant Attorney General