IN THE TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-07-00070-CR
RONALD LAMONT GUYTON, Appellant v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
From the 85th District Court Brazos County, Texas Trial Court No. 0603643-CRF85
OPINION ON PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
A jury convicted Ronald Guyton of three counts of possession of cocaine with
intent to deliver and assessed his punishment at fifty years’ confinement for count one,
two years’ confinement for count two, and fifty years’ confinement for count three.
Guyton’s appellate counsel contends in his sole point that Guyton received ineffective
assistance of trial counsel. Guyton contends in a pro se supplemental brief that: (1) the
evidence is legally and factually insufficient to prove possession with intent to deliver;
(2) the trial court erred when it failed to inquire into a conflict of interest between himself and his attorney; and (3) the State failed to give him timely notice of its intent to
use prior convictions for enhancement purposes.
On original submission, this Court reversed the judgment due to factual
insufficiency. See Guyton v. State, No. 10-07-00070-CR, 2008 Tex. App. LEXIS 8371 (Tex.
App.—Waco Nov. 5, 2008). As authorized by Rule of Appellate Procedure 50, we issue
this modified opinion within sixty days after the State filed its petition for discretionary
review. TEX. R. APP. P. 50. On reconsideration of the issues presented, we will affirm
the judgment and withdraw our prior opinion and judgment. Id.
Background
On the evening of April 26, 2006, Officers Steve Spillars and Paul Mahoney
attempted to stop a white Pontiac that was allegedly operating with a defective
headlight.1 The Pontiac did not immediately pull over but continued to travel east on
Highway 21 in Bryan until it turned onto Waco Street. Spillars testified that, as the
Pontiac began to stop, he got out of the patrol car because he saw the back door of the
Pontiac opening. Guyton, who was wearing a black baseball cap, ran from the back
door of the Pontiac and was chased by Spillars. During the chase, Spillars saw Guyton
throw a small object from his right hand.
When Guyton was arrested, he initially falsely identified himself as Christopher
Brice Daniels. Mahoney then ran Guyton’s fingerprints through the FBI and DPS
databases under the name Christopher Daniels. However, when Mahoney took Guyton
1 Christi French, the Pontiac’s driver, testified at trial that the headlights on the Pontiac were working properly.
Guyton v. State Page 2 the fingerprint cards to sign, he signed his name as Ronald Guyton. Subsequent
investigation confirmed Guyton’s identity. When the officers searched Guyton, he was
not carrying any contraband, and he did not appear to be under the influence of
narcotics.
Spillars searched the area and located a black baseball cap, a food-coloring bottle,
and two plastic sandwich bags that had been tied together. The contents of the
sandwich bags and the food-coloring bottle were later tested and weighed, and forensic
scientist Joel Budge testified that the bags contained .40 grams of cocaine and 3.57
grams of ecstasy. The food-coloring bottle contained 5.15 grams of PCP.
Officer Spillars testified that possession of less than a gram of cocaine would
usually be charged as simple possession. He also testified that Guyton was initially
charged with simple possession and not possession with intent to deliver.
Detective Robert Wilson, College Station Police Department, testified that street-
level drug dealers normally carry enough drugs for only a few sales. Furthermore, a
street-level drug dealer normally would not document his drug sales on a narcotics
ledger, as they typically operate on a hand-to-hand basis. Street-level dealers carry a
low amount of product in order to be able to quickly eat, drop, or destroy evidence if
stopped by law enforcement. He also testified to the perceived effects of each of the
individual drugs Guyton possessed and stated that a typical drug user would not
collectively consume cocaine, ecstasy, and PCP because the drugs would counteract the
effects of each other. In his opinion, the drugs possessed by Guyton were for sale and
not personal use.
Guyton v. State Page 3 After a jury convicted Guyton on all three counts of possession with intent to
deliver, he filed a motion for new trial claiming that he did not receive effective
assistance of counsel or adequate notice of a new indictment.2 A hearing was held, the
trial court denied the motion, and this appeal followed.
Pro Se Pleadings
As an initial matter, we must address Guyton’s status as a pro se litigant before
this Court. Both Guyton and his appointed appellate counsel have filed briefs in this
matter. A criminal appellant has no right to hybrid representation. Ex parte Taylor, 36
S.W.3d 883, 887 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001); Meyer v. State, 27 S. W.3d 644, 648 (Tex. App.—
Waco 2000, pet. ref'd). Generally, when an appellant has counsel and counsel has filed
a brief, the appellant has no right to file a pro se brief. However, the prohibition on
hybrid representation is not absolute. See e. g., Warren v. State, 98 S.W.3d 739, 741 (Tex.
App.—Waco 2003, pet. ref’d). We may consider a pro se brief if the interests of justice
require us to do so. We have reviewed Guyton’s pro se supplemental brief and find that
the interests of justice require that we address his issues. See Williams v. State, 946
S.W.2d 886, 892 (Tex. App.—Waco 1997, no pet.) (appellate court may consider pro se
issue in the interest of justice even though appellant has no right to hybrid
representation).
2 Guyton was originally charged by indictment on July 13, 2006. He was then reindicted on December 14, 2006. The only change in the new indictment was the addition of an enhancement paragraph alleging a prior conviction for possession of a controlled substance. The effect of the enhancement paragraph was to enhance the minimum range of punishment on count one to 15 years to 99 years. Count three was enhanced to a first degree punishment range, and there was no effect of the punishment range on count two.
Guyton v. State Page 4 Intent to Deliver
In his first pro se issue, Guyton challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the
evidence to support a finding of intent to deliver.
In reviewing a claim of legal insufficiency, we view all of the evidence in a light
most favorable to the verdict and determine whether any rational trier of fact could
have found the essential element beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443
U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979); Sells v. State, 121 S.W.3d 748,
753-54 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003); Witt v. State, 237 S.W.3d 394, 396-97 (Tex. App.—Waco
2007, pet. ref’d).
In a factual insufficiency review, we ask whether a neutral review of all the
evidence, though legally sufficient, demonstrates either that the proof of guilt is so
weak or that conflicting evidence is so strong as to render the factfinder's verdict clearly
wrong and manifestly unjust. Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404, 414-15 (Tex. Crim. App.
2006); Witt, 237 S.W.3d at 397.
Intent to deliver may be established by circumstantial evidence. Moreno v. State,
195 S.W.3d 321, 325 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, pet. ref’d). A number of
factors are relevant to this issue: (1) the nature of the location where the defendant was
arrested; (2) the quantity of drugs the defendant possessed; (3) the manner of packaging
of the drugs; (4) the presence or absence of drug paraphernalia (for use or sale); (5)
whether the defendant possessed a large amount of cash in addition to the drugs; and
(6) the defendant’s status as a drug user. Utomi v. State, 243 S.W.3d 75, 82 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet. ref’d), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 128 S. Ct. 2058, 170 L. Ed.
Guyton v. State Page 5 2d 800 (2008); Erskine v. State, 191 S.W.3d 374, 380 (Tex. App.—Waco 2006, no pet.).
Expert testimony may also be used to establish intent. See id. The “number of factors
present is not as important as the logical force the factors have in establishing the
elements of the offense.” Moreno, 195 S.W.3d at 326.
Although a large amount of drugs, often accompanied by police officer/expert
witness testimony, can show intent to deliver, such amounts are not involved here. Cf.,
e.g., Pitts v. State, 731 S.W.2d 687, 691-92 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1987, pet. ref’d)
(1,025 grams of cocaine); see also Morrow v. State, 757 S.W.2d 484, 487-88 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 1988, pet. ref’d) (3,013 grams of cocaine). The converse is likewise
true, namely, that a small quantity of drugs is not alone sufficient to establish an intent
to deliver. See Brooks v. State, No. 10-07-00309-CR, 2008 Tex. App. LEXIS 7364, at
*11 (Tex. App.—Waco Oct. 1, 2008, pet. filed) (not designated for publication).3 Thus,
the quantity of drugs alone cannot establish the requisite intent if the quantity is
consistent with personal use, unless supported by additional evidence.
Here, Guyton possessed 5.15 grams of PCP (approximately 20 hits), 3.57 gram of
ecstasy (approximately 7 tablets), and .40 grams of cocaine (approximately 1 or 2 rocks).
3 When police in a bar approached Brooks, he tried to escape and threw two clear plastic bags towards a pool table. Brooks v. State, No. 10-07-00309-CR, 2008 Tex. App. Lexis 7364, at *2-3 (Tex. App.— Waco Oct. 1, 2008, pet. filed) (not designated for publication). One of the plastic bags contained 4.72 grams of cocaine and an unspecified quantity of ecstasy pills, while the other contained an unspecified quantity of marihuana. Id. at *3-4. An expert testified that it is unusual for a user to carry three different types of narcotics. We found the evidence legally, but not factually, sufficient because there existed no evidence of any other circumstances tending to prove intent, such as “evidence that Brooks possessed an excessive amount of cash; that the drugs were packaged in a manner indicating intent to sell; that Brooks possessed paraphernalia used in sales or transactions involving drugs; that Brooks was arrested in an area known for drug sales; or that Brooks possessed any weapons.” Id. at *12-13. We note that we issued the opinion in Brooks after Guyton’s counsel filed his brief in this appeal.
Guyton v. State Page 6 Spillars and Wilson testified that this quantity was consistent with a street-dealer
amount, but Spillars admitted that it could also be consistent with personal use.
Standing alone, these amounts are insufficient evidence of intent; additional evidence is
required. See Brooks, 2008 Tex. App. LEXIS 7364, at *11.
The State argues that additional evidence exists for several reasons: (1) Guyton
identified himself as someone else; (2) Guyton was not in possession of any drug
paraphernalia for either use or sale; (3) Guyton was not under the influence of a
narcotic; (4) Guyton attempted to evade capture and discarded contraband in the
process; and (5) Guyton was found in possession of three different types of drugs.
Guyton responds that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient because
several of the pertinent factors identified above are not present. See Brooks, 2008 Tex.
App. LEXIS 7364, at *12-13; Hillman v. State, No. 02-03-00171-CR, 2004 Tex. App. Lexis
3210, at *10-11 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Apr. 8, 2004, pet. ref’d) (not designated for
publication).4 But as the State correctly responds, not every factor must be established
to prove intent to deliver. See Moreno, 195 S.W.3d at 326; Brooks, 2008 Tex. App. LEXIS
7364, at *8.
4 7.5 grams of methamphetamine (comprising 70 “hits” worth $700) were found hidden under the console of Hillman’s vehicle. Hillman v. State, No. 02-03-00171-CR, 2004 Tex. App. LEXIS 3210, at *9 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Apr. 8, 2004, pet. ref’d) (not designated for publication). An expert in that case testified that it is unusual for a user to carry this amount of methamphetamine because dealers commonly make alterations to their vehicles to hide drugs and users usually carry drugs on their person. See id. The Fort Worth Court found the evidence legally, but not factually, sufficient because there existed no evidence of any other circumstances tending to prove intent, such as “evidence that Hillman possessed an excessive amount of cash; that the drugs were packaged in a manner indicating intent to sell; that Hillman possessed any baggies, scales, or other items used in sales or transactions involving drugs; that Hillman was arrested in an area known for drug sales; that Hillman had any weapons in the car; or that Hillman tried to evade the police.” Id. at *10-11.
Guyton v. State Page 7 There is no evidence that Guyton possessed any small baggies for packaging
small amounts of contraband or that he was doing anything to exhibit an intent to
deliver. There is no evidence that he had set himself up in a drug house or on a street
corner where drugs were habitually sold. And there is no evidence that he attempted to
pass off contraband to another person. This lack of evidence tends to contradict the
jury’s finding of intent to deliver.
By comparison, the evidence relevant to several of the factors appears consistent
with either possession for personal use or possession for delivery. This evidence
includes: (1) Guyton’s falsely identifying himself; (2) his attempt to evade capture and
discard contraband; (3) the quantity of the drugs in his possession; and (4) his prior
conviction for possession of a controlled substance. See Brooks, 2008 Tex. App. LEXIS
7364, at *13.
But there is other evidence supporting the jury’s finding of intent. In Brooks, we
found the evidence factually insufficient to prove intent to deliver. Id. at *12-14.
However, Guyton’s case is different. As in Brooks, the State offered the expert testimony
of narcotics officers who testified that the quantity of drugs in Guyton’s possession was
more than a user would normally carry. Cf. id. at *4-5. And as in Brooks, the officers
opined that the defendant’s possession of three different controlled substances was
more indicative of a dealer than a user. Id. at *12. But Wilson went further and
discussed the interaction between the various controlled substances in Guyton’s
possession. He explained that a typical user would not use ecstasy, cocaine, and PCP
Guyton v. State Page 8 together because their effects would counteract each other.5 Cf. Utomi, 243 S.W.3d at 78,
83-84 (upholding conviction for possession of cocaine, ecstasy, and PCP with intent to
deliver).
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, the evidence is
legally sufficient to establish possession with intent to deliver. See Brooks, 2008 Tex.
App. LEXIS 7364, at *12; Utomi, 243 S.W.3d at 83; Hillman, 2004 Tex. App. LEXIS 3210, at
*9-10.
And viewing the evidence in a neutral light, as required by the factual sufficiency
standard of review, we likewise hold that the proof of guilt is not so weak or that
conflicting evidence so strong as to render the factfinder's verdict clearly wrong and
manifestly unjust. See Utomi, 243 S.W.3d at 83-84; see also Watson, 204 S.W.3d at 414-15;
Witt, 237 S.W.3d at 397; cf. Brooks, 2008 Tex. App. LEXIS 7364, at *12-14; Hillman, 2004
Tex. App. LEXIS 3210, at *10-11.
Accordingly, we overrule Guyton’s first pro se issue.
Enhancement Paragraph
Guyton complains in his third pro se issue that he did not receive timely notice of
the State’s intention to enhance his punishment with a prior conviction for possession of
a controlled substance.
This argument was litigated in Guyton’s motion for new trial hearing. After
hearing all the evidence, the court entered findings of fact supporting the prosecution’s
5 By contrast, the defendant in Brooks had cocaine, ecstasy, and marihuana. See Brooks, 2008 Tex. App. LEXIS 7364, at *3. There are reported cases of defendants being convicted for the combined possession of these three substances. See, e.g., Scott v. State, 825 S.W.2d 521, 522 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1992, pet. ref’d).
Guyton v. State Page 9 assertion that Guyton received constitutionally adequate notice of the State’s intent to
enhance his sentence using a prior conviction.
A defendant is entitled to notice of any prior convictions the prosecution intends
to use as enhancement to the sentence the defendant is facing. Villescas v. State, 189
S.W.3d 290, 294 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). These prior convictions used as enhancements
must be pleaded in some form, but they need not be pleaded in the indictment. Brooks
v. State, 957 S.W.2d 30, 34 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). Although the notice requirement is
constitutional in origin, there is no specific time period for which notice must be
provided. Villescas, 189 S.W.3d at 294. “In fact . . ., when a defendant has no defense
to the enhancement allegation and has not suggested the need for a continuance in
order to prepare one, notice given at the beginning of the punishment phase satisfies
the federal constitution.” Id.
At the hearing on the motion for new trial, Guyton’s trial counsel testified that he
received the new indictment containing the enhancement paragraph on December 1,
2006, and knew on November 17, 2006, prior to the reindictment, that Guyton’s
sentence would be enhanced with his prior conviction. After he received the new
indictment, counsel informed Guyton that his sentence in the instant case would be
enhanced by a prior conviction. Counsel also testified that prosecutors informed
Guyton on November 17, 2006, that if he did not accept the plea bargain offered that
day, the State would reindict him and add the prior conviction as an enhancement.
At the same hearing, a jail employee testified that Guyton knew that he had been
reindicted. However, Guyton complained to this employee that he had not received a
Guyton v. State Page 10 copy of this new indictment. In response, the employee found a copy of the new
indictment, along with a copy of the certificate of service, which did not bear Guyton’s
signature, and showed them to Guyton. The certificate of service showing Guyton was
served with his new indictment was admitted into evidence.
Collectively, this testimony demonstrates that Guyton received adequate notice
of the new indictment. Counsel demonstrated that Guyton was informed on several
occasions prior to trial by both the prosecutor and his trial counsel that his sentence was
going to be enhanced using the prior conviction. Thus, the trial court did not err in
finding that Guyton received constitutionally adequate notice. Webb, 232 S.W.3d at 112.
We overrule Guyton’s third pro se issue.
Conflict of Interest
Guyton contends in his second pro se issue that the court erred when it failed to
inquire into a conflict of interest between himself and his court-appointed counsel.
Guyton identifies essentially three instances when he advised the court that there
were problems with the representation. First, he complained to the court before trial
that he did not feel that his attorney was coming to see him and discuss the case with
sufficient frequency. Next, he complained to the court during voir dire that his attorney
was “not working with me” and was “siding with the prosecution.” And finally, he
complained during trial that his attorney was not asking questions that he wanted the
attorney to ask the witnesses. When Guyton raised these complaints, the trial court
briefly discussed them with him.
Guyton v. State Page 11 The trial court has discretion to determine whether counsel should be allowed to withdraw from a case. “However, the right to counsel may not be manipulated so as to obstruct the judicial process or interfere with the administration of justice.” Further, personality conflicts and disagreements concerning trial strategy are typically not valid grounds for withdrawal. A trial court has no duty to search for counsel agreeable to the defendant.
King v. State, 29 S.W.3d 556, 566 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (quoting Green v. State, 840
S.W.2d 394, 408 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992)) (footnotes omitted); accord Gaines v. State, No.
05-06-00599-CR, 2007 Tex. App. LEXIS 4985, at *2-3 (Tex. App.—Dallas June 27, 2007,
pet. ref’d).
A trial court has an affirmative duty to conduct a hearing when it becomes aware
of an actual conflict of interest. Ramirez v. State, 13 S.W.3d 482, 487 (Tex. App.—Corpus
Christi 2000), pet. dism’d, improvidently granted, 67 S.W.3d 177 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001)
(per curiam) (citing United States v. Greig, 967 F.2d 1018, 1022 (5th Cir. 1992)).
Personality conflicts, disagreements regarding trial strategy and lack of communication
do not ordinarily give rise to an actual conflict of interest. See Gaines, 2007 Tex. App.
LEXIS 4985, at *3-4 (citing King, 29 S.W.3d at 566). Here, there was no reason for the
trial court to conclude that an actual conflict existed between Guyton and his trial
attorney. Thus, the court did not err by declining to hold a formal hearing to inquire
into whether an actual conflict existed. Id. at *4. We overrule Guyton’s second pro se
issue.
Ineffective Assistance
Guyton’s appellate counsel contends in the sole issue presented in counsel’s brief
that Guyton received ineffective assistance of trial counsel because counsel failed to: (1)
Guyton v. State Page 12 adequately investigate the facts and interview potential witnesses; or (2) file a motion to
suppress or seek an article 38.23 instruction regarding the legality of the traffic stop.
To prevail on an ineffective-assistance claim, an appellant must show by a
preponderance of the evidence that: (1) counsel’s performance was deficient and (2) the
deficient performance prejudiced the defense. Garza v. State, 213 S.W.3d 338, 347-48
(Tex. Crim. App. 2007). In the context of a claim that counsel was ineffective for failing
to file a motion to suppress, prejudice is established by showing that such a motion
would have been granted. See Jackson v. State, 973 S.W.2d 954, 957 (Tex. Crim. App.
1998); Hollis v. State, 219 S.W.3d 446, 456 (Tex. App.—Austin 2007, no pet.); Carroll v.
State, 56 S.W.3d 644, 649 (Tex. App.—Waco 2001, pet. ref’d).
We begin with a “strong presumption” that counsel provided reasonably
professional assistance, and Guyton bears the burden of overcoming this presumption.
See Andrews v. State, 159 S.W.3d 98, 101 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Generally, the appellate
record is insufficient to satisfy this burden. Scheanette v. State, 144 S.W.3d 503, 510 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2004); Curry v. State, 222 S.W.3d 745, 754 (Tex. App.—Waco 2007, pet. ref’d).
If nothing in the record reveals the reason for the act or omission which is the basis of
an ineffective assistance complaint, we may not speculate on that reason. See Jackson v.
State, 877 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994); Curry, 222 S.W.3d at 754; Hajjar v.
State, 176 S.W.3d 554, 567 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, pet. ref’d).
Here, Guyton’s trial counsel answered questions at the hearing on the motion for
new trial about the complaints Guyton raises on appeal. With regard to investigating
the facts of the case, Guyton’s primary complaint is that his trial counsel failed to talk
Guyton v. State Page 13 with Shredick Davis, a passenger in the white Pontiac from which Guyton fled, or call
him as a witness. Counsel explained that he did not consider Davis to be a credible
witness because he was himself found to be in possession of marijuana on the occasion
in question. Counsel provided a strategic basis for not calling Davis as a witness.
Although Davis may have supported French’s testimony that both headlights were
operating on the occasion in question, we are not in a position to second-guess counsel’s
concerns about Davis’s credibility. See State v. Morales, 253 S.W.3d 686, 696 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2008). Thus, Guyton has failed to overcome the strong presumption that counsel
provided reasonably professional assistance with regard to counsel’s decision to not call
Davis as a witness.
Counsel was also questioned about his decision to not file a motion to suppress
or request an article 38.23 instruction in the charge with regard to whether the officers
had a lawful basis for the traffic stop. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.23(a)
(Vernon 2005). Counsel testified that the stated basis for the traffic stop was a defective
headlight. However, French testified at trial that both of her headlights were working
that night. Counsel’s responses on direct and cross-examination suggest that he did not
pursue these issues because he did not believe that Guyton had standing to challenge
the stop of the car.6
We assume without deciding that the evidence raises a fact issue regarding the
basis for the stop and that counsel could have litigated the constitutionality of the stop
6 It appears that counsel was incorrect in this regard. See Kothe v. State, 152 S.W.3d 54, 60-61 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (passenger has standing to complain of lawfulness of vehicle stop).
Guyton v. State Page 14 in a pretrial suppression hearing and/or via an article 38.23 instruction to the jury. See
Holmes v. State, 223 S.W.3d 728, 731 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2007) (lawfulness
of seizure may be challenged by: (1) pre-trial suppression motion; (2) trial objection; or
(3) raising fact issue under article 38.23), aff’d, 248 S.W.3d 194 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).
However, Guyton must also establish that he was prejudiced by counsel’s failure
to pursue these issues. Garza, 213 S.W.3d at 347-48. This means that Guyton must
establish by a preponderance of the evidence that a suppression motion would have
been granted or the jury would have found in his favor under article 38.23. See Jackson,
973 S.W.2d at 957; Hollis, 219 S.W.3d at 456; Carroll, 56 S.W.3d at 649.
Because Guyton can establish only the existence of a fact issue, we cannot say
with any confidence that a pretrial motion to suppress would have been granted or that
the jury would have found in his favor under article 38.23. See Bollinger v. State, 224
S.W.3d 768, 779-80 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2007, pet. ref’d). Thus, Guyton has not
established that he was prejudiced by counsel’s failure to file a suppression motion or
seek an article 38.23 instruction. See Jackson, 973 S.W.2d at 957; Hollis, 219 S.W.3d at 456;
Carroll, 56 S.W.3d at 649.
For these reasons, we overrule the sole issue presented in the brief filed by
Guyton’s counsel.
We affirm the judgment.7
7 In accordance with Rule of Appellate Procedure 50, the opinion and judgment dated November 5, 2008 are withdrawn, and this opinion and its corresponding judgment are substituted therefor. See TEX. R. APP. P. 50.
Guyton v. State Page 15 FELIPE REYNA Justice Before Chief Justice Gray, Justice Reyna, and Justice Davis (Chief Justice Gray concurring) Affirmed Opinion delivered and filed February 6, 2009 Do not publish [CRPM]
Guyton v. State Page 16