NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FEB 20 2026 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
GUSTAVO ANDRES ROJAS-PINO; No. 24-6105 YENIBED BONILLA-ROCHA; KAREN Agency Nos. IBETH ROJAS-BONILLA, A246-229-385 A246-229-373 Petitioners, A246-229-374 v. MEMORANDUM* PAMELA BONDI, Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
Argued and Submitted February 4, 2026 Portland, Oregon
Before: BEA, CHRISTEN, and DESAI, Circuit Judges.
Lead Petitioner Gustavo Rojas-Pino and his wife and their minor daughter
(Co-Petitioners) petition for review of a decision of the Board of Immigration
Appeals (BIA) dismissing their appeal from an order of an Immigration Judge (IJ)
denying their claims for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. Convention Against Torture (CAT). Because the parties are familiar with the facts,
we do not recount them here. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252. We
grant the petition in part and deny it in part.
1. We begin with Rojas-Pino’s challenge to the BIA’s conclusion that his
persecution at the hands of the Elmer Cardenas guerrilla group lacked a nexus to his
particular social group (PSG) of “former employees of the Colombian military.” To
be eligible for asylum, an applicant must “demonstrate a likelihood of ‘persecution
or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality,
membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.’” Sharma v. Garland,
9 F.4th 1052, 1059 (9th Cir. 2021) (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A)). The
protected ground “must be ‘a central reason’ for the past or feared harm.” Garcia v.
Wilkinson, 988 F.3d 1136, 1143 (9th Cir. 2021) (quoting Barajas-Romero v. Lynch,
846 F.3d 351, 359-60 (9th Cir. 2017)). To qualify for withholding of removal, an
applicant must establish a clear probability that a “protected ground is ‘a reason’ for
future persecution,” which is a less demanding standard. Id. at 1146 (quoting
Barajas-Romero, 846 F.3d at 359). We review the agency’s finding as to the
persecutor’s motive for substantial evidence. Rodriguez-Zuniga v. Garland, 69
F.4th 1012, 1018 (9th Cir. 2023).
With respect to asylum, substantial evidence supports the BIA’s finding that
Rojas-Pino’s status as a former employee of the Colombian military was not a
2 24-6105 central reason that the guerrillas targeted him. The guerrillas repeatedly threatened
retaliation against Rojas-Pino because he refused to join them and fled the country.
The guerrillas told Rojas-Pino that he had not “fulfill[ed] [his] debt” to the guerrillas
and that he was going to get “what [he] deserved for being a coward and for not
cooperating” with them. Thus, the record supports the agency’s finding that personal
retribution, and not Rojas-Pino’s membership in a PSG, was a central reason the
guerrillas were motivated to harm him. See Sanjaa v. Sessions, 863 F.3d 1161, 1165
(9th Cir. 2017) (holding that personal retribution is not persecution on account of
membership in a PSG).
As to withholding of removal, however, the evidence compels the conclusion
that Rojas-Pino demonstrated a clear probability that his membership in his PSG was
at least “a reason” for his persecution. See Barajas-Romero, 846 F.3d at 359-60.
The guerrillas repeatedly tried to recruit Rojas-Pino after he left the military. The
guerrillas did not harm Rojas-Pino purely out of vengeance; rather, their repeated
efforts demonstrated that they wanted Rojas-Pino to join them. Rojas-Pino testified
that the guerrillas persistently targeted him for recruitment because of his status as a
former member of the military. Rojas-Pino had been stationed in the Choco region
of northwestern Colombia, the same region in which the guerrillas operate, and had
acquired extensive knowledge of the region’s dense rainforest because of his
military service. Rojas-Pino explained that he was “basically a guide” for the area
3 24-6105 and that his knowledge and military training were “fundamental” to the guerrillas.
Thus, the evidence compels the conclusion that Rojas-Pino’s former military status
was at least “a reason” for his persecution. Because the BIA did not reach the
remaining elements of Rojas-Pino’s withholding claim, we must remand to the
agency for further proceedings. See J.R. v. Barr, 975 F.3d 778, 785 (9th Cir. 2020)
(recognizing that the court cannot decide for itself questions that the BIA did not
reach); see also INS v. Ventura, 537 U.S. 12, 16 (2002) (per curiam).
2. We next address Co-Petitioners’ challenge to the BIA’s conclusion that
they did not establish a nexus between their membership in their proposed PSGs and
their persecution. In the BIA’s decision, it cited Matter of Burbano, 20 I. & N. Dec.
872 (BIA 1994), and purported to affirm the IJ’s determination that Co-Petitioners
failed to show nexus “for the reasons articulated” by the IJ.1 But the IJ did not make
a nexus determination as to Co-Petitioners. Instead, the IJ found that Co-Petitioners
had failed to establish a reasonable possibility of future persecution, and denied Co-
Petitioners’ applications for asylum and withholding on this ground alone.
Because the BIA purported to affirm a nexus determination that the IJ did not
make, the BIA failed to “provide a comprehensible reason for its decision.” Ghaly
1 The BIA’s citation to Matter of Burbano signals that it has “conducted an independent review of the record and . . . exercised its own discretion in determining that its conclusions were the same as those articulated by the IJ.” Arreguin-Moreno v. Mukasey, 511 F.3d 1229, 1232 (9th Cir. 2008) (citation modified).
4 24-6105 v. INS, 58 F.3d 1425, 1430 (9th Cir. 1995); see Delgado v. Holder, 648 F.3d 1095,
1107 (9th Cir. 2011) (en banc) (noting that the “BIA must provide a reasoned
explanation for its actions” (citation modified)). Because the BIA’s decision “cannot
be sustained upon its reasoning, [the] case must be remanded.” Kalulu v. Bondi, 128
F.4th 1009, 1024 (9th Cir. 2024) (citation modified).
3. We now turn to Petitioners’ claims for CAT relief. To qualify for CAT
relief, an applicant “must establish that ‘it is more likely than not that he or she would
be tortured if removed to the proposed country of removal.’” Garcia-Milian v.
Holder,
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FEB 20 2026 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
GUSTAVO ANDRES ROJAS-PINO; No. 24-6105 YENIBED BONILLA-ROCHA; KAREN Agency Nos. IBETH ROJAS-BONILLA, A246-229-385 A246-229-373 Petitioners, A246-229-374 v. MEMORANDUM* PAMELA BONDI, Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
Argued and Submitted February 4, 2026 Portland, Oregon
Before: BEA, CHRISTEN, and DESAI, Circuit Judges.
Lead Petitioner Gustavo Rojas-Pino and his wife and their minor daughter
(Co-Petitioners) petition for review of a decision of the Board of Immigration
Appeals (BIA) dismissing their appeal from an order of an Immigration Judge (IJ)
denying their claims for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. Convention Against Torture (CAT). Because the parties are familiar with the facts,
we do not recount them here. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252. We
grant the petition in part and deny it in part.
1. We begin with Rojas-Pino’s challenge to the BIA’s conclusion that his
persecution at the hands of the Elmer Cardenas guerrilla group lacked a nexus to his
particular social group (PSG) of “former employees of the Colombian military.” To
be eligible for asylum, an applicant must “demonstrate a likelihood of ‘persecution
or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality,
membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.’” Sharma v. Garland,
9 F.4th 1052, 1059 (9th Cir. 2021) (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A)). The
protected ground “must be ‘a central reason’ for the past or feared harm.” Garcia v.
Wilkinson, 988 F.3d 1136, 1143 (9th Cir. 2021) (quoting Barajas-Romero v. Lynch,
846 F.3d 351, 359-60 (9th Cir. 2017)). To qualify for withholding of removal, an
applicant must establish a clear probability that a “protected ground is ‘a reason’ for
future persecution,” which is a less demanding standard. Id. at 1146 (quoting
Barajas-Romero, 846 F.3d at 359). We review the agency’s finding as to the
persecutor’s motive for substantial evidence. Rodriguez-Zuniga v. Garland, 69
F.4th 1012, 1018 (9th Cir. 2023).
With respect to asylum, substantial evidence supports the BIA’s finding that
Rojas-Pino’s status as a former employee of the Colombian military was not a
2 24-6105 central reason that the guerrillas targeted him. The guerrillas repeatedly threatened
retaliation against Rojas-Pino because he refused to join them and fled the country.
The guerrillas told Rojas-Pino that he had not “fulfill[ed] [his] debt” to the guerrillas
and that he was going to get “what [he] deserved for being a coward and for not
cooperating” with them. Thus, the record supports the agency’s finding that personal
retribution, and not Rojas-Pino’s membership in a PSG, was a central reason the
guerrillas were motivated to harm him. See Sanjaa v. Sessions, 863 F.3d 1161, 1165
(9th Cir. 2017) (holding that personal retribution is not persecution on account of
membership in a PSG).
As to withholding of removal, however, the evidence compels the conclusion
that Rojas-Pino demonstrated a clear probability that his membership in his PSG was
at least “a reason” for his persecution. See Barajas-Romero, 846 F.3d at 359-60.
The guerrillas repeatedly tried to recruit Rojas-Pino after he left the military. The
guerrillas did not harm Rojas-Pino purely out of vengeance; rather, their repeated
efforts demonstrated that they wanted Rojas-Pino to join them. Rojas-Pino testified
that the guerrillas persistently targeted him for recruitment because of his status as a
former member of the military. Rojas-Pino had been stationed in the Choco region
of northwestern Colombia, the same region in which the guerrillas operate, and had
acquired extensive knowledge of the region’s dense rainforest because of his
military service. Rojas-Pino explained that he was “basically a guide” for the area
3 24-6105 and that his knowledge and military training were “fundamental” to the guerrillas.
Thus, the evidence compels the conclusion that Rojas-Pino’s former military status
was at least “a reason” for his persecution. Because the BIA did not reach the
remaining elements of Rojas-Pino’s withholding claim, we must remand to the
agency for further proceedings. See J.R. v. Barr, 975 F.3d 778, 785 (9th Cir. 2020)
(recognizing that the court cannot decide for itself questions that the BIA did not
reach); see also INS v. Ventura, 537 U.S. 12, 16 (2002) (per curiam).
2. We next address Co-Petitioners’ challenge to the BIA’s conclusion that
they did not establish a nexus between their membership in their proposed PSGs and
their persecution. In the BIA’s decision, it cited Matter of Burbano, 20 I. & N. Dec.
872 (BIA 1994), and purported to affirm the IJ’s determination that Co-Petitioners
failed to show nexus “for the reasons articulated” by the IJ.1 But the IJ did not make
a nexus determination as to Co-Petitioners. Instead, the IJ found that Co-Petitioners
had failed to establish a reasonable possibility of future persecution, and denied Co-
Petitioners’ applications for asylum and withholding on this ground alone.
Because the BIA purported to affirm a nexus determination that the IJ did not
make, the BIA failed to “provide a comprehensible reason for its decision.” Ghaly
1 The BIA’s citation to Matter of Burbano signals that it has “conducted an independent review of the record and . . . exercised its own discretion in determining that its conclusions were the same as those articulated by the IJ.” Arreguin-Moreno v. Mukasey, 511 F.3d 1229, 1232 (9th Cir. 2008) (citation modified).
4 24-6105 v. INS, 58 F.3d 1425, 1430 (9th Cir. 1995); see Delgado v. Holder, 648 F.3d 1095,
1107 (9th Cir. 2011) (en banc) (noting that the “BIA must provide a reasoned
explanation for its actions” (citation modified)). Because the BIA’s decision “cannot
be sustained upon its reasoning, [the] case must be remanded.” Kalulu v. Bondi, 128
F.4th 1009, 1024 (9th Cir. 2024) (citation modified).
3. We now turn to Petitioners’ claims for CAT relief. To qualify for CAT
relief, an applicant “must establish that ‘it is more likely than not that he or she would
be tortured if removed to the proposed country of removal.’” Garcia-Milian v.
Holder, 755 F.3d 1026, 1033 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(2)). The
“torture must be ‘inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or
acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity.’” Id.
(citation modified).
Here, Petitioners forfeited their challenge to the agency’s determination that
they were not likely to face a particularized risk of torture because Petitioners’
opening brief addressed only the government acquiescence prong of CAT. See Hui
Ran Mu v. Barr, 936 F.3d 929, 936 (9th Cir. 2019) (recognizing that arguments not
raised in the opening brief are deemed forfeited).
Even if we excused Petitioners’ forfeiture, we would deny the petition as to
the claims for CAT relief because substantial evidence supports the agency’s finding
that Petitioners failed to establish government acquiescence. Petitioners did not
5 24-6105 show that government officials “are aware of and have acquiesced in any [guerrilla]
plan to torture [them].” B.R. v. Garland, 26 F.4th 827, 845 (9th Cir. 2022). Rojas-
Pino conceded that he never reported the guerrillas’ threats to the police. Although
Rojas-Pino’s military superiors refused to help him when he informed them about
the guerrillas’ activities, he is no longer in the military. Petitioners insist that country
conditions evidence establishes that paramilitary groups have corrupted the
Colombian security forces and that paramilitary groups continue to commit human
rights abuses in Colombia. But a “general ineffectiveness on the government’s part
to investigate and prevent crime will not suffice to show acquiescence.” Andrade-
Garcia v. Lynch, 828 F.3d 829, 836 (9th Cir. 2016).
PETITION GRANTED in part and DENIED in part.
6 24-6105