The Chancellor.
If the allegations of tho bill are true, and they are supported l>y the affidavits annexed, and are not denied by answer or affidavit, they present a flagrant case of refusal to perform the duties imposed upon it bylaw, and for which its franchises were granted, by a corporation public in its object and almost such in its character. Railway companies have delegated to them as part of their franchises much of the sovereign power of the state, in consideration of their discharging part of what are the proper duties of government, that is providing the means of commerce and intercourse by constructing the roads which are the avenues of that commerce. And when being authorized they assume to operate these roads, they have devolved upon them in consideration oi that ire mlnse the additional duty, which m not one of the proper functions of the government, of common carriers, and are obliged to transport all merchandise and passengers, •on the terms fixed in the grant through which they obtain their franchises. In this case tho wrong is attempted to be aggravated by the charge that it is done through a corrupt combination between the directors óf the company and others, by which these directors, in violation of their duties and trust, conspire for their own emolument to cause the company under their control to refuse to perform the duties imposed on it by law, in such manner that the public are injured by extortionate charges, and the stockholders defrauded of their just dues; and also in such manner that the .state can cause the valuable franchises, of which they are possessed as a right of property, to be annulled and forfeited for the willful violation of the compact, by which they were granted.
These allegations may not be true, and may be totally disproved at the hearing; but as their truth is sworn to, and is not denied, I am bound to treat them as true, for the purposes of this application. So far as they relate to dereliction in duty to the stockholders of the Erie Railway Com[386]*386pany, the complainant cannot have here any relief based upon them.
I will also assume, for the purposes of this application, that the Erie Railway Company having, as the legal assignees •of the Paterson and Hudson River Railroad Company, and of their franchises1, including the right to finish the road to the Hudson river, and to tunnel Bergen hill, constructed the extension of the road to the Hudson river, holds it as part of that road, and subject to all the restrictions and duties imposed upon that road by the charter of the original company; and that it is therefore a common carrier, bound 'to transport goods over this extension, as well as over the residue of the road, at the rates fixed in the charter.
Whether this duty could be performed by delegating to another person or company who would discharge it in the same manner, and for the same compensation, and with the same liabilities, need not be discussed here. They have attempted to delegate it to a company who do not attempt or offer to perform the duty as common carriers, or subject to the liabilities of common carriers, but only as forwarders, and who charge for this imperfect performance more than four times the rate authorized to be charged by the Erie Railway Company. They therefore do not provide any one to discharge the duty required of them, and they utterly refuse to perform it themselves, and have bound themselves by a contract that no one but the express company shall perform it. Such contract may be void, both as ultra vires and •contrary to law, yet it is proper to be considered as showing the intention of the company not to perform this part of their duty.
The injury to the complainant, too, is of that nature, that while there may be a remedy at law, as by recovery of damages for injury, yet is such that cannot be adequately relieved by suits for damages. It is continually recurring, and will require continued and repeated suits, and continued litigation, and the expenses of each suit would make the recovery of the excess paid an inadequate remedy. L now [387]*387assume that the Erie Eailway Company is, and will remain solvent. The affidavit of the proper officer of the company^ which is legally before the court, clearly shows that the company is not insolvent, or likely to prove so.
But, although the injury is proved, and the subject matter is such that a court of equity will not refuse relief, on the ground that there is adequate relief at law, the question remains, whether the injunction here applied for can be granted, or any part of it. There are injuries which this court cannot redress, although there may bo no satisfactory remedy at law, and those which this court can redress, for which no preliminary injunction can issue.
The two chief objects for which the injunction is asked are to compel the railway company to return to the complainant its trucks, and to compel it to transport the locomotives of the complainant from Paterson to Long Dock at the legal rates of freight. These are to compel the company to act, not to refrain from acting. And the act commanded is the whole duty of the company, and its performance is the whole right of the complainant. It is not the case of a prohibition of keeping up a structure or maintaining some material object, the erection and continuance of which is the act that deprives the complainant of his right, and the destruction or removal of which would restore the enjoyment of it.
It is contended by the defendants that a mandatory injunction, or one which commands the defendant to do some positive act, will not be ordered, except upon final hearing, and then only to execute the decree or judgment of the court, and never on a preliminary or interlocutory motion. Or that, if it over does so issue, it is only in cases of obstruction to easements or rights of like nature, in which a structure erected and kept as the means of preventing such enjoyment will be ordered to be removed, as part of the means of restraining the defendant from interrupting the enjoyment of the right..
Although there is some conflict in the authorities and decisions, I am of opinion, after examining into them, that this [388]*388position,'with the limitation-^ is the established doctrine of the courts of equity, and that it is a proper and discreet limitation of the use of the preliminary injunction, as well as sustained by the weight of authority.
Justice Story, in 2 Eq. Jur., § 861, says: “A writ of in>junction may be described to be a judicial process, whereby a party is required to do a particular thing, or to refrain from doing a particular thing, according to the exigency of the writ. The most common form of injunction is that which operates as a restraint upon the party in the exercise of his real or supposed rights, and is sometimes called the remedial writ of injunction. The other form, commanding an act to be done, is sometimes called the judicial writ, because it issues after a decree, and is in the nature of an execution to enforce the same.”
Mr. Eden begins his treatise on injunctions by saying “ An injunction is a writ issuing by the order and under the seal of a court of equity, and is of two kinds. The one is the writ remedial; for, in the endless variety of cases in which a plaintiff is entitled to equitable relief, if that relief consists in restraining the commission or continuance of some act of the defendant, a court of equity administers it. by means of the writ of injunction. The other species of' injunction is called the judicial writ,
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The Chancellor.
If the allegations of tho bill are true, and they are supported l>y the affidavits annexed, and are not denied by answer or affidavit, they present a flagrant case of refusal to perform the duties imposed upon it bylaw, and for which its franchises were granted, by a corporation public in its object and almost such in its character. Railway companies have delegated to them as part of their franchises much of the sovereign power of the state, in consideration of their discharging part of what are the proper duties of government, that is providing the means of commerce and intercourse by constructing the roads which are the avenues of that commerce. And when being authorized they assume to operate these roads, they have devolved upon them in consideration oi that ire mlnse the additional duty, which m not one of the proper functions of the government, of common carriers, and are obliged to transport all merchandise and passengers, •on the terms fixed in the grant through which they obtain their franchises. In this case tho wrong is attempted to be aggravated by the charge that it is done through a corrupt combination between the directors óf the company and others, by which these directors, in violation of their duties and trust, conspire for their own emolument to cause the company under their control to refuse to perform the duties imposed on it by law, in such manner that the public are injured by extortionate charges, and the stockholders defrauded of their just dues; and also in such manner that the .state can cause the valuable franchises, of which they are possessed as a right of property, to be annulled and forfeited for the willful violation of the compact, by which they were granted.
These allegations may not be true, and may be totally disproved at the hearing; but as their truth is sworn to, and is not denied, I am bound to treat them as true, for the purposes of this application. So far as they relate to dereliction in duty to the stockholders of the Erie Railway Com[386]*386pany, the complainant cannot have here any relief based upon them.
I will also assume, for the purposes of this application, that the Erie Railway Company having, as the legal assignees •of the Paterson and Hudson River Railroad Company, and of their franchises1, including the right to finish the road to the Hudson river, and to tunnel Bergen hill, constructed the extension of the road to the Hudson river, holds it as part of that road, and subject to all the restrictions and duties imposed upon that road by the charter of the original company; and that it is therefore a common carrier, bound 'to transport goods over this extension, as well as over the residue of the road, at the rates fixed in the charter.
Whether this duty could be performed by delegating to another person or company who would discharge it in the same manner, and for the same compensation, and with the same liabilities, need not be discussed here. They have attempted to delegate it to a company who do not attempt or offer to perform the duty as common carriers, or subject to the liabilities of common carriers, but only as forwarders, and who charge for this imperfect performance more than four times the rate authorized to be charged by the Erie Railway Company. They therefore do not provide any one to discharge the duty required of them, and they utterly refuse to perform it themselves, and have bound themselves by a contract that no one but the express company shall perform it. Such contract may be void, both as ultra vires and •contrary to law, yet it is proper to be considered as showing the intention of the company not to perform this part of their duty.
The injury to the complainant, too, is of that nature, that while there may be a remedy at law, as by recovery of damages for injury, yet is such that cannot be adequately relieved by suits for damages. It is continually recurring, and will require continued and repeated suits, and continued litigation, and the expenses of each suit would make the recovery of the excess paid an inadequate remedy. L now [387]*387assume that the Erie Eailway Company is, and will remain solvent. The affidavit of the proper officer of the company^ which is legally before the court, clearly shows that the company is not insolvent, or likely to prove so.
But, although the injury is proved, and the subject matter is such that a court of equity will not refuse relief, on the ground that there is adequate relief at law, the question remains, whether the injunction here applied for can be granted, or any part of it. There are injuries which this court cannot redress, although there may bo no satisfactory remedy at law, and those which this court can redress, for which no preliminary injunction can issue.
The two chief objects for which the injunction is asked are to compel the railway company to return to the complainant its trucks, and to compel it to transport the locomotives of the complainant from Paterson to Long Dock at the legal rates of freight. These are to compel the company to act, not to refrain from acting. And the act commanded is the whole duty of the company, and its performance is the whole right of the complainant. It is not the case of a prohibition of keeping up a structure or maintaining some material object, the erection and continuance of which is the act that deprives the complainant of his right, and the destruction or removal of which would restore the enjoyment of it.
It is contended by the defendants that a mandatory injunction, or one which commands the defendant to do some positive act, will not be ordered, except upon final hearing, and then only to execute the decree or judgment of the court, and never on a preliminary or interlocutory motion. Or that, if it over does so issue, it is only in cases of obstruction to easements or rights of like nature, in which a structure erected and kept as the means of preventing such enjoyment will be ordered to be removed, as part of the means of restraining the defendant from interrupting the enjoyment of the right..
Although there is some conflict in the authorities and decisions, I am of opinion, after examining into them, that this [388]*388position,'with the limitation-^ is the established doctrine of the courts of equity, and that it is a proper and discreet limitation of the use of the preliminary injunction, as well as sustained by the weight of authority.
Justice Story, in 2 Eq. Jur., § 861, says: “A writ of in>junction may be described to be a judicial process, whereby a party is required to do a particular thing, or to refrain from doing a particular thing, according to the exigency of the writ. The most common form of injunction is that which operates as a restraint upon the party in the exercise of his real or supposed rights, and is sometimes called the remedial writ of injunction. The other form, commanding an act to be done, is sometimes called the judicial writ, because it issues after a decree, and is in the nature of an execution to enforce the same.”
Mr. Eden begins his treatise on injunctions by saying “ An injunction is a writ issuing by the order and under the seal of a court of equity, and is of two kinds. The one is the writ remedial; for, in the endless variety of cases in which a plaintiff is entitled to equitable relief, if that relief consists in restraining the commission or continuance of some act of the defendant, a court of equity administers it. by means of the writ of injunction. The other species of' injunction is called the judicial writ, and issues subsequent to a decree, and is properly described as being in the nature of an execution.”
In Drewry on Injunctions, p. 260, it is laid down: “ It seems settled that equity has not jurisdiction to compel, on-motion, the performance of any substantive act.”
In 3 Dan. Chan. Prac. 1767, it is said : “It is to be observed that the court will not, by injunction granted upon interlocutory application, direct the defendant to perform an act, but might, upon motion, order the defendant to pull down a building which was clearly á nuisance to the plaintiff.”
Lord Hardwicke, in an anonymous case in 1 Ves., jun., 140, restrained the further digging of a ditch, but refused, on motion before answer, to order the part dug to be filled up.
[389]*389Chancellor Vroom, in the Att’y-Gen. v. The New Jersey Railroad Co., 2 Green’s C. R. 141, says: “The injunction is a preventive remedy. It interposes between the complainant aud the injury he fears or seeks to avoid. If the injury be already done, the writ can have no operation, for it cannot be applied correctively, so as to remove it.” In that case, the injury done was driving piles for a bridge, so as to obstruct navigation; a mandatory injunction to remove them would have remedied the whole evil.
In Hooper v. Broderick, 11 Sim. 47, a preliminary injunction to restrain a tenant from discontinuing to keep an inn was dissolved, on the ground that it was mandatory — the same as if he was commanded to keep an inn.
In Blakeman v. Glamorganshire Canal Navigation Co., 1 Myl. & Keene 154, Lord Brougham, after a review of the cases (p. 183,) and quoting with approbation what Lord Ilardwicke said in Ryder v. Bentham, that “ he had never known an order to pull down, on motion, and but rarely by decree,” refused so much of the injunction prayed for as directed the defendant, Powell, to fill up the collateral pond. The cases of The East India Co. v. Vincent, 2 Atk. 83; Spencer v. London and Birmingham Railway Co., 8 Sim. 193; and of Durell v. Pritchard, 1 Ch.App. (E. L. R.) 244, are to the same effect. And in the last case, Lord Romilly, M. R., held that the court, upon final hearing, could not issue a mandatory injunction, directing a wall to be taken down, yet the Lords Justices, on appeal, held that it had the power, but that in the case before them it should not be exercised, and dismissed the appeal.
There are cases in which mandatory injunctions have been ordered on motion, but they are all, or nearly all, cases in which some erection placed and maintained by the defendant to effect the inj ury complained of was ordered to be removed, or its maintenance forbidden, on the ground that the defendant effected the act he was restrained from doing, by continuing such erection.
In Robinson v. Lord Byron, 1 Bro. C. C. 588, which is [390]*390referred to as the leading ease for mandatory injunction,. •Lord Thurlow ordered an injunction to restrain defendant from using his dams and other erections, so as to prevent the water from flowing to the complainant’s mill in such quantities as it had ordinarily done before April 4th, 1785. The-effect Of this may have been to compel the removal of the-part erected after 1785. But as the case states the injury-complained of to be that Lord Byron so used his dam and gates as to let the water flow irregularly, to the complainant’s injury, I do not see in the report any direction, express or implied, 'to take down anything, or to do any act-whatever.
In Lane v. Newdigate, 10 Ves. 192, the object of the injunction was to- compel the restoring of a stop-gate which was wrongfully- removed. Lord Eldon would not order it to be restored, but restrained the preventing the use of the water by complainant by the removal of a stop-gate, which was equivalent to an order to restore it, and was so intended.
In Ranken v. Huskisson, 4 Sim. 13, the court restrained the defendant from permitting an erection to remain; this was equivalent to an order to remove it. But it is like the others; simply removing that by which the defendant continued the nuisance to be-restrained.
In Mexborough v. Bower, 1 Beav. 127, Lord Langdale ordered an injunction to restrain permitting the communfl cation complained of (by which complainant’s mine was flooded) to remain open. The injunction was to prevent the flowing of the mine by restraining or removing the means by which the defendant continued to do it.
In the North of England Railway Co. v. The Clarence Railway Co., 1 Coll. 507, the injunction prayed for was; against maintaining a wall, and after the rights of the parties had been referred to, and settled in the Court of the Exchequer, V. C. Bruce hesitated to grant the injunction, although he held, p. 521, that mandatory injunctions might be granted; yet he referred the case to Lord Chancellor Lyndhurst, who, it is stated, granted the injunction in nearly the [391]*391terms of the prayer; but whether it included, this mandatory part does not distinctly appear. The case established the right of the complainant to build a bridge over the railway of the defendant, and to rest the supports of the scaffolding on the soil; and the mandatory prayer was that defendants should remove a wall placed on their grounds to hinder it.
In Greatrex v. Greatrex, 1 De Gex & Sm. 692, the injunction was against preventing the plaintiffs from having access to the books of the firm, and against removing them from, or keeping them at any other place than the place of business of the partnership, as the defendant had removed the books; this was equivalent to an order to restore them, but yet it did not command any act to be done.
In Heracy v. Smith, 1 Kay & J. 389, the injury was covering with tiles the chimneys from the butlers pantry of the complainant; Lord Iiatherly, (the present Lord Chancellor, then Vice Chancellor, Sir W. P. Wood,) on the authority of Robinson v. Lord Byron, granted an injunction, the efféct of which was, and was intended to be to compel the defendant to remove the tiles; but he declined to adopt the mandatory form, but restrained the defendant from doing any act to prevent the smoke from arising. The substance of the judgment is grounded on the power of the court to remove an erection made by the defendant to effect the injury to be redressed, when that erection is the means by which the defendant continues to inflict the injury from which the court intended to restrain; and the form of it is an acknowledgment of the general principle that an interlocutory injunction should not command the doing of any positive act.
A number of authorities and cases were cited on the argument to show that courts of equity will, in certain •cases, decree the restitution of particular chattels. But these are all cases where it was so ordered upon final hearing. There is no case of any interlocutory injunction being granted or even applied for, for such purpose. It would be a simple and easy substitute for the action of replevin. And [392]*392there is nothing in this case to warrant such order, evert upon final decree. The value of these trucks can be fully .recovered at law, and as to the use of them in the meantime, new ones could be built sooner than a suit in equity be brought to final hearing.
I feel, therefore,', constrained to refuse the injunction so far as these mandatory prayers are concerned; as to so much of the prayer as asks to restrain James Fisk, jun., and! the other defendants .named in it, from entering into any agreement, or doing anything to prevent or hinder the Erie Railway Company transporting the complainant’s locomotives, I think the injunction ought to be granted. They are conspiring with the Erie Railway Company to injure the complainants in a way for which the redress at law is not, adequate, and therefore should be enjoined from doing any acts to that end.
I do not intend to intimate any opinion upon the question whether this court has power on the final hearing, to give the complainants the relief they seek, by compelling the Erie Railway Company to transport their locomotives at the established fares.