Fourth Court of Appeals San Antonio, Texas DISSENTING OPINION No. 04-12-00755-CV
Roger L. GRAHAM, John B. Graham, John Regmund, Glenn Regmund, Wilma Regmund, Raellen Regmund Mattingly, Rayanne Regmund Chesser, Albert O. Menn, and Irene C. Menn, Appellants
v. George L George J. PROCHASKA, Jr., Patricia Prochaska Holland, Jeanette Prochaska Mazza, Dawn Prochaska Snyder, Frederick James Prochaska, II and Rebecca Prochaska Willis, Appellees
From the 81st Judicial District Court, Karnes County, Texas Trial Court No. 12-02-00023-CVK Honorable Donna S. Rayes, Judge Presiding
Opinion by: Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice Dissenting Opinion by: Marialyn Barnard, Justice
Sitting: Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice Marialyn Barnard, Justice Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice
Delivered and Filed: January 15, 2014
Admittedly, without reference to the John Hancock/Joslin and Joslin/Powell deeds, the
majority could not reach the conclusion that the 1950 deed reserved to Prochaska a floating one-
half royalty interest as opposed to a fixed one-sixteenth royalty interest. Because Texas law
mandates the 1950 deed be harmonized by reference only to the language within the four corners
of the document, I must respectfully dissent. Dissenting Opinion 04-12-00755-CV
Proper Interpretation of an Unambiguous Deed
I believe the majority misapplies the law pertaining to proper deed construction, resulting
in an incorrect construction of the unambiguous 1950 deed. 1 Because of a misinterpretation of the
law relating to the proper construction of unambiguous deeds, the majority determines the 1950
deed provides for a floating one-half royalty interest rather than a one-sixteenth fixed royalty
interest. I disagree with the majority. Under a proper application of the law, the Regmunds are
correct in their claim that the provisions of the 1950 deed, when harmonized, reserved a fixed one-
sixteenth royalty interest in favor of Prochaska.
The majority reaches its conclusion because it is based, from the outset, on an incorrect
premise, i.e., that a court is permitted to look outside the four corners of an unambiguous deed to
interpret the parties’ intent. The majority believes a court may look at documents outside the deed
in question in order to interpret it if the other documents upon which the court relies are referenced
in the deed. Majority Op. at _____. The majority includes a string cite of cases in support of this
proposition. However, these cases do not apply to this case. In essence, the majority has created
an exception to the long-recognized “four corners rule.” See Luckel v. White, 819 S.W.2d 459,
461 (Tex. 1991); Hausser v. Cuellar, 345 S.W.3d 462, 467 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2011, pet.
denied) (en banc).
According to the Texas Supreme Court:
The primary duty of a court when construing [an unambiguous] deed is to ascertain the intent of the parties from all of the language in the deed by a fundamental rule of construction known as the “four corners” rule.
1 I agree with the majority and the parties that the 1950 deed is unambiguous. An unambiguous deed “is so worded that it can be given ‘a certain or definite legal meaning or interpretation.’” Hausser v. Cuellar, 345 S.W.3d 462, 467 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2011, pet. denied) (en banc) (quoting Coker v. Coker, 650 S.W.2d 391, 393 (Tex. 1983).
-2- Dissenting Opinion 04-12-00755-CV
Luckel, 819 S.W.2d at 461; see also French v. Chevron U.S.A. Inc., 896 S.W.2d 795, 796 (Tex.
1995); Hausser, 345 S.W.3d at 467; Garza v. Prolithic Energy Co., L.P., 195 S.W.3d 137, 141
(Tex. App.—San Antonio 2006, pet. denied). The four corners rule is a “canon of construction”
and means a court must look at the instrument in question to ascertain the intent of the parties.
French, 896 S.W.2d at 797 (citing Luckel, 819 S.W.2d at 461) (emphasis added).
The majority correctly cites the four corners rule as stated in Luckel, but then essentially
abrogates the rule, or creates an exception to it, by relying on documents other than the deed to
interpret the parties’ intent. To support its decision to rely on documents outside the four corners
of the 1950 deed, the majority relies on several cases, which in my opinion are inapplicable to the
interpretation of an unambiguous deed because they either do not stand for the proposition cited
or are distinguishable on the facts or issue presented.
The majority begins with Cockrell v. Tex. Gulf Sulphur Co., 157 Tex. 10, 299 S.W.2d 672
(1956). In Cockrell, the supreme court was called upon to interpret the amount of sulphur royalties
due under a deed. 299 S.W.2d at 673–78. In making its determination, the majority looked to
documents outside the deed, specifically certain mineral leases, to determine the amount of
royalties due. Id. However, a close reading of the case makes it apparent that although never
specifically stated, the majority of the court found the deed in question to be ambiguous, which
made it acceptable to look beyond the four corners of the deed and incorporate extrinsic
documents. Id. at 676–77.
There are several indicators in the opinion that strongly suggest the court believed it was
dealing with an ambiguous deed. First, the court relied upon the canon that “a deed can pass no
greater estate than that owned by the defendant.” Id. at 676. As recognized in Stewman Ranch,
Inc. v. Double M. Ranch, Ltd., such canons “do not apply when the deed is unambiguous.” 192
-3- Dissenting Opinion 04-12-00755-CV
S.W.3d 808, 811 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2006, pet. denied) (emphasis added). Thus, the court’s
reliance on a canon of construction points to a finding of ambiguity. Second, the court specifically
noted that at trial, numerous documents were introduced into the record to show the defendant
recognized the leases, i.e., the extrinsic documents. Id. at 677. The introduction of such documents
also points to ambiguity. Finally, the dissent by Justice Smith makes plain reference to his
disagreement with the majority’s decision to look beyond the four corners of the deed because he
found the deed to be unambiguous. Id. at 679 (Smith, J., dissenting). Therefore, in Cockrell, the
court was obviously attempting to construe an ambiguous deed.
I agree that where the deed in question is ambiguous, reference to other canons of
construction, including the canon that permits reference to extrinsic documents, is not precluded.
However, the majority determined the 1950 deed was unambiguous, and it was therefore limited
to consideration of the language in the deed itself, see Luckel, 819 S.W.2d at 461, and there is
nothing in Cockrell that holds to the contrary. Accordingly, the majority’s reliance on Cockrell,
which construed an ambiguous deed by reference to outside documents, is misplaced.
Moreover, and importantly, the Cockrell court’s holding was very specific, stating that the
phrase “subject to” in a mineral deed serves to incorporate the “subject to” documents. Cockrell,
299 S.W.2d at 676. In Cockrell, the deed stated it was “subject to” certain mineral leases. Id. at
674. Based on this specific language, the court determined the leases were incorporated into the
deed. This “subject to” language, which was the very basis of the court’s decision to consider the
extrinsic documents in Cockrell, is completely absent from the language in the deed before this
court.
In the 1950 deed, the phrase “subject to” does not appear. In fact, the deed language merely
states Prochaska’s reservation is “burdened with paying” certain mineral royalty reservations
-4- Dissenting Opinion 04-12-00755-CV
which are found in the John Hancock/Joslin and Joslin/Powell deeds. To suggest, as does the
majority, that this language is comparable to the “subject to” language relied upon in Cockrell and
its progeny misconstrues the bases for those holdings. Burdening an interest with a payment
requirement, which is all the 1950 deed does with regard to the extrinsic deeds, is wholly different
from making the entire deed “subject to” and thereby incorporating the extrinsic documents. Thus,
Cockrell does not support the majority’s decision to rely upon the extrinsic John Hancock/Joslin
and Joslin/Powell deeds.
The majority also relies upon a 1991 case from this court, Petty v. Winn Exploration Co.,
Inc., 816 S.W.2d 432 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1991, writ denied) (op. on reh’g), which involved
the interpretation of an easement agreement. However, that case, like Cockrell, does not support
the majority’s decision to look outside the four corners of the 1950 deed because it too involved
the interpretation of what the majority obviously determined to be an ambiguous easement
agreement, which would permit the court to look beyond the easement agreement itself. See id. at
434–36. Moreover, the easement agreement in Petty, like the deed in Cockrell, contained the
specific “subject to” language, incorporating the extrinsic documents the court used in determining
the meaning of the agreement. Id. at 435. Thus, just as the decision in Cockrell is inapposite
because the deed here does not contain the requisite “subject to” language, the decision in Petty is
equally inapplicable.
The other cases relied upon by the majority are also inapposite. The majority cites Johnson
v. Fox for the proposition that courts are permitted to construe an instrument containing a
reservation with other instruments to which the reservation refers. 683 S.W.2d 214, 216 (Tex.
App.—Fort Worth 1985, no writ). Johnson relies on two cases for that proposition, a 1952 case
from this court and 1936 case from the Texarkana Court of Appeals. See id. (citing Williams v. J.
-5- Dissenting Opinion 04-12-00755-CV
& C. Royalty Co., 254 S.W.2d 178, 178–80 (Tex. Civ. App.—San Antonio 1952, writ ref’d); Tipps
v. Bodine, 101 S.W.2d 1076 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1936, writ ref’d)). However, the deeds at
issue in both Williams and Tipps contained the “subject to” language discussed above, thereby
incorporating the extrinsic instruments. See 254 S.W.2d at 178; 101 S.W.2d at 1076, 1078–79.
As noted above, such language was not included in the 1950 deed. Thus, Johnson is no more
applicable than Cockrell or Petty.
The majority relies on the cases cited above, glossing over the absence of the “subject to”
language in the deed at issue, simply stating, “. . . by specifically referencing and identifying the
prior deeds, [the 1950 deed] incorporates their description of those interests into itself, like the
“subject to” clause in Cockrell and the reservation in Johnson.” Majority Op. at _____.
Referencing and identifying a document is a far cry from incorporating it. The case law cited by
the majority specifically relied on the “subject to” language in deciding it could look at the extrinsic
documents – there is nothing to suggest these courts would have looked outside the four corners
of the documents being interpreted but for that very specific phrase. However, without this
interpretation of the case law, the majority is unable to support its decision to look outside the four
corners of the 1950 deed.
The final two cases relied upon by the majority for the proposition that it is permissible to
look beyond the four corners of the 1950 deed to determine the parties’ intentions are Scheller v.
Groesbeck, 231 S.W. 1092 (Tex. Comm’n App. 1921, judgm’t adopted) 2 and CenterPoint Energy
Houston Elec., L.L.P. v. Old TJC Co., 177 S.W.3d 425, 430 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005,
pet. denied). The courts in these cases held “all instruments in a chain of title, when referred to in
2 I note that where the Texas Supreme Court adopts the judgment of a Commission decision, this indicates the supreme court approved neither the Commission’s specific holdings nor its reasoning. See The Greenbook, Texas Rules of Form 5.2.4 (Texas Law Review Ass’n ed., 12th ed. 2010).
-6- Dissenting Opinion 04-12-00755-CV
a deed or any instrument conveying an interest in real property will be read into it.” This statement
was made in the context of the issue presented in those cases, which was ownership or extent of
ownership based on title, and the documents considered in these cases were actually within the
chain of title.
The phrase “chain of title” refers to documents showing successive ownership history of
the property, and includes the successive conveyances commencing with the patent from the
government . . . down to and including the conveyance to the present holder.” Hahn v. Love, 394
S.W.3d 14, 28 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, pet. denied). It is axiomatic that when there
are competing claims regarding title to property that documents referenced in the applicable deeds,
i.e., documents within the chain of title, are subject to consideration. Here, however, the extrinsic
documents the majority considers are not within the chain of title with regard to ownership. Rather,
they are peripheral burdens on title and are not part of the successive ownership history. See id.
This is not a chain of title case. Accordingly, neither Scheller nor CenterPoint support the
majority’s foray beyond the four corners of the 1950 deed.
Based on the foregoing, I do not believe the majority has cited any germane authority that
would support its decision to consider the John Hancock/Joslin and Joslin/Powell deeds in
determining the parties’ intent with regard to the Prochaska reservation. Additionally, the majority
has rejected recent authority from this court, attempting, but failing, to distinguish it. See Hausser,
345 S.W.3d at 467.
In Hausser, a majority of this court, sitting en banc, specifically held: “[W]e construe a
deed and harmonize and give effect to all its provisions by ascertaining the parties’ intent from the
four corners of the document.” 345 S.W.3d at 469. In determining what interest was conveyed
by the deed at issue in Hausser, we rejected this court’s prior panel decision in Neel v. Killam Oil
-7- Dissenting Opinion 04-12-00755-CV
Co., Ltd., 88 S.W.3d 334 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2002, pet. denied), which, in determining what
interests the parties were entitled to, considered a prior deed, i.e., an extrinsic document. Id. We
specifically disapproved of Neel because “rather than construing the four corners of the deed to
harmonize and give effect to all its provisions . . . Neel relied on a prior deed to provide the
interpretation.” Id. That is precisely what the majority is doing in this case with regard to the
1950 deed. The majority, however, claims the holding in Hausser is no bar to its decision to look
beyond the four corners because “[t]he prior deed relied upon by the Neel court does not appear to
have been referenced in the deed actually being construed, whereas the reservation before us does
refer to and identify the deeds creating the prior interests.” Majority Op. at _____. I must take
issue with the majority’s attempt to distinguish Hausser, a distinction the majority makes in a
footnote. See Majority Op. at _____ n.7.
First, Neel does not state whether the prior deed was referenced in the deed at issue; the
opinion is silent on this matter. Thus, it is a leap for the majority to simply conclude the prior deed
was not referenced in the subsequent deed. Second, and most importantly, nowhere in Hausser
did we state our disapproval of Neel was based on the fact that the deed at issue failed to reference
or somehow incorporate the prior deed. Rather, our disapproval was based on the fact that the
Neel court looked beyond the four corners, not on its reasons for doing so. There is absolutely no
suggestion in Hausser that if the prior deed in Neel had been referenced in the deed at issue, we
would have found Neel controlling.
Given my strong conviction that the majority improperly exceeded the scope of review
with regard to the unambiguous 1950 deed, I will now review the deed in accordance with the four
corners doctrine and the appropriate rules of construction to determine the type and extent of the
Prochaska reservation.
-8- Dissenting Opinion 04-12-00755-CV
Applying the Proper Rules of Construction to the Unambiguous 1950 Deed
As noted above, the majority’s analysis contains an important misapplication of the law.
The result is the creation of an exception to the long-standing four corners rule and, relevant to the
case before us, an incorrect interpretation of the 1950 deed. If the majority cannot refer to the
prior deeds, the majority admittedly cannot reach the conclusion that the interest in question is a
floating one-half royalty interest as opposed to a fixed one-sixteenth royalty interest.
When interpreting an unambiguous deed, “[t]he primary duty of a court is to ascertain the
intent of the parties from all of the language in the deed by a fundamental rule of construction
known as the ‘four corners’ rule.” Luckel, 819 S.W.2d at 461. Thus, in ascertaining the intent of
the parties in this case, we look only to the four corners of the 1950 deed. See id. We must examine
and consider the entire writing, harmonizing and giving effect to all the provisions of the deed,
even when different parts of the deed seem inconsistent or contradictory. Hausser, 345 S.W.3d at
466. We must assume the parties intended every clause to have some effect and interpret the deed
so that no provision is rendered meaningless. Hausser, 345 S.W.3d at 466 (citing Luckel, 819
S.W.2d at 461). Each word and phrase should only be given its plain and grammatically correct
meaning unless it would clearly defeat the parties’ intent. Hausser, 345 S.W.3d at 466; see Moon
Royalty LLC v. Bolderick Partners, 244 S.W.3d 391, 394 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2007, no pet.).
Further, no provision of the deed should be struck unless a conflict exists which is irreconcilable
and causes one part of the deed to destroy another part. Hausser, 345 S.W.3d at 466.
As noted above, all parties agree, as does the majority, that the 1950 deed is unambiguous.
Applying the applicable four corners rule, I would hold the reserved royalty interest in favor of
Prochaska is, contrary to the majority’s conclusion, a fixed one-sixteenth royalty interest.
-9- Dissenting Opinion 04-12-00755-CV
The royalty reservation language is mentioned in the following three clauses in the 1950
deed: “save and except” clause; “and provided” clause; and “intent” clause. The save and except
clause states:
SAVE AND EXCEPT, however, there is reserved unto George Prochaska, his heirs and assigns, one-half (1/2) of the one-eighth (1/8) royalty to be provided in any and all leases and for oil, gas and other minerals now upon or hereafter given on said land, or any part thereof, same being equal to one-sixteenth (1/16th) of all oil, gas and other minerals of any nature, free and clear of all costs of production except taxes;
* * *
The “and provided” clause states:
AND PROVIDED this reservation is burdened with paying the two outstanding mineral royalty reservations each of one-fourth (1/4) of one-eighth (1/8) royalty, one of which reservations is described in the deed from John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company to E.S. Joslin, now of record in Vol. 141, page 161, Deed Records of Karnes County, Texas, and the other reservation is described in the deed from E.S. Joslin, et ux to A.W. Powell, Jr., et al. now of record in Vol. 165, page 80 of the Deed Records of Karnes County, Texas; and this reservation shall only be effective to the extent that one or both of said outstanding reservations become terminated.
Finally, the “intent” clause states:
It being the intent of the parties hereto that John W. Regmund and wife, Frances M. Regmund, as of the effective date hereof, shall be vested with and entitled to one-half (1/2) of one-eighth (1/8) royalty in and to all oil, gas and other minerals in on and/or under the property herein conveyed, and the reservation herein above recited in favor of the grantor herein, shall relate to and cover only the one-half (1/2) of one-eighth (1/8) royalty interest previously reserved in favor of John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company and Ennis Joslin, if as and when said interest in favor of said parties terminate.
These clauses can be summarized as follows: (1) the “save and except” clause reserves to
Prochaska, as of the date of the deed, a royalty interest of one-half (1/2) of one-eighth (1/8th), that
is, a one-sixteenth (1/16th) interest, in all oil, gas, and other minerals on the property in question; 3
3 The majority asserts, contrary to my position, that the reservation was ineffective until the reservations described in the John Hancock/Joslin and Joslin/Powell deeds expired. Majority Op. at _____. Under the plain language of the
- 10 - Dissenting Opinion 04-12-00755-CV
(2) the “and provided” clause advises that Prochaska’s one-sixteenth (1/16th) royalty reservation
“is burdened with paying the two outstanding mineral royalty reservations,” which are described
in extrinsic deeds from the John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company to E.S. Joslin and from
Joslin to A.W. Powell Jr., until they terminate; and (3) the “intent” clause merely clarifies that the
Regmunds are entitled to the other half of the landowner’s royalty that was not reserved by
Prochaska, and Prochaska’s reserved interest is burdened with paying the royalties relating to the
reservations in the John Hancock/Joslin and Joslin/Powell deeds until they terminate.
Reading these clauses together, and harmonizing them as we must, it is clear the parties
intended to convey to the Regmunds an unburdened one-half (1/2) of the usual one-eighth (1/8th)
royalty interest in all oil, gas, and other minerals in the 735.85 acres in Karnes County. 4 Prochaska,
under the “save and except” clause, reserved to himself the other one-half (1/2) of the landowner’s
one-eighth (1/8th) royalty interest. Prochaska’s reservation was burdened, under the “and
provided” clause, with paying the prior reservations described in the John Hancock/Joslin and
Joslin/Powell deeds. The intent clause merely clarifies the parties’ intent as expressed in the “save
and except,” and “and provided” clauses, and clarifies that the payment burden on Prochaska’s
reservation expires when the interests previously reserved in the John Hancock/Joslin and
Joslin/Powell deeds terminate. Nowhere in the 1950 Deed are there any conflicting fractions or
any confusion on what the reservations were intended to be, either in type or amount.
It is clear from the “four corners” of the unambiguous 1950 deed that the (1/2) of (1/8th)
royalty interest reserved by Prochaska is a “fractional royalty” and remains constant regardless of
“save and except” and the “and provided,” clauses, it is clear Prochaska was immediately entitled to the interest reserved in the “save and except clause. The “and provided” clause merely advises that Prochaska’s interest is burdened, requiring him to pay the outstanding royalty reservations contained in the John Hancock/Joslin and Joslin/Powell deeds until they expire. And, those reservations expired in 1963. 4 I agree with the Prochaskas that the royalty interest received by the Regmunds pursuant to the 1950 deed is an unburdened, fixed one-half (1/2) of one-eighth (1/8th), i.e., a fixed one-sixteenth interest.
- 11 - Dissenting Opinion 04-12-00755-CV
the amount of royalty that might, in the future, be negotiated in an oil and gas lease. See Tiller v.
Tiller, 685 S.W.2d 456, 458 (Tex. App.—Austin 1985, no writ) (defining “fractional royalty” as
fixed interest.). To contend otherwise, i.e., to contend Prochaska received a one-half royalty
interest in any future lease is to ignore the “of the one-eighth (1/8th)” and “same being equal to
one-sixteenth (1/16th) of all oil, gas and other minerals” language.
The majority asserts the “one-eighth royalty” must be read with the surrounding descriptive
language. I agree. However, to reach the conclusion that Prochaska reserved a one-half royalty
interest, the majority asserts the “one-eighth royalty” in the save and except clause is modified by
the “to be provided in any and all leases for oil, gas and other minerals now upon or hereafter given
on said land, or any part thereof,” and therefore describes a floating interest. However, the majority
ignores the rest of the clause that provides clarity and sets out the exact meaning of the entire
clause, that is the “same being equal to one-sixteenth (1/16th) of all oil, gas and other minerals of
any nature, free and clear of all costs of production except taxes.” The “same being equal to one-
sixteenth (1/16th)” removes any doubt about the meaning: the save and except clause contains a
1/16th reservation to Prochaska of the land owner’s royalty. To hold otherwise renders the “same
being equal to one-sixteenth (1/16th) of all oil, gas and other minerals” meaningless, which we
cannot do. See Hausser, 345 S.W.3d at 466 (referencing Luckel, 819 S.W.2d at 461).
With regard to the nature of the Prochaska reservation, looking only within the four corners
of the deed, there is no indication the parties intended the 1/16th royalty interest to be a floating
interest. Rather, it is clear the 1/16th royalty interest is a fixed or “fractional” royalty interest
entitling Prochaska to “an absolute fraction of production—it is not affected by the amount of the
landowner’s royalty.” Luckel, 819 S.W.2d at 464; Watkins v. Slaughter, 189 S.W.2d 699, 699–
700 (Tex. 1945) (holding reservation of “a 1/16th in and to all of the oil, gas and other minerals”
- 12 - Dissenting Opinion 04-12-00755-CV
is fixed royalty interest). The majority reaches its conclusion that the interest is floating only by
consideration of the John Hancock/Joslin and Joslin/Powell deeds and such consideration is clearly
prohibited under Texas law concerning interpretation of unambiguous deeds.
The clear, objective intent of the parties, based on harmonization of the applicable clauses
in the 1950 deed, and without looking beyond the four corners, was to convey all of the land to the
Regmunds, grant the Regmunds a fixed one-sixteenth royalty interest, and to reserve to Prochaska
a fixed one-sixteenth royalty interest, burdened by prior interests until such interests terminate.
Accordingly, pursuant to the terms of the 1950 deed as harmonized and without reference to
outside documents, I would hold the royalty interest reserved by Prochaska is a simple one-half of
one-eighth, i.e., a fixed 1/16th royalty interest.
Conclusion
I believe looking beyond the four corners of the unambiguous 1950 deed in an attempt to
determine the parties’ intent is not permissible under Texas law. In the absence of such error, the
1950 deed clearly establishes the parties’ intent to reserve to Prochaska a fixed one-sixteenth
royalty interest. Accordingly, I dissent.
Marialyn Barnard, Justice
- 13 -