PD-1391-15 COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS AUSTIN, TEXAS Transmitted 11/11/2015 11:10:37 PM Accepted 11/12/2015 2:23:33 PM ABEL ACOSTA CLERK NO. PD-1391-15 COA NO. 11-13-00277-CR
IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TEXAS AUSTIN, TEXAS
STATE OF TEXAS Appellant,
v.
MIKENZIE RENEE RODRIGUEZ Appellee.
On Petition for Discretionary Review from the Eleventh Court of Appeals in Cause No. 11-13-00277-CR from the 35th District Court, Brown County, Texas
REPLY TO STATE’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
ORAL ARGUMENT REQUESTED
Matthew G. Wright & Sharon Diaz State Bar No. 24049956 24050005 PO Box 522 Rosebud, Texas 76570 November 12, 2015 (254) 709-3564 Telephone (877) 455-1229 Fax matthew@dlwhelp.com
ATTORNEYS FOR MIKENZIE RENEE RODRIGUEZ
1 STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT
The Appellee requests oral arguments. Although, the Appellee believes oral
arguments are not necessary given the current precedent regarding warrantless
searches of residences without consent or exigent circumstances, the Appellee
requests oral arguments to address the Appellant’s arguments.
i IDENTIFICATION OF THE PARTIES
Appellant: State of Texas
Appellee: Mikenzie Renee Rodriguez
Appellant’s Counsel (Trial and Appeal): Elisha Bird, Assistant District Attorney 35th Judicial District Attorney’s Office, 200 S. Broadway Brownwood, Texas 76801
Michael B. Murray, District Attorney 35th Judicial District Attorney’s Office, 200 S. Broadway Brownwood, Texas 76801
Appellee’s Counsel (Trial and Appeal): Matthew G. Wright and Sharon L. Diaz, PO Box XXXXX Rosebud, Texas 76570 (254) 583 -0009 matthew@dlwhelp.com
Trial Judge: Honorable Stephen Ellis District Judge 35th Judicial District
ii TABLE OF CONTENTS
Index of Authorities………………………………………………………………..iv
Statement of the Case……………………………………………………………...vi
Statement of Procedural History of the Case……………………………………...vi
Summary of the Argument…………………………………………………………1
ISSUE 1: The Eleventh Court of Appeals properly applied the Abuse of Discretion standard of Review and considered the trial court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law. The State’s contention that the appellate court conduct a trial de novo is improper. …………………………………………….............................2
A. The Eleventh Court of Appeals applied the correct standard of review…………………………………………………………………….3
B. The Eleventh Court of Appeals did examine the totality of the circumstances and held that the trial court did not abuse discretion concerning the issue of consent…………………………………………..6
ISSUE 2: The Court of Appeals properly applied the protections of the Fourth Amendment when the State Failed to prove consent, existence or a warrant, or the presence of exigent circumstances…………………………………………………8
ISSUE 3: Petition for Discretionary Review should be refused because there is no conflict of law or interpretation created by the opinion of the Eleventh Court of Appeals…...……………………………………………………………………….10
Prayer ……………………………………………………………………………..14
iii INDEX OF AUTHORITIES
Constitutions, Statutes, and Rulings
U.S. Const. amend. IV……………………………………………………... passim
Tex. Const. art. I, § 9……………………………………………………..…passim
TEX. CRIM. PROC. CODE ANN. § 38.23(a) (West 2012)…………..…5, passim
Cases
Crain v. State, 315 S.W.3d 43 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010)……………………………10
Degrate v. State, 712 S.W.2d 755, 756–57 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986)………….…..13
Grubbs v. State, 177 S.W.3d 313 (Tex. App. – Houston [1st Dist.] 2005)….......................................5, 10, 11, 12
Harrison v. State, 205 S.W.3d 549 (Tex. Cim. App. 2006) ………………..........….3
Hubert v. State, 286 S.W.3d 484 (2009)…………………………………………….7
Hunter v. State, 954 S.W.2d 767, 768 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) (en banc)…………13
Mattias v. State, 731 S.W.2d 936 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987)………………………...4
Medlock v. Trustees of Indiana Univ., No. 1:11-CR-00977-TWP-DKL, 2011 WL 4068453 (S.D. Ind. 2011)………………………………………………………..8, 10
Meeks v. State, 692 S.W.2d 504 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985)……………………...…...7
Piazzola v. Watkins, 442 F.2d 284 (5th Cir. 1971)…………………………..……..8
Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218 (1973)……………………………….….7
Spring v. State, 626 S.W.2d 37, 41 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1981)……………9
iv State v. Ballard, 987 S.W.2d 889 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999)………………………...4
State v. Dixon, 206 S.W.3d 587 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006)…………………………..10
State v. Garcia-Cantu, 253 S.W.3d 236 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008)……………......3, 4
State v. Ibarra, 953 S.W.2d 242 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997)………………………….7
State v. Kelly, 204 S.W.3d 808 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006)…………………………...3
State v. Rodriguez, 2015 WL 5714548, ___ S.W.3d ____ (Tex. App. –Eastland 2015) …………………………………………1, passim
State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000)……………………….…4, 6
United States v. York, 895 F.2d 1026 (5th Cir. 1990)……………………………….7
Valtierra v. State, 310 S.W.3d 442, 448 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010)…………………..9
v STATEMENT OF THE CASE
Appellee was arrested by Brownwood Police Department for Possession of a
Controlled Substance following a search conducted by members licensed police
officers. The search was conducted inside of the Appellee’s residence, a university
dormitory room.
STATEMENT OF THE PROCEDURAL HISTORY OF THE CASE
Appellee was indicted for Possession of a Controlled Substance and filed a
motion to suppress. After hearing, the trial judge granted Appellee’s motion.
The Eleventh Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court’s ruling on
September 24, 2015. A motion for rehearing was not filed. The State’s Petition
for Discretionary Review was filed on October 26, 2015. The Appellee’s reply is
due on November 12, 2015.
vi SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT
Appellee respectfully requests that this Court deny the State’s Petition for
Discretionary review because the Eleventh Court of Appeals decision is correct and
should be affirmed. See State v. Rodriguez, No. 11-13-00277-CR, 2015 WL
5714548, at *1 (Tex. App.—Eastland Sept. 24, 2015, pet. filed). The Eleventh Court
Of Appeals’ rightfully applied the proper standard of review and concluded that the
trial court did not abuse its discretion and at one point opined that the “State’s
contention…is not logical,” See Rodriguez, 2015 WL 5714548, at *9.
In the first issue raised, the State argues that the Eleventh Court of Appeals
should consider the totality of the circumstances instead of applying abuse of
discretion as a standard of review.
Next, the State argues that a test must be created to balance the interest of a
university to provide a safe environment against the interest of the State as the Fourth
Amendment. A sufficient balancing test already exists to address this interest and a
change is not necessary.
Finally, the State argues that the Court of Appeals erred in categorically ruling
that the plain view doctrine did not apply. We contend, that the State’s own
witnesses testified that the plain view doctrine did not apply and the trial court agreed
1 that the plain view doctrine did not apply; thus the Eleventh Court of Appeals found
no abuse of discretion.
The State’s three grounds for review are meritless and only function as an
improper means to reargue issues that have already been properly decided.
ARGUMENT
ISSUE 1: THE ELEVENTH COURT OF APPEALS PROPERLY APPLIED THE ABUSE OF DISCRETION STANDARD OF REVIEW AND CONSIDERED THE TRIAL COURT’S FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW. THE STATE’S CONTENTION THAT THE APPELLATE COURT CONDUCT A TRIAL DE NOVO IS IMPROPER.
The Eleventh Court of Appeals correctly affirmed the trial court’s grant of
Appellee’s pretrial motion to suppress. Specifically, the Eleventh Court of Appeals
applied the proper standard of review and law to the facts of this case. The State
incorrectly argues that the Eleventh Court of Appeals erred in its decision because
it relied on general principles of privacy, and did not review how the totality of
circumstances may have lessened Appellee’s expectation of privacy. See
Appellant’s Brief, at *10. But, the State’s contentions are incorrect for three
reasons (1) the Eleventh Court of Appeals applied the correct standard of review;
(2) the Eleventh Court of Appeals did examine the totality of the circumstances in
the context of consent, and (3) the State was incorrect in its argument that Eleventh
Court of Appeals’ decision conflicts with decisions from the Court of Criminal
Appeals or the United States Supreme Court.
2 A. The Eleventh Court of Appeals applied the correct standard of review.
The Eleventh Court of Appeals properly applied the abuse of discretion
standard of review to the trial court’s decision. It would have been improper to apply
a trial court’s totality of the circumstances test, as suggested by the State, in an
appeal. See Appellant’s Brief, at *10, 14. The State is claiming the Court of Appeals
erred by not conducting a trial de novo.
It is significant to point out to this Court that the trial court made explicit
findings of fact and conclusions of law with respect to its grant of Appellee’s motion
to suppress. Whenever the trial court's ruling on a motion to suppress is supported
by findings of fact, the appellate court properly reviews the evidence in a light most
favorable to the trial court's ruling to determine whether the evidence supports the
fact findings, then conducts a review of the trial court's legal rulings. State v. Kelly,
204 S.W.3d 808, 818 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). If the voluntariness of the consent is
challenged at trial, the State has the burden to prove by clear and convincing
evidence that any consent to search was given freely and voluntarily. Harrison v.
State, 205 S.W.3d 549, 552 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). These points are vital to this
Court's review of the State's petition for discretionary review.
In reviewing a trial court's ruling on a motion to suppress, appellate courts
must view all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court's ruling.
See State v. Garcia-Cantu, 253 S.W.3d 236, 241 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). The trial
3 court is the sole trier of fact and judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the
weight to be given their testimony. See State v. Ballard, 987 S.W.2d 889, 891 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1999). Accordingly, the judge may believe or disbelieve all or any part
of a witness's testimony, even if that testimony is not controverted. See Mattias v.
State, 731 S.W.2d 936, 940 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987). This same highly deferential
standard applies regardless of whether the trial court has granted or denied a motion
to suppress evidence. State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 854–55 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).
(applying “almost total deference” to trial court's implied factual findings and
assessment of credibility and demeanor when it granted the motion to suppress).
Thus, the party who prevailed in the trial court is afforded the strongest legitimate
view of the evidence and all reasonable inferences that may be drawn from that
evidence. Garcia-Cantu, 253 S.W.3d at 241.
The State's argument distorts the appropriate standards of review, and actually
ignores much of the Eleventh Court of Appeals analysis. The State seems to want
this Court to grant a petition for discretionary review based upon conjecture and
implication of consent through a contract that allows for administrative inspections.
The legal standard to establish consent under these circumstances is by clear and
convincing evidence and this burden is on the State. In other words, if there is a close
call regarding whether consent was or was not voluntarily given, appellate courts are
required to resolve this issue in favor of the Defendant. The State failed to meet their
4 burden of proving consent and the evidence introduced by the State demonstrates
that consent was physically impossible. A search for criminal investigative
purposes by any other name is still circumscribed by the Fourth Amendment. Such
a search, as in the instant case, which seeks to gather evidence for purposes of
prosecution, falls squarely within the purview of the Constitutional protection and
must be subject to the exclusionary rule. Tex. Criminal Proc. Code Ann. §§38.23(a).
A university official—under a valid and consensual contract signed by the
student—may rightfully enter and search a dorm room in order to maintain school
policy. See generally Grubbs v. State, 177 S.W.3d 313, 319–20 (Tex. App.- Houston
[1st Dist.] 2005) (explaining that a college student’s dorm contract gave “ample
authority for the Resident Assistant's entry” in order to “fulfill [his] daily duties. . .
or in cases of reasonable suspicion of activity endangering the individual or the
community.”). The policies must be for health and safety purposes and will only be
upheld as to the enforcement of specific campus rules by university officials. The
policies cannot be used for law enforcement purposes. Grubbs thoroughly
discusses that campus police may conduct university health and safety checks, but
if their checks appear to have a law enforcement purpose and go further than
enforcement of the terms of the residence contract, Texas courts will require them
to obtain a valid search warrant, have exigent circumstances, or have the express
consent of the targeted student at the time of the search. See generally Grubbs, 177
5 S.W.3d 313. This point seems lost on the State in its petition. Significantly, the trial
court found that there was no consent to enter Appellee’s dorm room nor were there
any exigent circumstances. Absent one or the other, the Court rightly concluded that
all evidence was obtained illegally.
Furthermore, the State has failed to form its arguments under the appropriate
standard of review, and is asking the Court of Criminal Appeals to require appellate
courts to conduct trial de novo on appeals. The trial court's findings of fact and
conclusions on mixed questions of law and fact depending on witness demeanor and
credibility are to be given deference on appeal. See Ross, 32 S.W.3d at 854–55.
Moreover, the State failed to explain the application of that standard to expressly
made findings of fact. Therefore, this Court should refuse the State’s first issue for
review.
B. The Eleventh Court of Appeals did examine the totality of the circumstances and held that the trial court did not abuse discretion concerning the issue of consent.
Contrary to the State’s argument, the Eleventh Court of Appeals did evaluate
the apparent consent issue under the totality of the circumstances. See Rodriguez,
2015 WL 5714548, at *11. Specifically, the Eleventh Court of Appeals reasoned that
the totality of the circumstances should be examined in a determination of
reasonableness for an officer to rely on the consent of another individual. Id.
6 An exception to the warrant requirement is a search conducted pursuant to
consent. See Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 219 (1973). Under the Texas
Constitution, the State must prove by clear and convincing evidence that the consent
to search was freely given. See State v. Ibarra, 953 S.W.2d 242, 244–45 n.1 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1997) (en banc). Whether the consent to search was in fact voluntary is
to be determined from the “totality of the circumstances.” Meeks v. State, 692
S.W.2d 504, 510 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (en banc)). Furthermore, a third party may
consent to a search of another’s property if the third party has actual authority over
the thing being searched. See Rodriguez, 2015 WL 5714548, at *11 (citing Hubert
v. State, 312 S.W.3d 554, 560 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985)).
Here, the Eleventh Court of Appeals did “examine the totality of the
circumstances to determine whether it is reasonable under the Fourth Amendment
for an officer to rely on the consent of another person to justify a warrantless search.”
Id. On the contrary, the State incorrectly relies on United States v. York, contending,
“Activities or circumstances within a dwelling may lessen an owner’s reasonable
expectation of privacy by creating a risk of intrusion which is ‘reasonably
foreseeable’.” See Appellant’s Brief, at *10 (citing United States v. York, 895 F.2d
1026, 1029 (5th Cir. 1990). But, this reliance is misguided because a warrant was
obtained in York. See York, 895 F.2d at 1027–29. Emphasis added
Finally, the State argues that a determination of whether any Fourth 7 Amendment protection exists must first be made before concluding that a search
occurred. Regardless of order, the Eleventh Court of Appeals found that a search did
occur and that “a student who occupies a college dormitory room enjoys the
protection of the Fourth Amendment.” Rodriguez, 2015 WL 5714548, at *11–12
(citing Piazzola v. Watkins, 442 F.2d 284, 289–90 (5th Cir. 1971)). Also, the
Eleventh Court of Appeals correctly distinguished the decision in Medlock v.
Trustees of Indiana University from this Case. See Rodriguez, 2015 WL 5714548,
at *9–10 (citing Medlock, No.1:11-CV-00977-TWP-DKL, 2011 WL 4068453, at
*1–5 (S.D. Ind. Sept. 13, 2011). The Eleventh Court of Appeals correctly reasoned
that Medlock was unlike this Case because it involved an administrative proceeding
where the officer obtained a warrant after observing criminal activity in plain view.
Id. Emphasis added.
Therefore, this Court should refuse the State’s first issue for review because
the Eleventh Court of Appeals applied the correct standard of review as well as
relevant law in its decision.
ISSUE 2: THE COURT OF APPEALS PROPERLY APPLIED THE PROTECTIONS OF THE FOURTH AMENDMENT WHEN THE STATE FAILED TO PROVE CONSENT, EXISTANCE OF A WARRANT, OR THE PRESENCE OF EXIGENT CIRCUMSTANCES.
The Eleventh Court of Appeals correctly affirmed the trial court’s grant of
Appellee’s pretrial motion to suppress, because Appellee’s dorm room is protected
8 under the Fourth Amendment and exigent circumstances did not exist to justify the
warrantless search of Appellee’s dorm room. The State incorrectly attempts to
characterize the warrantless search of Appellee’s dorm room as a “minimal
intrusion” that should be balanced against Appellee’s Fourth Amendment rights
when determining the reasonableness of a search. See Appellant’s Brief, at *7.
We agree with the State’s contention “the application of the Fourth
Amendment to searches of dormitories is an important question of both state and
federal law,” but we disagree with the State’s argument that this question has not
been settled by this Court. See Appellant’s Brief, at *15. The Eleventh Court of
Appeals correctly reasoned that the entry into a residence by police officers is a
search for purposes of the Fourth Amendment. See Rodriguez, 2015 WL 5714548,
at *8 (citing Valtierra v. State, 310 S.W.3d 442, 448 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010).
Furthermore, the Eleventh Court of Appeals correctly relied on this Court’s opinion
in Spring v. State, which notes that tenants’ homes should not be secure under the
Fourth Amendment only under the discretion of their landlord. Id. (citing 626
S.W.2d 37, 41 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1981).
Furthermore, the State conceded the issue of whether the Fourth Amendment
protected Appellee’s dorm room. See Appellant’s Brief at*9, Rodriguez, 2015 WL
5714548 (“When analyzing the issue of whether a college student has a legitimate
expectation of privacy in a dorm room, clearly the answer is generally yes.”). The
9 State argues that this is a unique ruling. It is not. It is significant to point out that
the State relies on Medlock, which like Grubbs, actually supports the Appellee’s
argument that the university has a right to conduct health and safety checks but a search
with prosecutorial intent still invokes Fourth Amendment protections. Grubbs, 177
S.W.3d 313. Furthermore, the line between Administrative searches and Law
Enforcement Searches has long been established, whether in a dorm, a home, a
business, or in other properties. See State v. Dixon, 206 S.W.3d 587, 590 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2006); Crain v. State, 315 S.W.3d 43, 48–49 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010).
Neither the Appellee, the trial court, Eleventh Court of Appeals, nor case law
disagrees with the balancing test. The precedent and agreement of the various courts,
hold that the balance is achieved by ensuring law enforcement obtains consent,
obtains or a warrant, or can articulate the presence of exigent circumstances. During
the suppression hearing, the State failed to produce testimony or evidence that
voluntary consent by Appellee or the roommate was obtained in any form: verbal or
written. (R.R. Vol. p. 43, 53). The trial court heard testimony from the State’s own
witnesses stating that there were no exigent circumstances and the items were not in
plain view. (R.R. VOL. 2, p. 43, 54-55) Neither the trial court, nor the Eleventh
Court of Appeals erred when applying the Fourth Amendment, therefore, this Court
should refuse the State’s second issue for review.
ISSUE 3: PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW SHOULD BE REFUSED BECAUSE THERE IS NO CONFLICT OF LAW OR 10 INTERPRETATION CREATED BY THE OPINION OF THE ELVENTH COURT OF APPEALS.
The State postulates that this Court should grant its petition for Discretionary
review because of a perceived conflict between the Eleventh Court of Appeals
decision and the Grubbs decision from the First Court of Appeals. This Court should
reject the States argument for three reasons: (1) the Eleventh Court of Appeals
decision does not conflict with Grubbs; (2) the State incorrectly requests this Court
to substitute its judgment for the Eleventh Court of Appeals; (3) the Courts of
Appeals are free to adopt their own interpretation of relevant statutory and case law.
First, the Eleventh Court of Appeals decision does not conflict with the
decision in Grubbs. The Eleventh Court of Appeals decision and the decision in
Grubbs agree on the important principle “that a student had an expectation of privacy
in his dorm room and is thus afforded Fourth Amendment protection. Compare
Grubbs, 177 S.W.3d at 318, with Rodriguez, 2015 WL 5714548, at *8. The Eleventh
Court of Appeals correctly distinguished the present case from the facts of Grubbs
v. State, noting that Grubbs did not explore the concept of a resident assistant or
administrative personal giving consent to officers to search a dormitory room. See
Rodriguez, 2015 WL 5714548, at *11–12. Rather, the residents themselves gave
officers consent to search in Grubbs. See Rodriguez, 2015 WL 5714548, at *11
(citing Grubbs v. State, 177 S.W.3d 313, 321 n.1 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
11 2005, pet. ref’d)). The Eleventh Court of Appeals correctly reasoned “[d]espite the
authority given to the dorm personnel to enter the dorm room themselves, they
simply did not have authority to give police officers consent to enter Appellee’s
dorm room.” See Rodriguez, 2015 WL 5714548, at *11. It is significant to note,
that not only did they lack the authority to give consent to search but the State never
provided evidence or testimony that the dorm personnel gave consent. The State’s
own witness testified that they never asked for consent from the dorm personnel, the
roommate, nor the Appellee. (R.R. VOL. 2, 71)
Second the State erroneously requests this Court to substitute its judgment for
that of the Eleventh Court of Appeals because it believes that the Eleventh Court of
Appeals' decision in this case will leave the bench and bar in a state of bewilderment
and confusion. As stated above, the First and Eleventh are in agreement that a
University has the right to conduct health and safety inspections, and that law
enforcement must obtain consent, obtain a warrant, or articulate the presence of
exigent circumstances. See Grubbs, 177 S.W.3d at 318, and Rodriguez, 2015 WL
5714548, at *8 There is no confusion because the law is well settled that there are
specific exceptions to the warrant requirement and none of those exceptions existed
in the instant case. The State seeks to create new law rather than follow the
established principles already in place.
Moreover, the State’s request should be denied because a Petition for 12 Discretionary Review should not be granted merely because a party disagrees with
the holding of an appeals court. See Degrate v. State, 712 S.W.2d 755, 756–57 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1986). The Court in Degrate established that it should reserve its
discretionary prerogative for the most part, to dispel confusion generated in the past
by its own case law; to reconcile settled differences between the various courts of
appeals; and to promote the fair administration of justice by trial and appellate courts
throughout the state. Id.
Second, the State’s argument ignores the fact that each of the Courts of
Appeals of Texas are free to adopt their own interpretation of the relevant statutory
and case law. In cases where the lower court has applied the correct standard and
made proper analysis, the Court of Criminal Appeals has been loath to accept
Petition for Discretionary Review to substitute its judgment for that of the appeals
courts. Hunter v. State, 954 S.W.2d 767, 768 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) (en banc).
Because there is little confusion as to the difference between administrative
health and safety searches compared to searches by law enforcement and the
requirement of law enforcement to obtain consent, a warrant, or articulate the
presence of exigent circumstances, this Court should refuse the State’s third issue
for review.
13 PRAYER
Appellee requests that the State’s Petition for Discretionary Review be
refused, or, that on hearing, the decision of the Eleventh Court of Appeals be
affirmed.
Respectfully Submitted,
________________________ Matthew G. Wright State Bar No. 24049956 Sharon L. Diaz State Bar No. 24050005 PO Box 522 Rosebud, Texas 76570 (254) 583-0009 Telephone (877) 455-1229 matthew@diazwright.com
14 CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE
The undersigned attorney certifies that this computer-generated document has
a word count of 3,220 words, based upon the representation provided by the word
processing program that was used to create the document.
________________________ Matthew G. Wright Attorney for the Appellee
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
The undersigned certifies that a true and correct copy of the foregoing Reply
to the State’s Petition for Discretionary Review as mailed by U.S. Mail to the State
Prosecuting Attorney, Lisa McMinn, P.O. Box 12405, Austin, Texas 78711, on the
12th day of November 2015.
The undersigned certifies that a true and correct copy of the foregoing Reply
to the State’s Petition for Discretionary Review as mailed by U.S. Mail to Michael
B. Murray, 35th District Attorney, 200 S. Broadway, Suite 323, Brownwood, Texas
76801 on the 12th day of November 2015.
________________________ Matthew G. Wright Attorney for the Appellee