Cooley, J.
This action is ejectment, brought by the defendant in error to recover certain lands which in his life-time belonged to Joseph Sibley. Her title to the land she traces through the will of her late husband Francis M. Sibley, who was the son and only heir-at-law of Joseph Sibley. No question is made that she is entitled to recover provided her husband was seized at the time of his decease.
Joseph Sibley died September 7, 1864, and the questions of law arise upon his will, a copy of which is as follows:
“ Know all men by these presents that I Joseph Sibley of the city of Marshall, county of Calhoun and State of Michigan, being of sound mind and memory, do make, publish and declare the following to be my last will and testament:
“ Firstly. I will that all my just debts and funeral expenses be paid.
“Secondly. I give and bequeath to my beloved wife, Hannah, all my household goods and furniture, all my stock, farming tools, wagons, etc., and the use during her life-time of all the lands, buildings and tenements I own at my decease on section number twenty-six, (26,) within the said city of Marshall; and also twenty thousand dollars at once, or one thousand dollars annually, at her election, during her life-time, to be paid her out of my estate.
[217]*217“ Thirdly. I will, if it is not done during my life-time, that lot No. 207, Group F, I own in the said city of Marshall cemetery, be enclosed with a suitable iron fence, and a suitable family monument erected therein, under the direction of my beloved wife, should she be living, and if not, under the direction of my beloved son Frank.
“Fourthly. I give and bequeath to my beloved son, Francis M. Sibley, when he arrives at the age of twenty-one yeara, three thousand dollars, and one thousand dollars annually thereafter until he arrives at the age of twenty-five years; and if at that time he shall have used what he has received, as above stated, in a judicious, frugal manner, and not wasted and squandered it, (in the opinion of my executors hereunto appointed,) he shall then receive ten thousand dollar’s more; and if, at the age of thirty years or sooner, if• in the opinion of my said executors he shall have managed, and will continue to do so, what he has already received, in a judicious, frugal manner, he shall receive fifteen thousand dollars more; and if, at the age of thirty-five years, or sooner, if in the opinion of said executors he shall have and will still continue to use what he has received, as before stated, in a frugal, economical and judicious manner, he shall come into full possession of all my estate, personal and real, not otherwise disposed of by this will or otherwise. But if, after having received ten thousand dollars at the age of twenty-five years, he shall have squandered and wasted what he has already received, or in the opinion of said ■executors he will waste and squander what he receives, he shall thereafter receive but one thousand dollars annually, and all my estate, real and personal, not otherwise disposed of, shall go to the legal issue or children of my beloved son, Francis M. Sibley; but in case he dies without said issue or ■children, then in that case it shall go to my legal heirs and representatives equally, according to law, except my beloved sister, Boxana Collins and her heirs, who shall receive only five dollars.
“ Lastly. I give and bequeath to my beloved nephew, J ames B. Sibley, all the land I own in Fredonia, Calhoun county, Michigan, being the west fractional one-half of section number two, (2,) in said town of Fredonia, — he, the said James B. Sibley, to pay to my estate for all stock and tools, and all other personal property that I have put on to said land, as per my books, at the end of ten year's, with interest thereon annually, and
“I hereby appoint Manlius Mann, Horace J. Perrin, William Powell, Charles P. Dibble and Joseph C. Frink as [218]*218executors, to carry out the foregoing will, and they are to have the control and direction of my beloved son, Frank, during his minority, and the above-named executors, a majority of them, are authorized to choose their own successors in office.
J. Sibley, [l. s.]
Signed and sealed in presence of William Powell,
C. EL M. Mann,
Harriett M. Mann,
E. Church.”
There was a codicil to this will, but its provisions have no importance in this controversy. The will was admitted to probate in the county of Calhoun soon after the testator’s death, but all the executors named therein except Horace J. Perrin refused or neglected to qualify. Perrin qualified, and letters testamentary were issued to him as sole executor. He acted as such until January, 1880, when he died without having settled the estate. The plaintiff below was married to Francis M. Sibley October 20, 1869, and her husband died November 3Ó, 18J0, without leaving issue. His age at the time of his decease was twenty-five years and three months.
The defendant below was in possession of .the premises in dispute under a lease given by Perrin as executor, and without setting up title in any one, contests the title relied upon by the plaintiff. The material facts in the case are few and simple. The annuity of one thousand dollar’s mentioned in the fourth clause of the will was paid for a time, but it was not paid for the year 1869, nor was the sum of ten thousand dollars therein directed to be paid to Francis ever paid. There was no evidence that Perrin had expressed or indicated any opinion that Francis had or had not managed or would manage the moneys received or any further payments in a judicious and prudent manner.
The view taken of the will on the part of the defense may be summarized as follows:
1. The will devises the estate in trust to the five executors therein named for the purposes therein indicated. To enable them to accomplish those purposes it would be neces[219]*219sary that they take the fee, and it must be supposed therefore the testator intended them to take the fee, and the devise must be construed to have that effect.
2. "When four of the trustees declined to act, the one who qualified and acted became sole trustee with all the powers that would have been possessed by all had all qualified and acted, and among these powers was the power to judge and decide whether the conduct and promise of Francis M. Sibley was such that the estate should vest in him according to the terms of the fourth clause of the will, or should pass to others.
3. The fee being thus vested in the trustees or the acting trustee, Francis M. Sibley could only take under the fourth clause when a conclusion favorable to him was reached and announced as was therein contemplated; and no determination having ever been made in his favor, he never became entitled to the estate, and on his death without issue it passed to the collateral relatives.
Of these positions it is manifest the second and third depend upon the first, and if that is unsound the others are baseless.
The important question then is, whether this will creates a trust. A careful examination of its provisions must be convincing that it does not purport to do so. The persons named are designated executors only, and no words of grant or devise are employed to indicate a purpose that any estate should pass to or be vested in them.
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Cooley, J.
This action is ejectment, brought by the defendant in error to recover certain lands which in his life-time belonged to Joseph Sibley. Her title to the land she traces through the will of her late husband Francis M. Sibley, who was the son and only heir-at-law of Joseph Sibley. No question is made that she is entitled to recover provided her husband was seized at the time of his decease.
Joseph Sibley died September 7, 1864, and the questions of law arise upon his will, a copy of which is as follows:
“ Know all men by these presents that I Joseph Sibley of the city of Marshall, county of Calhoun and State of Michigan, being of sound mind and memory, do make, publish and declare the following to be my last will and testament:
“ Firstly. I will that all my just debts and funeral expenses be paid.
“Secondly. I give and bequeath to my beloved wife, Hannah, all my household goods and furniture, all my stock, farming tools, wagons, etc., and the use during her life-time of all the lands, buildings and tenements I own at my decease on section number twenty-six, (26,) within the said city of Marshall; and also twenty thousand dollars at once, or one thousand dollars annually, at her election, during her life-time, to be paid her out of my estate.
[217]*217“ Thirdly. I will, if it is not done during my life-time, that lot No. 207, Group F, I own in the said city of Marshall cemetery, be enclosed with a suitable iron fence, and a suitable family monument erected therein, under the direction of my beloved wife, should she be living, and if not, under the direction of my beloved son Frank.
“Fourthly. I give and bequeath to my beloved son, Francis M. Sibley, when he arrives at the age of twenty-one yeara, three thousand dollars, and one thousand dollars annually thereafter until he arrives at the age of twenty-five years; and if at that time he shall have used what he has received, as above stated, in a judicious, frugal manner, and not wasted and squandered it, (in the opinion of my executors hereunto appointed,) he shall then receive ten thousand dollar’s more; and if, at the age of thirty years or sooner, if• in the opinion of my said executors he shall have managed, and will continue to do so, what he has already received, in a judicious, frugal manner, he shall receive fifteen thousand dollars more; and if, at the age of thirty-five years, or sooner, if in the opinion of said executors he shall have and will still continue to use what he has received, as before stated, in a frugal, economical and judicious manner, he shall come into full possession of all my estate, personal and real, not otherwise disposed of by this will or otherwise. But if, after having received ten thousand dollars at the age of twenty-five years, he shall have squandered and wasted what he has already received, or in the opinion of said ■executors he will waste and squander what he receives, he shall thereafter receive but one thousand dollars annually, and all my estate, real and personal, not otherwise disposed of, shall go to the legal issue or children of my beloved son, Francis M. Sibley; but in case he dies without said issue or ■children, then in that case it shall go to my legal heirs and representatives equally, according to law, except my beloved sister, Boxana Collins and her heirs, who shall receive only five dollars.
“ Lastly. I give and bequeath to my beloved nephew, J ames B. Sibley, all the land I own in Fredonia, Calhoun county, Michigan, being the west fractional one-half of section number two, (2,) in said town of Fredonia, — he, the said James B. Sibley, to pay to my estate for all stock and tools, and all other personal property that I have put on to said land, as per my books, at the end of ten year's, with interest thereon annually, and
“I hereby appoint Manlius Mann, Horace J. Perrin, William Powell, Charles P. Dibble and Joseph C. Frink as [218]*218executors, to carry out the foregoing will, and they are to have the control and direction of my beloved son, Frank, during his minority, and the above-named executors, a majority of them, are authorized to choose their own successors in office.
J. Sibley, [l. s.]
Signed and sealed in presence of William Powell,
C. EL M. Mann,
Harriett M. Mann,
E. Church.”
There was a codicil to this will, but its provisions have no importance in this controversy. The will was admitted to probate in the county of Calhoun soon after the testator’s death, but all the executors named therein except Horace J. Perrin refused or neglected to qualify. Perrin qualified, and letters testamentary were issued to him as sole executor. He acted as such until January, 1880, when he died without having settled the estate. The plaintiff below was married to Francis M. Sibley October 20, 1869, and her husband died November 3Ó, 18J0, without leaving issue. His age at the time of his decease was twenty-five years and three months.
The defendant below was in possession of .the premises in dispute under a lease given by Perrin as executor, and without setting up title in any one, contests the title relied upon by the plaintiff. The material facts in the case are few and simple. The annuity of one thousand dollar’s mentioned in the fourth clause of the will was paid for a time, but it was not paid for the year 1869, nor was the sum of ten thousand dollars therein directed to be paid to Francis ever paid. There was no evidence that Perrin had expressed or indicated any opinion that Francis had or had not managed or would manage the moneys received or any further payments in a judicious and prudent manner.
The view taken of the will on the part of the defense may be summarized as follows:
1. The will devises the estate in trust to the five executors therein named for the purposes therein indicated. To enable them to accomplish those purposes it would be neces[219]*219sary that they take the fee, and it must be supposed therefore the testator intended them to take the fee, and the devise must be construed to have that effect.
2. "When four of the trustees declined to act, the one who qualified and acted became sole trustee with all the powers that would have been possessed by all had all qualified and acted, and among these powers was the power to judge and decide whether the conduct and promise of Francis M. Sibley was such that the estate should vest in him according to the terms of the fourth clause of the will, or should pass to others.
3. The fee being thus vested in the trustees or the acting trustee, Francis M. Sibley could only take under the fourth clause when a conclusion favorable to him was reached and announced as was therein contemplated; and no determination having ever been made in his favor, he never became entitled to the estate, and on his death without issue it passed to the collateral relatives.
Of these positions it is manifest the second and third depend upon the first, and if that is unsound the others are baseless.
The important question then is, whether this will creates a trust. A careful examination of its provisions must be convincing that it does not purport to do so. The persons named are designated executors only, and no words of grant or devise are employed to indicate a purpose that any estate should pass to or be vested in them. If they took any estate it must have been by implication of law, because of the impossibility of their exercising the powers conferred without possessing the title. But the only powers conferred beyond those of executors were that they should have the “ control and direction ” of the son Francis, and power to determine the ultimate disposition of the estate by the judgment they should form and express upon the son’s past and probable future conduct. The first was a power of guardianship to which an interest in the estate was wholly unimportant, and the second was just as far from needing, for its due execution, that the donees of the power •should hold the [220]*220title. If the power was valid, no conveyance from them was needful to its due execution, for their determination without a grant would be completely effectual.
No trust was therefore created by this will, and the legal title was left to descend according to the rules of law. The law passed it to the son Francis, and there it must have remained until by some subsequent act or event it was passed from him. If there is anything in the will to indicate that the testator had in his mind a different thought, it is the clause that “ if at the age of thirty-five years or sooner, if in the opinion of said executors he shall have and will still continue to use what he has received, as before stated, in a frugal, economical and judicious manner, he shall come into full possession of all my estate, personal and real, not otherwise disposed of by this will or otherwise.” But the words employed here are perfectly consistent with the supposition that the title was in the son, but that he was for the time excluded from the enjoyment and possession.
It remains to be seen whether the son ever lost the title under the power. But upon this there is no room for question. If an effective power was intended, and not a threat vn terrorem merely, it was a power to be exercised by five, not by one, and the five were those named or the number kept good by the action of the majority. Moreover the power was to be exercised only after the son had received the sums which were to be paid to him before and at the time of his reaching the age of twenty-five, and these never having been paid, there was never any time when the power could have been executed if all the donees had seen fit to act. The power has therefore become wholly unimportant, and the questions raised on the argument concerning its validity will be passed without consideration.
But it is further said on behalf of the defense that by the will a contingent remainder was limited to the collateral heirs on Francis M. Sibley dying without issue; an event which has actually happened. Provisions of this sort are apt to be complicated with the question whether a dying at any time without issue is what is meant, or whether it is a [221]*221dying without issue before or after some specified time or event. And such a question arises here. The primary object in interpreting the will is to reach, if possible, the intent the testator had in mind, and to give effect to it. There is no room here for any doubt that Francis was the primary object of the testator’s bounty. But the testator feared that Francis might squander the estate if it was left to his unrestricted control, and he provided a period of probation. If he failed to pass this period of probation to the satisfaction of the donees' of the power, the estate might be made to pass to his lawful issue, if any, or in case he should die without issue, then to “ legal heirs and representatives.” Thus it was neither to go to the issue or to others, to his exclusion, unless it was first determined by the donees of the power, after the probation intended, that he had squandered and would be likely to squander his possessions. The dying without issue which was intended was therefore a dying without issue after the unfavorable determination had been made.
The view we take of the provisions of the will renders quite unnecessary any discussion of authorities. We are of opinion that Francis M. Sibley was seized of the premises in question at the time of his death, and that they passed under his will to the plaintiff.
The judgment of the circuit court will therefore be affirmed with costs and the record remanded.
The other Justices concurred.