Spencer, J.
Elementary principles, if thought out clearly, will resolve the difficulties of this case. The facts are without dispute. The defendant is an incorporated association, formed by certain of ths masonic fraternity, for the purpose of aiding the widows [482]*482and orphans of its deceased members. It has its office and conducts its business at the city of Buffalo in this State. In October, 1900, the husband of the plaintiff was a mason in good standing, residing at Blue Mountain Lake, N. Y., and on the twenty-third of that month mailed an application to the defendant, at its place of business, to become one of its members. This application, among other things, contained the following: “ It is also understood that my membership shall not be in force until a certificate has been delivered to me during my life and in good health.” It was received by the defendant and a certificate of membership, dated October thirty-first, was signed by its officers, and at the close of business, November second, deposited in the post-office at Buffalo, directed to the plaintiff’s husband at Blue Mountain Lake. In the meantime, the plaintiff’s husband had been taken ill of pneumonia, and after a sickness of forty-eight hours, died. His death occurred about eighteen hours before the mailing of the certificate. The certificate provides for the payment of one thousand dollars by the defendant to the plaintiff within ninety days after satisfactory proofs of the death of her husband as a member of the association. This action is upon the certificate^ to recover the amount named therein. The defendant resists on the ground that plaintiff’s husband never became a member of the association, special reference being made to the clause in his application as to delivery of the certificate to him in his life and good health. The plaintiff insists that defendant has waived compliance with that provision by mailing the certificate to the deceased and by treating with her after the death of her husband and after the .certificate had come to her possession as if such certificate vjere in force.
It is well established in this State that a general agent of an insurance company may waive stipulations and provisions contained in a policy with respect to conditions upon which it shall have inception and go into operation by delivering the policy with knowledge of all the facts, and receiving the premium. Walsh v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co., 73 N. Y. 5; Forward v. Oontinental Ins. Co., 142 id. 382; Wood v. American Fire Ins. Co., 149 id. 382; Gray v. Germania Fire Ins. Co., 155 id. 180; Ames v. Manhattan Life Ins. Co., 40 App. Div. 465. I see no reason why this rule should not have application to certificates of membership in benefit associations such as the defendant. The certificate issued by the [483]*483defendant was in effect a policy of insurance upon the life of plaintiff’s husband, and if a delivery of the same to him had been effected at any time prior to his death, the question as to whether the defendant did or did not intend to waive its rights by making such delivery might very well be a question for the jury to pass upon. But in this case there was no delivery of the certificate to the husband of the plaintiff, or to any one for him during his life. There can be no delivery, either actual or constructive, to a person who is dead. Hence plaintiff’s husband nqver became a member of the defendant association for the reason that the preliminary negotiations to that end were based upon the condition that his membership should not be in force until a certificate had been delivered to him during his life, and as we have seen, he died before the defendant had performed any act tantamount to such delivery. In order to constitute a waiver of the condition contained in the application of plaintiff’s husband, upon which he was to become a member of defendant’s association, there must have occurred something as between him and the defendant by which such condition was waived and he constituted a member without any delivery of the certificate. But there is no fact or circumstance from which any such result may be inferred.
But it is contended that the defendant, since the death of plaintiff’s husband, has waived forfeiture of the contract for nondelivery, by treating the same as if it had been delivered and receiving from the plaintiff the sum of two dollars and sixty-two cents for unpaid assessments. Titus v. Glens Falls Ins. Co., 81 N. Y. 410, 419. I should be glad to see my way clear to such a conclusion, but the fact remains to bar the way that there was no contract upon which a forfeiture could operate. Delivery of the certificate was a condition precedent to the inception of any agreement between the parties. There can be no forfeiture of a contract that has no existence. Forfeiture relates to something done or omitted by which one’s rights are lost. Neither plaintiff nor her husband forfeited any rights because they had none to forfeit. Forfeiture assumes a pre-existing valid contract or obligation, and forfeiture not being favored in the law, any inconsistent acts or dealings by the party claiming forfeiture may be regarded as a waiver thereof. But no such situation is revealed by the facts in this case. The defendant is not claiming that the plaintiff or her husband forfeited the contract. Its position is that no contract [484]*484was ever consummated, and its contention is supported by the undisputed facts, from which no other conclusion can be drawn.
But the plaintiff claims further that, although her husband never became a member of the defendant association, and, although no contract was ever consummated by and between her husband and the defendant, nevertheless, the defendant, by treating with her after the death of her husband as if he were such member and as if such contract obligations existed, may not now claim to the contrary.
This I think is the most favorable view that can be taken of the plaintiff’s contention. Although not so denominated by her, and, although there is much confusion of terms in the books, nevertheless, the doctrine which she thus invokes is not that of waiver, but of estoppel. In order to support this contention, the plaintiff must establish a new promise or agreement founded upon a valuable consideration. Belknap v. Bender, 75 N. Y. 446; Ripley v. Ætna Ins. Co., 30 id. 136. Estoppel differs from waiver in that the latter is simply a voluntary relinquishment of a right with knowledge of all the facts, an expression of intention, by speech or conduct, not to demand a certain thing which one has a right to demand. To constitute waiver there need not be a new agreement or a valuable consideration; but where, as in this' case, there never existed any right on the one side nor obligation upon the other, a mere waiver is insufficient to create such right or impose such obligation. If the plaintiff did not have a cause of action against the defendant, anything which the defendant might waive would be ineffectual to create one. It follows therefore that if such right or obligation now exists, it exists by virtue of a new promise or contract which has been made or formed by and between the plaintiff and the defendant, whereby the defendant became bound pursuant to the terms of the proposed agreement with her husband. What then is the character of this new agreement? To put the matter broadly, she alleges that the defendant agreed to pay her the amount named in the membership certificate in consideration that she forward to the defendant the two dollars and sixty-two cents for assessments that had not been made at the time of her husband’s death.
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Spencer, J.
Elementary principles, if thought out clearly, will resolve the difficulties of this case. The facts are without dispute. The defendant is an incorporated association, formed by certain of ths masonic fraternity, for the purpose of aiding the widows [482]*482and orphans of its deceased members. It has its office and conducts its business at the city of Buffalo in this State. In October, 1900, the husband of the plaintiff was a mason in good standing, residing at Blue Mountain Lake, N. Y., and on the twenty-third of that month mailed an application to the defendant, at its place of business, to become one of its members. This application, among other things, contained the following: “ It is also understood that my membership shall not be in force until a certificate has been delivered to me during my life and in good health.” It was received by the defendant and a certificate of membership, dated October thirty-first, was signed by its officers, and at the close of business, November second, deposited in the post-office at Buffalo, directed to the plaintiff’s husband at Blue Mountain Lake. In the meantime, the plaintiff’s husband had been taken ill of pneumonia, and after a sickness of forty-eight hours, died. His death occurred about eighteen hours before the mailing of the certificate. The certificate provides for the payment of one thousand dollars by the defendant to the plaintiff within ninety days after satisfactory proofs of the death of her husband as a member of the association. This action is upon the certificate^ to recover the amount named therein. The defendant resists on the ground that plaintiff’s husband never became a member of the association, special reference being made to the clause in his application as to delivery of the certificate to him in his life and good health. The plaintiff insists that defendant has waived compliance with that provision by mailing the certificate to the deceased and by treating with her after the death of her husband and after the .certificate had come to her possession as if such certificate vjere in force.
It is well established in this State that a general agent of an insurance company may waive stipulations and provisions contained in a policy with respect to conditions upon which it shall have inception and go into operation by delivering the policy with knowledge of all the facts, and receiving the premium. Walsh v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co., 73 N. Y. 5; Forward v. Oontinental Ins. Co., 142 id. 382; Wood v. American Fire Ins. Co., 149 id. 382; Gray v. Germania Fire Ins. Co., 155 id. 180; Ames v. Manhattan Life Ins. Co., 40 App. Div. 465. I see no reason why this rule should not have application to certificates of membership in benefit associations such as the defendant. The certificate issued by the [483]*483defendant was in effect a policy of insurance upon the life of plaintiff’s husband, and if a delivery of the same to him had been effected at any time prior to his death, the question as to whether the defendant did or did not intend to waive its rights by making such delivery might very well be a question for the jury to pass upon. But in this case there was no delivery of the certificate to the husband of the plaintiff, or to any one for him during his life. There can be no delivery, either actual or constructive, to a person who is dead. Hence plaintiff’s husband nqver became a member of the defendant association for the reason that the preliminary negotiations to that end were based upon the condition that his membership should not be in force until a certificate had been delivered to him during his life, and as we have seen, he died before the defendant had performed any act tantamount to such delivery. In order to constitute a waiver of the condition contained in the application of plaintiff’s husband, upon which he was to become a member of defendant’s association, there must have occurred something as between him and the defendant by which such condition was waived and he constituted a member without any delivery of the certificate. But there is no fact or circumstance from which any such result may be inferred.
But it is contended that the defendant, since the death of plaintiff’s husband, has waived forfeiture of the contract for nondelivery, by treating the same as if it had been delivered and receiving from the plaintiff the sum of two dollars and sixty-two cents for unpaid assessments. Titus v. Glens Falls Ins. Co., 81 N. Y. 410, 419. I should be glad to see my way clear to such a conclusion, but the fact remains to bar the way that there was no contract upon which a forfeiture could operate. Delivery of the certificate was a condition precedent to the inception of any agreement between the parties. There can be no forfeiture of a contract that has no existence. Forfeiture relates to something done or omitted by which one’s rights are lost. Neither plaintiff nor her husband forfeited any rights because they had none to forfeit. Forfeiture assumes a pre-existing valid contract or obligation, and forfeiture not being favored in the law, any inconsistent acts or dealings by the party claiming forfeiture may be regarded as a waiver thereof. But no such situation is revealed by the facts in this case. The defendant is not claiming that the plaintiff or her husband forfeited the contract. Its position is that no contract [484]*484was ever consummated, and its contention is supported by the undisputed facts, from which no other conclusion can be drawn.
But the plaintiff claims further that, although her husband never became a member of the defendant association, and, although no contract was ever consummated by and between her husband and the defendant, nevertheless, the defendant, by treating with her after the death of her husband as if he were such member and as if such contract obligations existed, may not now claim to the contrary.
This I think is the most favorable view that can be taken of the plaintiff’s contention. Although not so denominated by her, and, although there is much confusion of terms in the books, nevertheless, the doctrine which she thus invokes is not that of waiver, but of estoppel. In order to support this contention, the plaintiff must establish a new promise or agreement founded upon a valuable consideration. Belknap v. Bender, 75 N. Y. 446; Ripley v. Ætna Ins. Co., 30 id. 136. Estoppel differs from waiver in that the latter is simply a voluntary relinquishment of a right with knowledge of all the facts, an expression of intention, by speech or conduct, not to demand a certain thing which one has a right to demand. To constitute waiver there need not be a new agreement or a valuable consideration; but where, as in this' case, there never existed any right on the one side nor obligation upon the other, a mere waiver is insufficient to create such right or impose such obligation. If the plaintiff did not have a cause of action against the defendant, anything which the defendant might waive would be ineffectual to create one. It follows therefore that if such right or obligation now exists, it exists by virtue of a new promise or contract which has been made or formed by and between the plaintiff and the defendant, whereby the defendant became bound pursuant to the terms of the proposed agreement with her husband. What then is the character of this new agreement? To put the matter broadly, she alleges that the defendant agreed to pay her the amount named in the membership certificate in consideration that she forward to the defendant the two dollars and sixty-two cents for assessments that had not been made at the time of her husband’s death. That such a contract would have been benevolent and in harmony with the spirit and purpose of the defendant association may be true; but the question for the court is whether there is any. evidence of such a contract.
[485]*485On November twenty-fifth, plaintiff caused notice of her.husband’s death to be sent to defendant and requested blanks upon which to make proof of death. On the twenty-eighth, defendant forwarded blanks for that purpose. These blanks were filled out and, about December twenty-seventh, mailed to defendant. On the twenty-ninth, they were returned for lack of county clerk’s certificate. This was supplied and the proofs returned to defendant. January twelfth, following, the secretary of the defendant wrote to the plaintiff as follows:
“ Buffalo, N. Y., Jan. 12th, 1901.
“Mrs. Minnie Roblee, Blue Mountain Lake:
“ Dear Madam.— We acknowledge receipt of the properly executed proofs of death of your husband, the late William H. Bob-lee. The claim will become liable for $2.62 representing assessments for deaths on hand and unassessed at the date of Mr. Bob-lee’s death. This amount may be paid any time prior to settlement of the claim. Our by-laws provide for the payment of losses ninety days after receipt of satisfactory proofs of death, and we shall be prepared to pay this at the expiration of that time.
“ Very truly yours,
“N. O. TIFFANY, Sec'y.”
Thereupon the plaintiff sent to the defendant the sum of two dollars and sixty-two cents in payment of the assessments referred to, receiving from the defendant the following receipt:
“ Buffalo, N. Y., Jan. 23rd, 1901.
“ $2.62.
“ Masonic Life Association of Western New York.
Masonic Temple:
“ Beceived of Mrs. Minnie Roblee Two & 62/100 Dollars on account of asst, in full, claim of W. H. Roblee.
“ NELSON O. TIFFANY,
“ Secretary. J.”
Nothing further occurred until the twenty-ninth of January, when the defendant’s secretary wrote plaintiff, that since receiving the proofs of death they had found that her husband was not alive when the policy was mailed, calling her attention to the clause [486]*486in the application as to delivery, stating that the policy was mailed on.the evening of November second, that her husband died that day after an illness of forty-eight hours as shown by the proofs, and that there was no liability on the part of the defendant. On February twenty-second, defendant returned two dollars and sixty-two cents to the plaintiff which she declined to accept.
I find no evidence here of any agreement between the plaintiff and the defendant. The writer of the letter of January twelfth was clearly speaking of the policy as in force with no thought of instituting a new agreement as between the defendant and the plaintiff: There is not the slightest proof that the defendant then had knowledge of the nondelivery of the policy to plaintiff’s husband. The most that can be said is that at that time information of the fact of nondelivery was within defendant’s reach. The sending by plaintiff to defendant of the money to meet the assessments referred to was not the paying of a valuable consideration'in support of a new agreement. The payment was made on the assumption by both parties that the policy had gone into effect and was valid and binding, and that the assessments were obligations flowing therefrom. It cannot be said that both parties entered into a new agreement without intending so to do. But such must be the result if we spell out an agreement from the facts presented.
It follows therefore that the order of the court made at the close of the case, directing the jury to find a verdict for the defendant, must stand and the motion for a new trial denied. Judgment for defendant and order for new trial denied, with costs.
Judgment for defendant and motion denied, with costs.