OPINION.
FARRINGTON, J.
It is contended on behalf of the appellant that because of the failure of the court [643]*643in the original divorce decree to provide for the maintenance of the child, the court, under sections 2375 and 2381, Revised Statutes 1909, had no jurisdiction to modify the decree so as to provide for the maintenance of the child. The respondent contends that the order awarding the care and custody of the child necessarily and as au incident thereto gave the court power and jurisdiction at any time, under the facts referred to, to make the order made in this case.
Section 2375, R. S-. 1909-, is as follows:
“Alimony and maintenance. — When a divorce shall be adjudged, • the court shall make such order, touching the alimony and maintenance of the wife, and the care, custody and maintenance of the children, or • any of them, as, from the circumstances of the parties apd the nature of the case, shall be reasonable, and when the wife is plaintiff, may order the defendant to give security for such alimony and maintenance; and upon his neglect to give the security required of him, or upon default of himself and his sureties, if any there be, to pay or provide such alimony and maintenance, may award an execution for the collection thereof, or enforce the performance of the judgment or order by sequestration of property, or by such other lawful ways ami means as is according to the practice of the court. The court, on the application of either party, may make such alteration, from time to time, as to the allowance of alimony and maintenance, as .may be proper, and the court may decree alimony pending the suit for divorce in all cases where the same would be just, whether the wife be plaintiff or defendant, and enforce such order in the manner provided by law in other cases.”
Section 2381, R. S. 1909, is as follows:
“Decree of divorce not subject to review■ — otherwise as to alimony. — No petition for review of any judgment for divorce, rendered in any cause arising under this article, shall be allowed, any law or statute [644]*644to the contrary notwithstanding; hut there may be a review of any order or judgment touching the alimony and maintenance of the wife, and the care, custody aud maintenance of the children, or any of them, as in other cases.”
It is contended by appellant that under section 2375 there could be no alteration of an order never made, and that under section 2381 there could be no review of an order or judgment never made.
An examination of the authorities in this State reveals that the St. Louis Court of Appeals, in the cases of Lukowski v. Lukowski, 108 Mo. App. 204, 83 S. W. 274, and Seely v. Seely, 116 Mo. App. 362, 91 S. W. 979, sustains the position taken by the appellant, and that the Kansas City Court of Appeals, in the case of Shannon v. Shannon, 97 Mo. App. 119, 71 S. W. 104, sustains the position taken by the respondent, and it necessarily devolves upon us to certify this question to the Supreme Court for final determination.
All the decisions in this State on this question hold that the statutes above referred to are merely cumulative of the common law; that the granting of this mode of procedure to procure maintenance for the child does not take away from the father the common law duty and obligation to maintain and provide for the child, nor take away from the custodian of the child or any other person furnishing the child with necessaries the right to sue the father for reimbursement. We therefore take it these statutes are cumulative, and merely remedial, and only provide an additional remedy to enforce the common law duty of the father to maintain his child. This being true, it is the duty of courts to construe such statutes liberally. There is no common law right established or common law remedy taken away. The statutes only refer to the mode of procedure in obtaining maintenance for the child rather than creating any right or obligation different from that imposed at common [645]*645law. Like the statutes creating mechanics’ liens which our courts have held are merely creatures of statutory enactment, unknown to the common law,, as such statutes pertain only to the remedy and not to -the right of enforcing the payment of the debt, they should receive a liberal construction. [Putnam v. Ross, 46 Mo. 337; Oster v. Rabeneau, 46 Mo. 595.] Likewise, in construing the laws of- administration the courts have held that where the statute pertains to the remedy and not the right it will be liberally construed. [Rozelle v. Harmon, 103 Mo. 339, 15 S. W. 432.] In’the case of Hernán v. McNamara, 77 Mo. App. 1, Judge Bond- exhaustively treats of remedial statutes and quotes from many of the leading text-writers, the question involved being as to the right of a defendant to file a set-off or counter claim in a suit brought against him, and because the statute was remedial, the court held it was not to receive a strict construction and that the rule of strictissimi juris did not apply. The rule is laid down in 36- Cyc. 1173 that laws enacted in the interest of the public welfare or convenience should be liberally construed, and that statutes enacted for the correction of errors, the supply or curing of defects, the redress of existing grievances, are known as remedial statutes and should be liberally construed. On the "other hand, it is stated that a statute imposing a new duty and creating a new right will be construed strictly. But statutes designed to render the methods of procedure more simple and." convenient are remedial and are to be liberally construed. [36 Oye. 1188.] “A remedial statute,” says the American and English Encyclopedia of Law, (2 Ed.), Vol. 26, at page 530, is one made to supply defects or abridge superfluities in the common law arising from the general imperfections of human laws, the change of time and circumstances, or from any other cause whatever.” Such statute is distinguished from a penal statute, the latter, of course, requiring [646]*646a strict construction, and at page 614 it is stated that where a statute only provides a new remedy for a preexisting right, it is merely cumulative. In the case of Union Brewing Co. v. Ehlhardt, 139 Mo. App. 129, 138, 120 S. W. 1193, discussing the construction to be placed on remedial statutes, this language is used: “In construing this statute, we must look to the prior state of the law on the subject,' the mischief, if any, which it entailed, and the remedy therefor, which is sought to be provided thereby. . .' . Thus viewing the statute, the' purpose of the Legislature to simplify and further proceedings originating before a magistrate in the interests of justice, is manifest.” And in the case of Shohoney v. Railroad, 231 Mo. 131, 157, 132 S. W. 1059, Judge Lamm states the “trite and venerable doctrine” to be followed by the court. In the case of Kansas City Loan Guar. Co. v. Kansas City, 200 Mo. 159, 168, 98 S. W. 459, Judge Graves approvingly quotes from the Rozelle case, supra. In the case of Robinson v. Harmon, 117 N. W. 664, the following is quoted with approval from Black on Interpretation of Statutes: “It is an old and unshaken rule in the construction of statute that the intention of a remedial statute will always prevail over the literal sense of its terms, and therefore when the expression is special ór particular, but the reason is general, the expression will be deemed general. ...
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OPINION.
FARRINGTON, J.
It is contended on behalf of the appellant that because of the failure of the court [643]*643in the original divorce decree to provide for the maintenance of the child, the court, under sections 2375 and 2381, Revised Statutes 1909, had no jurisdiction to modify the decree so as to provide for the maintenance of the child. The respondent contends that the order awarding the care and custody of the child necessarily and as au incident thereto gave the court power and jurisdiction at any time, under the facts referred to, to make the order made in this case.
Section 2375, R. S-. 1909-, is as follows:
“Alimony and maintenance. — When a divorce shall be adjudged, • the court shall make such order, touching the alimony and maintenance of the wife, and the care, custody and maintenance of the children, or • any of them, as, from the circumstances of the parties apd the nature of the case, shall be reasonable, and when the wife is plaintiff, may order the defendant to give security for such alimony and maintenance; and upon his neglect to give the security required of him, or upon default of himself and his sureties, if any there be, to pay or provide such alimony and maintenance, may award an execution for the collection thereof, or enforce the performance of the judgment or order by sequestration of property, or by such other lawful ways ami means as is according to the practice of the court. The court, on the application of either party, may make such alteration, from time to time, as to the allowance of alimony and maintenance, as .may be proper, and the court may decree alimony pending the suit for divorce in all cases where the same would be just, whether the wife be plaintiff or defendant, and enforce such order in the manner provided by law in other cases.”
Section 2381, R. S. 1909, is as follows:
“Decree of divorce not subject to review■ — otherwise as to alimony. — No petition for review of any judgment for divorce, rendered in any cause arising under this article, shall be allowed, any law or statute [644]*644to the contrary notwithstanding; hut there may be a review of any order or judgment touching the alimony and maintenance of the wife, and the care, custody aud maintenance of the children, or any of them, as in other cases.”
It is contended by appellant that under section 2375 there could be no alteration of an order never made, and that under section 2381 there could be no review of an order or judgment never made.
An examination of the authorities in this State reveals that the St. Louis Court of Appeals, in the cases of Lukowski v. Lukowski, 108 Mo. App. 204, 83 S. W. 274, and Seely v. Seely, 116 Mo. App. 362, 91 S. W. 979, sustains the position taken by the appellant, and that the Kansas City Court of Appeals, in the case of Shannon v. Shannon, 97 Mo. App. 119, 71 S. W. 104, sustains the position taken by the respondent, and it necessarily devolves upon us to certify this question to the Supreme Court for final determination.
All the decisions in this State on this question hold that the statutes above referred to are merely cumulative of the common law; that the granting of this mode of procedure to procure maintenance for the child does not take away from the father the common law duty and obligation to maintain and provide for the child, nor take away from the custodian of the child or any other person furnishing the child with necessaries the right to sue the father for reimbursement. We therefore take it these statutes are cumulative, and merely remedial, and only provide an additional remedy to enforce the common law duty of the father to maintain his child. This being true, it is the duty of courts to construe such statutes liberally. There is no common law right established or common law remedy taken away. The statutes only refer to the mode of procedure in obtaining maintenance for the child rather than creating any right or obligation different from that imposed at common [645]*645law. Like the statutes creating mechanics’ liens which our courts have held are merely creatures of statutory enactment, unknown to the common law,, as such statutes pertain only to the remedy and not to -the right of enforcing the payment of the debt, they should receive a liberal construction. [Putnam v. Ross, 46 Mo. 337; Oster v. Rabeneau, 46 Mo. 595.] Likewise, in construing the laws of- administration the courts have held that where the statute pertains to the remedy and not the right it will be liberally construed. [Rozelle v. Harmon, 103 Mo. 339, 15 S. W. 432.] In’the case of Hernán v. McNamara, 77 Mo. App. 1, Judge Bond- exhaustively treats of remedial statutes and quotes from many of the leading text-writers, the question involved being as to the right of a defendant to file a set-off or counter claim in a suit brought against him, and because the statute was remedial, the court held it was not to receive a strict construction and that the rule of strictissimi juris did not apply. The rule is laid down in 36- Cyc. 1173 that laws enacted in the interest of the public welfare or convenience should be liberally construed, and that statutes enacted for the correction of errors, the supply or curing of defects, the redress of existing grievances, are known as remedial statutes and should be liberally construed. On the "other hand, it is stated that a statute imposing a new duty and creating a new right will be construed strictly. But statutes designed to render the methods of procedure more simple and." convenient are remedial and are to be liberally construed. [36 Oye. 1188.] “A remedial statute,” says the American and English Encyclopedia of Law, (2 Ed.), Vol. 26, at page 530, is one made to supply defects or abridge superfluities in the common law arising from the general imperfections of human laws, the change of time and circumstances, or from any other cause whatever.” Such statute is distinguished from a penal statute, the latter, of course, requiring [646]*646a strict construction, and at page 614 it is stated that where a statute only provides a new remedy for a preexisting right, it is merely cumulative. In the case of Union Brewing Co. v. Ehlhardt, 139 Mo. App. 129, 138, 120 S. W. 1193, discussing the construction to be placed on remedial statutes, this language is used: “In construing this statute, we must look to the prior state of the law on the subject,' the mischief, if any, which it entailed, and the remedy therefor, which is sought to be provided thereby. . .' . Thus viewing the statute, the' purpose of the Legislature to simplify and further proceedings originating before a magistrate in the interests of justice, is manifest.” And in the case of Shohoney v. Railroad, 231 Mo. 131, 157, 132 S. W. 1059, Judge Lamm states the “trite and venerable doctrine” to be followed by the court. In the case of Kansas City Loan Guar. Co. v. Kansas City, 200 Mo. 159, 168, 98 S. W. 459, Judge Graves approvingly quotes from the Rozelle case, supra. In the case of Robinson v. Harmon, 117 N. W. 664, the following is quoted with approval from Black on Interpretation of Statutes: “It is an old and unshaken rule in the construction of statute that the intention of a remedial statute will always prevail over the literal sense of its terms, and therefore when the expression is special ór particular, but the reason is general, the expression will be deemed general. ... It may be stated K ■ general terms that any statute which gives a remedy .or means of redress where none existed before, or which creates a right of action in an individual, or a particular class of individuals, is remedial within the meaning of this rule.” The following appears in Black on Interpretation of Laws, at page 310: “In the next place, statutes made in relation to the administration of justice in the courts, and designed to render the same more simple, speedy, or efficacious, áre to be liberally construed, for the attainment of that important object.”
[647]*647Turning again to the statutes under. consideration and reading them in the light of a liberal construction, it mil he seen that the Legislature intended for the divorce court to take charge of the child and award its care and custody, and in order to make the care and custody effective, the Legislature wisely provided a procedure — summary, perhaps — by which the father may be required to advance the maintenance necessary for the child. It is true, if this statute is one that should he strictly construed, there could be no alteration on a motion to modify a decree for alimony, nor a review of an order or decree for the maintenance of the child, unless there had been an order made in the first instance, it being argued that there having been no order made — under a strict construction — there could he none altered. However, hearing in mind the purpose and intention of the Legislature in giving to the court the power to deal with the child regardless of the litigation between the parents, and remembering that the statute was passed for the benefit of the child and for the purpose of enforcing a common law obligation that the father owed the child, and that the statute is cumulative and remedial, so strained and strict a construction should not he placed upon it.
The Supreme Court of this State in the case of In re Gladys Morgan, 117 Mo. 249, 21 S. W. 1122, 22 S. W. 913, went so far as to hold that the divorce court could in a case pending before it for divorce between the husband and wife make an order with reference to the care and custody of a child pending the action although the petition in the case did not pray for the care and custody of the child and neither party had at that time demanded the care and custody of the child; and that although the pleadings under the statute (which was the same as it is now) contained nothing on the subject, and although there had not been an adjudication or decree in the divorce case, [648]*648still the divorce court had jurisdiction to make an order with reference to the care and custody of the child pending the action. Surely, this was not a strict construction of the statute. The court in that case based its holding on the ground that the divorce court gets its powers with respect to children from the chancery practice and not from the ecclesiastical courts. And in the case of Cole v. Cole, 89 Mo. App. 228, Judge Goode in discussing the statutes in question recognizes that the Supreme Court in the Morgan case has so construed the statutes.
In 14 Cyc. at page 811, we find the rule -thus declared: “However, the power of the court to make ah order directing the father to provide for the maintenance of the minor children under petition in the suit long after final decree has been entered is well established, where the decree contains no provision on the subject.” Numerous authorities are cited in support, and among them is the case of Meyers v. Meyers, 91 Mo. App. 151, which was decided by the St. Louis Court of Appeals and afterwards overruled by the same court in the case of Seely v. Seely, 116 Mo. App. 363, 91 S. W. 979.
Taking into consideration the predicament the child is often placed in where the parents are quarreling and charging and countercharging under the various grounds of the divorce statute, and where, as frequently occurs in the fury of the battle, the innocent offspring of the unfortunate marriage who is especially the ward of the court is overlooked by the parents as well as the court in making a decree or order at the time touching its welfare, we think, from a legal, ethical and moral standpoint that the courts should construe the statutes to their full intendment for the purpose of protecting those whom they are designed to protect. It is our opinion that the Kansas City Court of Appeals in the case of Shannon v. Shannon, supra, follows the better doctrine and is [649]*649more in keeping with the views expressed by the Supreme Court in the Morgan case. Believing that the justice of the case permits, indeed demands, a liberal construction of the statutes under consideration, we are constrained to hold contrary to the opinion of the learned judge of the St. Louis Court of Appeals in the cases of Lukowski v. Lukowski and Seely v. Seely, supra. We hold that the trial court committed no error as disclosed by this record and the judgment is accordingly affirmed, but, as this holding is necessarily in conflict with the decisions of the St. Louis Court of Appeals in the cases referred to, the cause is certified to the Supreme Court for final determination.
All concur.