Kbits, P.,
delivered tbe opinion of tbe court.
[890]*890An indictment was found in tbe Circuit Court of Warwick county against Charles H. Robinson, wbicb charges that he, being a justice of the peace of Newport Magisterial District in said county, by virtue of his office aforesaid, had the custody of a certain sum of money, public funds of the State of Virginia, to-wit, the sum of five dollars, which he was required by law to pay to the clerk of the Circuit Court of the county, aforesaid, and which he “feloniously and knowingly did misuse and misappropriate . . . and did then and there feloniously and knowingly dispose of the said money and public funds otherwise than by paying the same to the clerk of the Circuit Court of Warwick county, Virginia, in accordance with law, and so the jurors aforesaid, upon their oath aforesaid, do say that the said Charles H. Robinson then and there, in manner and form aforesaid, feloniously and knowingly did steal, take, embezzle, and carry away, the said money and public funds aforesaid, to-wit, the sum of five dollars, currency of the United States, of the value of five dollars, the money and public funds of the State of Virginia. Against the peace and dignity of the Commonwealth of Virginia.”
There was a motion to quash, and a demurrer interposed to this indictment. We deem it necessary to consider only the demurrer.
The plaintiff in error contends that the indictment is based upon section 723 of the Code, which provides:
“If any fine is received by the justice imposing it, he shall pay the same, with the cost, within thirty days thereafter, to the clerk of the Circuit Court of his county or Corporation Court of his city. Dor failure to make such payment within said time, without good cause, he shall forfeit twenty dollars, which, together with the money so received, may be recovered bv motion.”
[891]*891This statute fixes tbe duty of tbe justice. Wbeu be imposes and collects the fine, be must, by its terms, pay tbe same, together with tbe costs, within thirty days to tbe clerk of tbe court of bis county or corporation; and for failure to make such payment be forfeits twenty dollars, which may be recovered from him by motion, together with tbe money so received. But that is not the offence with which plaintiff in error was charged. He was prosecuted under section 3117, which is as follows:
“If any officer, agent, or employee of the State or of any city, town or county, or the deputy of any such officer, having custody of public funds, knowingly misuse or misappropriate the same, or knowingly dispose thereof otherwise than in accordance with law, he shall he confined in the penitentiary not less than one nor more than ten years, and if any default of such officer, agent, employee, or deputy in paying over said funds to the proper authorities when required by law to do so shall be deemed prima facie evidence of his guilt.”
The two sections are wholly dissimilar. The first refers to the failure to pay over; the second to the knowing misuse or misappropriation of the funds of the State. It is true that the detention of the money is one of the elements constituting the offense punished under section 3111, but it does not constitute the offense itself; for money may be detained without being-misappropriated, which is the evil for which section 123 was designed as a remedy. But ■ it may also be detained with fraudulent and felonious intent to misuse and misappropriate, which brings the case within the terms of section 3111.
We are of opinion that the indictment is sufficient, and that the demurrer was properly overruled.
While the jury were being selected for the trial of this case, plaintiff in error challenged one of the veniremen who had been [892]*892sworn upon bis voir dire, and asked bim if be bad not at a time and place named in tbe question, said “Charley Robinson don’t want me to sit on any jury tbat tries bim, and would know tbat be is a goner if I sit on any jury tbat tries bim.” To wbicb tbe juror replied tbat be bad made snob a statement, and meant tbat if tbe evidence was as strong in this case as it was in tbe one before tbe grand jury on wbicb be sat wben Robinson was indicted on a former occasion be would convict bim. Tbe grand jury bere alluded to was not connected at all with this prosecution. Tbe court then asked tbe juror if there was any impression on bis mind made by wbat be bad beard about tbe accused, or by wbat be bad beard on tbe grand jury in tbe case referred to tbat would require evidence to remove it; to wbicb be replied tbat there was not, but tbat be could give tbe accused a fair and impartial trial without reference to wbat he bad beard about tbe accused either on tbe grand jury or otherwise. Thereupon tbe juror was received by tbe court, and tbe plaintiff in error excepted.
This subject was recently considered by this court in tbe case of McCue v. Commonwealth, 103 Va. 870, 49 S. E. 623, and tbe conclusions reached are thus stated in tbe syllabus: “Tbe trend of recent decisions is in tbe direction of limiting rather than extending tbe disqualification of jurors by reason of mere opinion, hence tbe courts enquire into tbe character of tbat opinion. If it is a decided or substantial opinion as to tbe guilt or innocence of tbe accused, no matter upon wbat ground it was formed, tbe" juror is incompetent, but if tbe opinion is merely hypothetical, and tbe court is satisfied from an examination of tbe juror on bis vior dire, or otherwise, tbat be is not biased or prejudiced, and tbat be can give tbe prisoner a fair and impartial trial according to tbe law and tbe evidence, be should be accepted. No fixed and invariable rule can be laid [893]*893down whereby to test the competency of jurors, hut each case should be determined by its own facts and circumstances, and great weight should he attached hy an appellate court to the opinion of the trial judge.”
Applying this principle to the case before us, we are of opinion that there was no error in the ruling of the Circuit Court.
The third assignment of error is to the exclusion of certain evidence offered by the accused.
The bill of exception is as follows: “That at the trial of this cause, after the accused had been arraigned and the jury impaneled to try the issue, and while the accused was testifyng in his hehalf, relative to the reasons why he had not paid the fine and the costs, shown in the evidence, to the clerk of the court, he started to state that it was his practice and that of other magistrates and police officers down there. To further testimony along this line the Commonwealth here objected, by counsel, which objection the court sustained, to which ruling and opinion of the court in sustaining the said objection the accused by his counsel excepted, and tenders this bill of exception which he prays may he signed,” etc.
If the prisoner’s conduct was in accordance with the law, it did not need to be supported by the practice of others; if it was not in accordance with the law, the fact that others violated the law would furnish no justification or excuse to him. We see no merit in this assignment of error.
After the evidence was introduced, the court, at the instance of the Commonwealth, gave the jury two instructions. The first instruction is as follows:
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Kbits, P.,
delivered tbe opinion of tbe court.
[890]*890An indictment was found in tbe Circuit Court of Warwick county against Charles H. Robinson, wbicb charges that he, being a justice of the peace of Newport Magisterial District in said county, by virtue of his office aforesaid, had the custody of a certain sum of money, public funds of the State of Virginia, to-wit, the sum of five dollars, which he was required by law to pay to the clerk of the Circuit Court of the county, aforesaid, and which he “feloniously and knowingly did misuse and misappropriate . . . and did then and there feloniously and knowingly dispose of the said money and public funds otherwise than by paying the same to the clerk of the Circuit Court of Warwick county, Virginia, in accordance with law, and so the jurors aforesaid, upon their oath aforesaid, do say that the said Charles H. Robinson then and there, in manner and form aforesaid, feloniously and knowingly did steal, take, embezzle, and carry away, the said money and public funds aforesaid, to-wit, the sum of five dollars, currency of the United States, of the value of five dollars, the money and public funds of the State of Virginia. Against the peace and dignity of the Commonwealth of Virginia.”
There was a motion to quash, and a demurrer interposed to this indictment. We deem it necessary to consider only the demurrer.
The plaintiff in error contends that the indictment is based upon section 723 of the Code, which provides:
“If any fine is received by the justice imposing it, he shall pay the same, with the cost, within thirty days thereafter, to the clerk of the Circuit Court of his county or Corporation Court of his city. Dor failure to make such payment within said time, without good cause, he shall forfeit twenty dollars, which, together with the money so received, may be recovered bv motion.”
[891]*891This statute fixes tbe duty of tbe justice. Wbeu be imposes and collects the fine, be must, by its terms, pay tbe same, together with tbe costs, within thirty days to tbe clerk of tbe court of bis county or corporation; and for failure to make such payment be forfeits twenty dollars, which may be recovered from him by motion, together with tbe money so received. But that is not the offence with which plaintiff in error was charged. He was prosecuted under section 3117, which is as follows:
“If any officer, agent, or employee of the State or of any city, town or county, or the deputy of any such officer, having custody of public funds, knowingly misuse or misappropriate the same, or knowingly dispose thereof otherwise than in accordance with law, he shall he confined in the penitentiary not less than one nor more than ten years, and if any default of such officer, agent, employee, or deputy in paying over said funds to the proper authorities when required by law to do so shall be deemed prima facie evidence of his guilt.”
The two sections are wholly dissimilar. The first refers to the failure to pay over; the second to the knowing misuse or misappropriation of the funds of the State. It is true that the detention of the money is one of the elements constituting the offense punished under section 3111, but it does not constitute the offense itself; for money may be detained without being-misappropriated, which is the evil for which section 123 was designed as a remedy. But ■ it may also be detained with fraudulent and felonious intent to misuse and misappropriate, which brings the case within the terms of section 3111.
We are of opinion that the indictment is sufficient, and that the demurrer was properly overruled.
While the jury were being selected for the trial of this case, plaintiff in error challenged one of the veniremen who had been [892]*892sworn upon bis voir dire, and asked bim if be bad not at a time and place named in tbe question, said “Charley Robinson don’t want me to sit on any jury tbat tries bim, and would know tbat be is a goner if I sit on any jury tbat tries bim.” To wbicb tbe juror replied tbat be bad made snob a statement, and meant tbat if tbe evidence was as strong in this case as it was in tbe one before tbe grand jury on wbicb be sat wben Robinson was indicted on a former occasion be would convict bim. Tbe grand jury bere alluded to was not connected at all with this prosecution. Tbe court then asked tbe juror if there was any impression on bis mind made by wbat be bad beard about tbe accused, or by wbat be bad beard on tbe grand jury in tbe case referred to tbat would require evidence to remove it; to wbicb be replied tbat there was not, but tbat be could give tbe accused a fair and impartial trial without reference to wbat he bad beard about tbe accused either on tbe grand jury or otherwise. Thereupon tbe juror was received by tbe court, and tbe plaintiff in error excepted.
This subject was recently considered by this court in tbe case of McCue v. Commonwealth, 103 Va. 870, 49 S. E. 623, and tbe conclusions reached are thus stated in tbe syllabus: “Tbe trend of recent decisions is in tbe direction of limiting rather than extending tbe disqualification of jurors by reason of mere opinion, hence tbe courts enquire into tbe character of tbat opinion. If it is a decided or substantial opinion as to tbe guilt or innocence of tbe accused, no matter upon wbat ground it was formed, tbe" juror is incompetent, but if tbe opinion is merely hypothetical, and tbe court is satisfied from an examination of tbe juror on bis vior dire, or otherwise, tbat be is not biased or prejudiced, and tbat be can give tbe prisoner a fair and impartial trial according to tbe law and tbe evidence, be should be accepted. No fixed and invariable rule can be laid [893]*893down whereby to test the competency of jurors, hut each case should be determined by its own facts and circumstances, and great weight should he attached hy an appellate court to the opinion of the trial judge.”
Applying this principle to the case before us, we are of opinion that there was no error in the ruling of the Circuit Court.
The third assignment of error is to the exclusion of certain evidence offered by the accused.
The bill of exception is as follows: “That at the trial of this cause, after the accused had been arraigned and the jury impaneled to try the issue, and while the accused was testifyng in his hehalf, relative to the reasons why he had not paid the fine and the costs, shown in the evidence, to the clerk of the court, he started to state that it was his practice and that of other magistrates and police officers down there. To further testimony along this line the Commonwealth here objected, by counsel, which objection the court sustained, to which ruling and opinion of the court in sustaining the said objection the accused by his counsel excepted, and tenders this bill of exception which he prays may he signed,” etc.
If the prisoner’s conduct was in accordance with the law, it did not need to be supported by the practice of others; if it was not in accordance with the law, the fact that others violated the law would furnish no justification or excuse to him. We see no merit in this assignment of error.
After the evidence was introduced, the court, at the instance of the Commonwealth, gave the jury two instructions. The first instruction is as follows:
“The court instructs the jury that a payment made to the clerk thirty days after the receipt by a justice of public funds does not excuse a crime, if any, committed because of the failure of an earlier payment.”
[894]*894If tbe crime was complete; if the prisoner had knowingly misused or misappropriated the funds of the State, his subsequent restitution of the fruits of his crime could not relate back so#as to efface the wrong.
The second instruction is, “that the law requires that a justice of the peace, within thirty days after the receipt of any fine imposed by him, do pay such fine, with the cost, to the clerk of the Circuit Court of his county. And if the jury shall believe from the evidence that C. H. Robinson, while a justice of the peace for this county, received a fine .of.$5.00 of Charlie Sacriensce imposed by him as such justice, and instead of paying the same within thirty days after such receipt by him (Robinson) to Mr. Burnham, clerk, knowingly misused or misappropriated the same, or knowingly disposed thereof otherwise than in accordance with the law, it is the duty of the jury to find him guilty, and to fix his confinement in the penitentiary at not less than one nor more than ten years.”
This instruction raises again the question considered with respect to the demurrer to the indictment. It is a correct statement of the law as set out in sections 723 and 3717, in the first of which it is made the duty of officers to pay over the fine within thirty days after its receipt, and in the last of which the knowing misuse or misappropriation of public funds is made a felony, punishable by confinement in the penitentiary for not less than one nor more than ten years..
The plaintiff in error offered certain instructions, numbered 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, the second of which was given without objection. The fourth, as offered, is in the following words:
“The court instructs the jury, that unless they believe from the evidence that the accused knowingly misused or misappropriated, or knowingly disposed of otherwise than in accordance with law, a fine of five dollars, collected by him as justice of [895]*895the peace of Newport Magisterial District in the County of Warwick, which five dollars were funds of the State of Virginia, as alleged in the indictment, then they must find him not guilty.”
The court struck out.the words “Newport Magisterial District in,” and to this action plaintiff in error excepted.
It is true that the words stricken from this instruction are found in the indictment, but they were not material, may be regarded as surplusage, and their rejection was not harmful. To bring the crime within the jurisdiction of the court it is only necessary to show the county in which it occurred, that county being one over which the court has jurisdiction.
Instructions 1, 3 and 5 were refused.
Instruction No. 1 made the guilt of the accused to depend upon his having misappropriated the full amount of five dollars, and would have required an acquittal, although the evidence had shown the misappropriation of a part of it.
The third instruction directed the jury to acquit, unless they found from the evidence that the accused was a justice of the peace for Newport Magisterial District, in the county of Warwick, on the 15th day of August, 1904, as alleged in the indictment; and presents the question already considered in disposing of the modification of instruction No. 4.
The fifth instruction is as follows: “The court instructs the jury, that before they can find the accused guilty of the charge alleged in the indictment they must believe that he knowingly, feloniously, and with an intent to defraud the State of Virginia, misused,, misappropriated, or disposed of otherwise than in accordance with law the five dollars, or funds of the State of Virginia, as in the indictment alleged.”
In legal effect, the .instruction, as offered by plaintiff in error, is the equivalent of that given by the court in which the [896]*896jury were told, that to constitute tbe crime witb wbicb tbe plaintiff in error was charged, they must believe from tbe evidence that be, while a justice of tbe peace of Warwick county, bad knowingly misused or misappropriated a fine imposed by him as such justice.
Tbe next assignment of error is, that tbe attorney for tbe Commonwealth, in tbe course, of bis argument before tbe jury, used tbe following language: “That if tbe accused knowingly disposed of tbe fine or any part of tbe same, like keeping it and putting it in bank, otherwise than by paying it to the clerk of tbe court within thirty days, is a-violation of tbe law and tbe accused should be convicted as charged in tbe indictment;” to wbicb tbe accused, by counsel, objected, wbicb objection tbe court, being of tbe opinion that tbe accused was not prejudiced by tbe words objected to, they being simply a detached part of tbe argument, overruled, to wbicb ruling of tbe court tbe accused, by counsel, excepted.
As we have said in discussing another branch of tbe ease, tbe detention of tbe money is a part, and a necessary part, of its misappropriation. Detention does not necessarily constitute misappropriation, but there could be no misuse or misappropriation without detention; though it is true that detention that continues for thirty days, standing alone, would not complete tbe offence under section 3717. We have found that tbe jury was properly directed by tbe court, and we cannot think that in tbe face of proper instructions tbe jury could have been misled to tbe prejudice of tbe prisoner by a remark made by tbe prosecuting attorney, wbicb tbe court certifies was “a detached part of tbe argument.” That is to say, we are asked to reverse tbe judgment of tbe court because a sentence, separated and segregated from its context, is an incorrect statement of tbe law, when tbe court wbicb beard tbe whole address [897]*897of counsel, and was in a position to consider it, not in its disjointed parts, but as a whole, certifies to us that the accused was not prejudiced by the language used. We are of op inion that this assignment of error should be overruled.
The last assignment of error is to the refusal of the court to set aside the verdict as being contrary to the evidence and in arrest of judgment.
The facts show that the plaintiff in error was a justice of the peace for Warwick county; that he issued a warrant charging Charles Sacriensce with a misdemeanor; that on August 13, 1904, he entered judgment of conviction; that the fine imposed was five dollars; and that this fine had been paid to him in his capacity as a justice of the peace. These facts appear from the testimony of the clerk of the Circuit Court of Warwick county, and the report sheet furnished him by the accused. Plaintiff in error, who was sworn in his own behalf, testifies that on Sunday, the 14th of August, Charles Sacriensce was arrested on a warrant issued by him, and brought to the station house, wdiere he bailed him, charging him sixty cents for it, that the accused put up five dollars collateral for his appearance the next day; that he did not appear the next day and witness had never seen or heard of him since; that witness took from the five dollars the fees of the constable,' amounting to $1.70, and his own fees amounting to $1.00, the clerk’s fees of $1.25, and the $1.05 due the State, and that he afterwards wrote up a mittimus for the man, and credited upon the back of the mit-timus the $5.00 collateral; and that he deposited in bank the $1.05 due the State and the $1.25 due the clerk. He then tendered the $1.05 due the State, and stated that he was ready to pay to the clerk anything more due- the State by him. He stated that he had always intended to pay what he had of this fine to the clerk, and certainly would not have made a report of [898]*898it if he had intended to steal it; that he knew better than that; that he wanted to collect the balance of the fine but Charlie Sacriensce never was found; that he never did try and convict the defendant; and that his report was wrong in showing that he fined him $5.00. At this point in the examination of Robinson,- the attorney for the Commonwealth handed him a warrant, which was in the following words and figures:
“Whereas, John A. Williamson, acting chief of police of the said county, has this day made complaint and information on oath before me, O. H. Robinson, a justice of the peace of the said county, that Charlie Sacriensce of the said county, on the 14th day of August, 1904, in the said county did unlawfully create a nuisance by indecently exposing his person by bathing in a nude condition in the James River between Dawson City and Klondike of said county in the presence of divers persons, both ladies and gentlemen, against the statutes made and provided in such cases.
“These are, therefore, in the name of the Commonwealth, to command you forthwith to apprehend and bring before me, a justice of the peace of said county, the body of the said Charlie Sacriensce to answer to said complaint, and to be further dealt with according to law.
“Given under my hand and seal this 14th day of August in the year 1904.
“O. ET. ROBINSON, J. P
(Endorsed)
Commonwealth v. Charlie Sacriensce.
“Warrant of arrest. Executed this 14th August, 1904, by John A. Williamson.
[899]*899“After bearing tbe evidence in the case the defendant Charlie Sacriensce was found guilty as charged in the warrant and his punishment ascertained to pay a fine of $5.00 and pay costs of the prosecution. Costs $3.95.
“This the 15th day of August 1904.3
“C. H. ROBINSON, j. p.”
After showing these papers to the witness, the attorney for the Commonwealth then said to him: “You said you did not try or fine this man, and this warrant and endorsement thereon show differently, how do you account for that ? And the witness replied : “I did not mean to say I did not fine him. I said he was not found. That he was tried in his absence and mittimus was issued for him, but he was never found.” The witness further said that the warrant was his warrant, and he entered the judgment on the back of it that he had fined Sacriensce $5.00 and $3.95 as costs, as appeared on the warrant.
Upon this evidence, after being instructed as we have seen, . the jury returned a verdict finding the plaintiff in error guilty as charged in the indictment, and fixing his punishment at one year in the penitentiary. Upon that verdict the Circuit Court overruled a motion for a new trial and in arrest of judgment, and sentenced the prisoner, and we are of opinion that the record discloses no error.
The judgment is affirmed.
Affirmed.