NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited . R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-4405-15T4
ROBINSON HOLLOWAY,
Plaintiff-Appellant/ Cross-Respondent,
v.
THE ZONING BOARD OF ADJUSTMENT OF THE CITY OF JERSEY CITY,
Defendant-Respondent,
and
BGT ENTERPRISES, LLC,
Defendant-Respondent/ Cross-Appellant. _____________________________
Argued September 26, 2018 – Decided October 30, 2019
Before Judges Nugent and Mawla.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Hudson County, Docket No. L-3862-15. Cynthia Amelia Hadjiyannis argued the cause for appellant/cross-respondent.
Vincent J. La Paglia argued the cause for respondent.
Ira E. Weiner argued the cause for respondent/cross- appellant (Beattie Padovano, LLC, attorneys; Ira E. Weiner, of counsel and on the briefs; Mariya Gonor, on the brief).
The opinion of the court was delivered by
NUGENT, J.A.D.
Plaintiff, Robinson Holloway, appeals from a Law Division order that
dismissed with prejudice her complaint in lieu of prerogative writs, in which she
challenged defendant Zoning Board of Adjustment of the City of Jersey City's
(Board) grant of a development application to defendant BGT Enterprises, LLC
(BGT). BGT cross-appeals from an earlier Law Division order that denied its
motion to dismiss plaintiff's prerogative writs action as untimely. For the
reasons that follow, we affirm the trial court's dismissal of plaintiff's prerogative
writs action. We dismiss the cross-appeal as moot.
I.
In February 2015, BGT filed a general development application for
preliminary and final major site plan approval with the Board. Following a
hearing in June of the same year, the Board approved the application b y a five
A-4405-15T4 2 to two vote. The Board memorialized its decision in a resolution it adopted on
July 23, 2015.
On September 14, 2015, plaintiff filed a complaint in lieu of prerogative
writs in which she challenged the Board's approval of BGT's development
application. BGT filed a motion to dismiss the complaint as untimely. The
court denied the motion. Following further proceedings, the trial court
determined the Board had not acted arbitrarily, capriciously, or unreasonably,
and therefore dismissed the complaint with prejudice. These appeals followed.
BGT presented the testimony of five witnesses during the hearing on its
development application. The Board's Planner also testified. Although
numerous members of the public spoke following BGT's presentatio n, no one
presented any witnesses to refute the testimony and opinions of BGT's experts.
BGT presented the following evidence.
The subject of BGT'S development application is designated on the City
of Jersey City Tax Map as Block 9901, Lots 7, 8, 9 and 10 (the Property).
Located on the northwest corner of the intersection of Newark Avenue and
Brunswick Street, in the Neighborhood Commercial (NC) zoning district, the
vacant, oddly shaped property, consisting of 9,019 square feet, was once used
as a service station, a use no longer permitted. The NC Zone permits, among
A-4405-15T4 3 other uses, retail sales on the ground floor and residential apartments above the
first floor. The property has 110 feet of frontage along Brunswick Street and
166 feet of frontage along Newark Avenue. Under the applicable zoning
ordinance definition, Brunswick Street is the front property line and Newark
Avenue a side property line.
The purpose of the NC zoning district, according to the applicable
ordinance, "is to recognize the existence and importance of neighborhood
business districts and promote continued efforts to strengthen and revitalize
them through public-private partnerships." The section describing commercial
building height consists of two subparts. The first limits buildings to "[f]our
stories from grade where on-site parking is not required. (See Parking standards
for NC uses); five stories from grade where on-site parking is required
regardless of whether parking level is below, at, or above grade." The second
sub-section provides that "[m]inimum floor to ceiling height shall be nine feet
for all floors except those devoted to parking; maximum floor to ceiling height
for residential floors shall be twelve . . . feet."
BGT proposed to develop the Property with a seven-story mixed-use
building consisting of six stories for fifty residential dwelling units over a
ground floor containing 4,895 square feet of commercial space. The proposed
A-4405-15T4 4 development also included a residential lobby, bicycle parking for thirty
bicycles, and parking for three "Zipcars." A roof deck and an amenity room
were also proposed on the building's roof for the use of its occupants. To build
its project, BGT required a height variance as well as variances for rear yard
setback, parking, and commercial signage.
BGT presented the following witnesses to establish that it met the criteria
for the required variances. William J. Groeling, a licensed site remediation
professional, explained that his company's environmental investigation revealed
that two underground storage tanks, a 550-gallon heating oil tank and a 550-
gallon waste oil tank, remained under the Property's surface and had to be
removed. Excessive amounts of benzene, lead, and tetrachloroethylene
contaminated the subsurface soil and groundwater. To remediate the site, BGT
proposed to remove approximately 350 tons of contaminated soil, replace it with
certified uncontaminated soil, and monitor the groundwater. According to
Groeling, the groundwater would likely clean itself up once the contamination
from the soil was removed. In his opinion, the soil was the source of
contamination of the groundwater.
In addition, BGT proposed to include a vapor barrier. Groeling estimated
that the cost of remediation was between $200,000 and $250,000, at minimum.
A-4405-15T4 5 The final cost could increase because no one could predict the cost with certainty
until the excavation and remedial work commenced.
Rodney Simon, who conducted a geotechnical investigation, including
soil borings to approximately ninety feet, explained that the soil conditions were
so poor "that a deep-foundation system [was] necessary. Piles [were] necessary
on the property." Simon explained the technical aspects of the soil and his
investigation, including why the soil conditions would not permit a typical
"shallow foundation type," consisting of reinforced concrete footings bearing
directly on the ground with a minimum amount of steel reinforcement. Because
a "deep" foundation would be required, the cost of the foundation for the
proposed project would be significantly greater than a project built on a
"shallow" foundation.
BGT's "expert in architecture," Anthony Vandermark, testified the
anticipated foundation costs would exceed one million dollars. Vandermark also
explained the architectural aesthetics of the building. He explained that the six
residential floors would be constructed "at the minimum [nine] foot floor to
ceiling and the commercial level [would be constructed] at [fourteen] foot floor
to ceiling." He also explained there would be fifty residential units: forty-one
one-bedroom units, twenty-nine of which would have "den space," and nine
A-4405-15T4 6 units with either two or three bedrooms. BGT proposed 140 square feet of
signage. Vandermark testified he believed the proposed signage would decrease
"depending on how many actual commercial tenants are going to occupy the
unit."
BGT's principal testified BGT had entered into a thirty-five year lease,
twenty-five years with two five-year options, for a nearby parking lot. The
leased parking would permit twenty occupants to park from 7:00 p.m. to 7:00
a.m.
BGT's final witness was Edward Kolling, an acknowledged expert in
planning. Kolling explained that factors impacting the site included its highly
irregular property shape, which made it difficult "in terms of laying out the
building." The soil and environmental conditions added "multiple layers of
hardship." In addition to the odd lot shape and environmental contamination,
an adjacent building had balconies on the property line, thus creating "a zero lot
line, a zero setback."
Kolling testified that the elimination of a non-conforming use, albeit
abandoned, could be viewed as a benefit to the community because it advances
the purposes of zoning and the intent of the current zone plan. He explained
that although the service station had been vacant a long time, it was an eyesore
A-4405-15T4 7 in the community. BGT's proposed remediation of the environmental
contamination also provided a community benefit and advanced the purposes of
zoning.
Next, Kolling addressed the variances. He noted the proposed uses were
permitted in the NC Zone. He opined that the avoidance of a severe impact to
the soft soils, remediation of environmental conditions, a design which included
"a light well," and the shape of the property, all supported the height variance.
Conceding the increased height also increased density and intensity of
development, these factors "support[ed] the undue hardships and the extreme
economic conditions that impact[ed] this property in terms of being able to
develop it."
Kolling noted the added height also could be supported by the building's
larger size, more than 9,000 square feet. Because the property was a corner
location, it had street frontage of 110 and 160 feet, or 270 total feet of street
frontage, "which allows air and light to penetrate it." Such air and light
penetration would benefit not only the proposed project, but the adjacent
structure as well.
Kolling noted that the building would not be unique in terms of its height.
A short distance to the west, two buildings were approved "on either side of
A-4405-15T4 8 Newark Avenue" as twelve-story buildings. Not far to the east, there existed a
six-story building. Consequently, approving the variance would not result in
any substantial detriment to the intent of the zone plan or to the general welfare.
Further, according to Kolling, the height of the building would be
mitigated by the project being "a corner property, [and] also by the step-back of
the upper floor and the way the architect has treated that in terms of materials.
There are actually two-step backs on the western side of the property as it
adjoins lot 11."
In summary, Kolling concluded the height variance could be granted "in
terms of the extreme hardships facing this property and the fact that this property
[could] accommodate the height" without substantial detriment or impact on
either the general welfare or to the zone plan.
Turning to the rear yard variance, Kolling explained the rear yard runs
perpendicular to Newark Avenue. In actuality, it
serves as a side property line of lot 11. So having this property adjoin the side of the property of lot 11 would be appropriate because you would end up with a continuous streetscape and street frontage rather than gaps, which you don't have in any neighborhood- commercial districts, whether it be Newark Avenue commercial or Central Avenue or west side.
A-4405-15T4 9 Kolling added that maintaining the streetscape was a better approach to urban
design and its benefits would outweigh any detriment.
Acknowledging the zone required the project to have fifty parking spaces,
Kolling noted that because of the Property's configuration and its narrowness in
certain locations, it could not support parking without completely decimating
the commercial ground floor. Because the purpose of the NC Zone was to
encourage commercial activity and street activity, granting the parking variance
would promote the purposes of zoning as well as the zone plan and would
contribute to the vitality of Newark Avenue. The latter factor, in Kolling's
opinion, contributed to the public good. Kolling added the benefits of granting
the parking variance would outweigh any detriments.
Kolling also testified that the impact of the parking was further mitigated
by the "Zipcar-like or style facility that would be provided. Those types of cars
are sometimes considered to substitute for anywhere from five to seven to eight
parking spaces." Kolling explained that "not having to have a car, those Zipcars
are available to a larger population. And it would not only be available to
residents of this building, but to the general neighborhood." Kolling considered
this circumstance as additional mitigation. He opined that the additional signage
sought was warranted to help support commercial activity.
A-4405-15T4 10 The Board asked Senior Board planner Matthew Ward to explain his
report on the application. The report was admitted into evidence. Ward noted
the difficulties in developing the site, from its irregular dimensions to soil
contamination. He asserted, however, that the requested variances would
advance the purpose of the NC Zone, and promote "continued efforts to
strengthen and revitalize" the area. Ward added that a variance for parking
would also benefit and help restore the property.
Based on BGT's presentation, the Board granted its development
application. In its memorializing resolution, the Board found the property
particularly well suited for the type of mixed-use structure proposed and well suited to support the proposed height and stories without any substantial detrimental impacts because of the large size or the lot, its corner location and orientation along Newark Avenue, the soil conditions affecting the property, the design of the building, and the character of the area.
The Board noted that the actual height of the building was consistent with
"what is permitted by the NC Zone for similar or alternative permitted uses in
the NC Zone." The Board concluded the proposed development met the intent
and purpose of the zone plan.
The Board found that the environmental clean-up and condition of the
soils made it "impractical to construct a smaller mixed-use commercial building
A-4405-15T4 11 from a practical structural perspective and results in a hardship in the
development of this property." The Board determined that granting the
variances and approving the project would promote the Municipal Land Use
Law in five ways. First, granting the variances would guide the appropriate use
and development of the property as a mixed-use building in a NC Zone, in
keeping with the character of the area and by removing an unsightly vacant and
non-conforming service station that had become a blight on the neighborhood.
Thus, the public health and safety would be promoted through environmental
remediation at the site.
Second, granting the variances would support the goal of providing
adequate light and air through the provision of a 425 square foot open space on
each of the upper stories, in order to accommodate the balconies constructed on
the adjoining building along the common property line.
Third, granting the variances would provide sufficient space in an
appropriate location for types of residential and commercial uses according to
their environmental requirements.
Fourth, granting the variances would promote a desirable visual
environment through removal of an unsightly, vacant service station and its
replacement with an attractive mixed-use structure.
A-4405-15T4 12 Last, granting the variances would help shape development of the land
with a view of the cost of such development and provide for the most efficient
use of the land.
The Board was satisfied that granting the variances would not result in
any substantial detriments to the public good or general welfare. The members
arrived at this conclusion because Newark Avenue is a "mixed-use
commercial/residential area and the proposed building is consistent with the
character of the area, and will provide a positive impact on the area." In this
regard, the Board reiterated that the development would remove a vacant,
abandoned service station building that was an eyesore and a blighting influence
on the area. The Board also repeated the benefit of environmental "mitigation."
As to parking, the Board concluded there would be no substantial
detriment because any substantial impacts would be mitigated by the provision
for the Zipcars and the parking lease. Concluding that BGT satisfied both the
positive and negative criteria for the variances, the Board granted BGT's
development application.
II.
Plaintiff argues the Board misapplied the criteria under N.J.S.A. 40:55D-
70(d)(6) when it granted the height variance based on financial hardship.
A-4405-15T4 13 Plaintiff notes the Board made no finding that a conforming structure could not
be constructed. Instead, the Board emphasized the considerable costs BGT
would be required to incur to remediate the soil contamination and build the
proposed structure on a "deep" foundation. Plaintiff contends with respect to
the Board's finding "that due to soil conditions construction of a conforming
structure would be 'impractical[,]' . . . the word impractical should be read to
mean more costly." Plaintiff adds that the evidence BGT presented to the Board,
specifically its chart entitled "Stories vs. Foundation Cost Comparison,"
establishes "that a conforming [five]-story building can be constructed, but that
it would not be as profitable as a [seven]-story building."
In addition, plaintiff argues that when a developer is aware of site
conditions when the developer purchases land, the conditions and resulting costs
cannot be considered a hardship. In short, plaintiff argues that a conforming
structure could have been built and been profitable, albeit less profitable than a
seven-story building.
Plaintiff next contends the trial court's affirmance of the Board's decision
is unsupported by the record. Moreover, the Board failed to take into
consideration the surrounding neighborhood and the purpose of the height
restriction in the NC zoning district.
A-4405-15T4 14 BGT responds that the Board's resolution was supported by substantial
evidence in the record. In its cross-appeal, BGT argues the trial court erred
when it permitted plaintiff to pursue an untimely filed complaint.
The Board, like BGT, argues that BGT satisfied the positive and negative
criteria for a height variance. The Board also agrees with BGT that the trial
court should have dismissed plaintiff's complaint as untimely.
In response to BGT's cross-appeal, plaintiff argues that the trial court
properly determined the accrual date for her cause of action, and, alternatively,
that expanding the time for filing a prerogative writs action was an appropriate
exercise of discretion. BGT disputes plaintiff's arguments.
III.
The Municipal Land Use Law (MLUL), N.J.S.A. 40:55D-1 to -163,
provides that a board of adjustment shall have the power to:
In particular cases for special reasons, grant a variance to allow departure from regulations pursuant to article 8 [C.40:55D-62 et seq.] of this act to permit: (1) a use or principal structure in a district restricted against such use or principal structure, (2) an expansion of a nonconforming use, (3) deviation from a specification or standard pursuant to section 54 of P.L.1975, c.291 (C.40:55D-67) pertaining solely to a conditional use, (4) an increase in the permitted floor area ratio as defined in section 3.1 of P.L.1975, c.291 (C.40:55D-4), (5) an increase in the permitted density as defined in section 3.1 of P.L.1975, c.291 (C.40:55D-4), except as
A-4405-15T4 15 applied to the required lot area for a lot or lots for detached one or two dwelling unit buildings, which lot or lots are either an isolated undersized lot or lots resulting from a minor subdivision or (6) a height of a principal structure which exceeds by 10 feet or 10% the maximum height permitted in the district for a principal structure. A variance under this subsection shall be granted only by affirmative vote of at least five members, in the case of a municipal board, or two- thirds of the full authorized membership, in the case of a regional board, pursuant to article 10 [C.40:55D-77 et seq.] of this act.
[N.J.S.A. 40:55D-70(d).]
However,
No variance or other relief may be granted under the terms of this section, including a variance or other relief involving an inherently beneficial use, without a showing that such variance or other relief can be granted without substantial detriment to the public good and will not substantially impair the intent and the purpose of the zone plan and zoning ordinance.
[Ibid.]
Thus, generally, an applicant for a (d) variance must show "special
reasons," the statute's positive criteria, and that the variance can be granted
"without substantial detriment to the public good and will not substantially
impair the intent and the purpose of the zone plan," the statute's negative criteria.
Grasso v. Borough of Spring Lake Heights, 375 N.J. Super. 41, 48-49 (App. Div.
2004) (quoting N.J.S.A. 40:55D-70(d). "The standard for establishing special
A-4405-15T4 16 reasons depends on the type of (d) variance at issue." Id. at 49 (citing Cell S. of
N.J., Inc. v. Zoning Bd. of Adjustment, 172 N.J. 75, 83 (2002)).
For a (d)(6) or height variance, an applicant can establish the positive
criteria by demonstrating undue hardship, that is, "the property for which the
variance is sought cannot reasonably accommodate a structure that conforms to,
or only slightly exceeds, the height permitted by the ordinance. Stated
differently, the applicant for a (d)(6) variance on grounds of hardship must show
that the height restriction in effect prohibits utilization of the property for a
conforming structure." Id. at 51. Alternatively, an applicant can demonstrate
that the proposed structure's height will not offend the zoning ordinance's
purpose for the height restriction and will "nonetheless be consistent with the
surrounding neighborhood." Id. at 53. A zoning board must also "consider the
effect of the proposed height variance on the surrounding municipalities affected
by the decision." Jacoby v. Zoning Bd. of Adjustment, 442 N.J. Super. 450, 466
(App. Div. 2015).
A.
When reviewing a zoning board's decision to grant or deny a development
application, we apply the same principles as the Law Division. D. Lobi Enters.,
Inc. v. Planning/Zoning Bd., 408 N.J. Super. 345, 360 (App. Div. 2009)). A
A-4405-15T4 17 "board's decisions enjoy a presumption of validity, and a court may not
substitute its judgment for that of the board unless there has been a clear abuse
of discretion." Price v. Himeji, LLC, 214 N.J. 263, 284 (2013) (citing Cell S.
of N.J., 172 N.J. at 81). "Even if we have some doubt about the wisdom of a
board's action or some part of it, we may not overturn its decision absent an
abuse of discretion." D. Lobi Enters., 408 N.J. Super. at 360 (citing Medici v.
BPR Co., 107 N.J. 1, 15 (1987)). That is so because such boards "are composed
of local citizens who are far more familiar with the municipality's characteristics
and interests and therefore uniquely equipped to resolve such controversies."
First Montclair Partner, L.P. v. Herod Redevelopment I, LLC, 381 N.J. Super.
298, 302 (App. Div. 2005). Boards have "peculiar knowledge of local
conditions [and] must be allowed wide latitude in their delegated discretion."
Jock v. Zoning Bd. of Adjustment, 184 N.J. 562, 597 (2005).
The burden is on the party challenging a board's decision to show the
decision was arbitrary, capricious, or unreasonable. Ten Stary Dom P'ship v.
Mauro, 216 N.J. 16, 33 (2013). "A board acts arbitrarily, capriciously, or
unreasonably if its findings of fact in support of a grant or denial of a variance
are not supported by the record, [Smart SMR of N.Y., Inc. v. Bd. of Adjustment,
152 N.J. 309, 327 (1998)], or if it usurps power reserved to the municipal
A-4405-15T4 18 governing body or another duly authorized municipal official, Leimann v. Bd.
of Adjustment, 9 N.J. 336, 340 (1952)." Ibid. Moreover, we review a board's
determinations of questions of law de novo. Manalapan Realty, L.P. v. Twp.
Comm. of Manalapan, 140 N.J. 366, 378 (1995).
B.
Applying the legal principles applicable to height variances and our
standard of review, we conclude plaintiff has not proved the Board's decision
was arbitrary, capricious, or unreasonable.
As the Board determined, though perhaps not in the precise language of
relevant cases, BGT demonstrated the building's proposed increased height did
not offend the purpose of the zone's height restriction. The Board found that the
goal of providing adequate light and air had been satisfied by the proposed
building's inclusion of 425 square feet of open space in each of the upper stories,
in order to accommodate the balconies constructed on the adjoining building
along the common property line. Moreover, the Board determined the proposed
structure was well suited to support the proposed height and additional stories
because of the large lot size, its corner location with frontage along two streets,
and its orientation along Newark Avenue.
A-4405-15T4 19 The Board also determined that the actual height of the building was
consistent with heights permitted by the NC Zone for similar or alternative
permitted uses. As BGT's planning expert pointed out, two development
applications in the vicinity of BGT's proposed project had been approved for
development of twelve-story structures.
In addition to the foregoing special reasons, which satisfied the enhanced
positive criteria for a (d)(6) variance, the Board found BGT met the positive
criteria for special reasons defined by the general purposes of the MLUL,
codified in N.J.S.A. 40:55D-2. See Burbridge v. Twp. of Mine Hill, 117 N.J.
376, 386 (1990); Medici v. BPR Co., 107 N.J. at 18. The Board determined the
project would result in the removal of the remnants of an unsightly, non -
conforming service station that had become a blight to the neighborhood, as well
as environmental contamination at this site, thus promoting the public health
and safety. In addition, the Board determined the project would provide
adequate light and air, and sufficient space in an appropriate location for
residential and commercial uses. The project itself would promote a desirable
visual environment not only through the removal of an unsightly, vacated
service station, but also by its replacement with an attractive mixed-use
A-4405-15T4 20 structure. Last, the Board determined the project would provide the most
efficient use of the land.
Concerning the negative criteria, the Board determined the variances for
the proposed structure could be granted without substantial detriment to the
public good and would not substantially impair the intent and purpose of the
zone plan and zoning ordinance. In that regard, the Board noted that Newark
Avenue was a mixed-use, commercial and residential area, and thus BGT's
proposed project was consistent with the area's character. The Board also
determined the structure would provide a positive impact on the area. The NC
section of the municipal zoning ordinance established the purpose of the district
was "to recognize the existence and importance of neighborhood business
districts and promote continued efforts to strengthen and revitalize them through
public-private partnerships." The Board determined the project would serve this
purpose.
Moreover, the project was consistent with the surrounding neighborhood
and with the surrounding area. As BGT's planner had pointed out during his
testimony, two other buildings in the vicinity were approved for twelve stories.
The Board's determination was amply supported by the record and did not
usurp the zoning power reserved to the municipal governing body. Thus, the
A-4405-15T4 21 Board's decision to approve BGT's development application was not arbitrary,
capricious, or unreasonable.
Citing language in the Board's resolution that site soil conditions made
construction of a conforming structure impractical, plaintiff argues the proofs
BGT presented showed only that a conforming structure would be less
profitable, not impractical; an inadequate reason for granting a (d)(6) variance.
Plaintiff also argues the Board made no finding that the height restriction
effectively prohibited utilization of the property for a non-conforming structure,
an omission fatal to its grant of BGT's development application. Plaintiff
contends that if a developer is aware of site conditions at the time it purchases
property to develop—as BGT was here—the resulting cost cannot be considered
a hardship.
In view of our determination that BGT presented evidence that satisfied
the alternative criteria for a (d)(6) variance, and that the Board's determination
was thus supported by the record, we need not address whether soil conditions
that render construction of a building below a specified number of stories
economically impractical establish the positive criteria for a (d)(6) variance, or
whether BGT's proofs established such impracticality.
A-4405-15T4 22 Plaintiff's remaining arguments—the Board failed to properly apply the
standard for a (d)(6) variance to the surrounding neighborhood, the purpose of
the zone's height restriction is offended, and the Board's decision is not
supported by the record because it is based on a hardship—are without sufficient
merit to warrant further discussion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).
In view of our disposition of plaintiff's appeal, BGT's cross-appeal is
moot.
Affirmed.
A-4405-15T4 23