The opinion of the Court was delivered by
Kennedy, J.—On
the first question, whether the plaintiff acquired any title to the lots in question by means of the sheriff’s deeds, the circuit court was undoubtedly right. No deed is good or can have any efficacy as such without a delivery by tbe party making it. And it is very manifest that in this case, Walter Brady, the sheriff, who signed and sealed the deeds, never delivered them to John Robins, the plaintiff, and Gideon Maride, or to either of them. And even if the deeds were delivered to the prothonotary by Brady, as escrows, to be delivered over, as is alleged, to Robins and Maride respectively, upon their paying to him or into court for him, the amount of the purchase money; still Robins and Maride, or Robins, as he claimed to be the real purchaser of all thé lots, could derive no advantage from stich delivery, without the condition were first complied with by them. But it is not pretended, that Robins or Maride ever paid or offered to pay any part of the purchase money : on the contrary, so far as any thing has been shown in relation to this part of the case, it would rather seem that they refused to pay. And thus the matter was given up or suffered to rest until 1820, when Robins moved the court of common pleas of Northumberland county for leave to take the deeds out of the prothonotary’s office, which was not then granted. And indeed it is difficult to imagine upon what principle the court could have granted it without the condition upon which they were deposited, had first been performed. [363]*363As well might the court undertake to direct the sheriff’s name and seal, in his absence, and without his consent, to be signed and affixed to a deed in order to consummate á sale of real.estate made by him, as to order a deed which had been signed and sealed by hi in but not delivered, or only deposited with a third person, to be delivered to the vendee on a certain condition being performed, ás to order such deed to be delivered to the vendee without the consent of the sheriff, or the condition being first performed upon which it, was deposited as an escrow. For it is just as necessary that the deed should be delivered by the sheriff, or by his assent, as it is that it should be sealed by him ; and without both are done, it can have no possible effect whatever. But the determination of the plaintiff not to pay the purchase money, and comply with the terms of the sale on his part, is still further evinced by him ; for on his failure to obtain an order of the court in 1820 for the delivery of the deeds to him, without paying the purchase money, he suffers the money to lie over without moving in it till the 26th of August 1830, a period of nearly ten years, while, in the mean time, the lots are levied on again and sold by a succeeding sheriff to the defendant in this case. On the 26th of August 1830, the plaintiff renews his application to the court to have an order made by it for the delivery of the sheriff’s deeds to him, but still without paying the purchase money, which is accordingly granted. A delivery, however, of the deeds under this order of the court could not supply the want of a delivery by the sheriff, which was essentially necessary to perfect the execution of them, because the court had no power whatever either to sign, seal or deliver them in the name of the sheriff. These things all belonged to the sheriff himself to do, and to no other.
But in addition to all this, I also think it is abundantly clear that the plaintiff, from his great neglect, or rather refusal to pay the purchase money to the sheriff, and to comply with the contract of sale on his part, lost all right to claim an execution of it. - He must be considered therefore as having left the sheriff or the judgment creditor at full liberty to rescind the sale made to him, and to proceed again to a re-sale of the lots. It was laid down by the court in the case of Zantzinger v. Pole, 1 Dall. 419, that if the purchaser at a sheriff’s sale of land taken in execution, declines or refuses to pay * the purchase money, the sheriff may return the land unsold on that account. And' this principle is recognized in Friedly v. Sheetz, 9 Serg. & Rawle 164. In Negley et al. v. Stewart, 10 Serg. & Rawle 207, it was held that a sale of land taken in execution by the sheriff, unless other conditions be specified, is considered in law a cash . sale; and that the sheriff has a right to demand payment of the purchase money without tendering a deed t.o the purchaser. The late Mr Justice Duncan, who delivered the opinion of the court, says, “ the plaintiff in error (who in that case was the purchaser at sheriff’s sale) was bound to perform his part, payment of the purchase money, instanter.” Hence the plaintiff in this case, if not bound in [364]*364strictness to have paid the purchase money immediately upon the property’s being struck down to' him, was at all events bound to do so at the time when it becam'e the duty of the sheriff to return the writ under which he made the sales. The plaintiff having refused to do this, forfeited all right afterwards to insist upon an execution of the contract. The sheriff might have returned the lots unsold. He however made no return, but sigued and sealed deeds of conveyance reciting the sales, which he refused to deliver until the purchase money should be paid. These deeds were delivered by the sheriff to the prothonotary as escrows, that is, until some condition, believed to be the payment of the purchase money therein mentioned, should be fulfilled by tire vendees. That these deeds were never delivered absolutely by the sheriff is clear to demonstration ; nor otherwise than as escrows; and hence it necessarily follows that they could have no operation whatever in passing (he title for the lots in question to the plaintiff until he showed that the vendees named therein had performed the condition whatever it. was. Jackson v. Cullin, 2 Johns. 269.
I now come to consider the effect of the deed of conveyance made by the trustees of Thomas Robins to the plaintiff, for the three lots in question. It is proper, however, first to examine and see what title they had vested in them to these lots. As long as the sale made of the lots by the sheriff to the plaintiff and Gideon Markle respectively failed of being carried into effect, the title to them still remained of course in Thomas Robins, the defendant in the execution, for it could not. be in abeyance, and whatever title and interest he had in the lots, became vested in his trustees appointed under the insolvent acts, subject nevertheless to all existing liens at the time. This, I think, is too plain, to admit of either contradiction or illustration. For, by the operation of the insolvent acts, whatever right, title, interest or estate, whether legal or equitable, contingent or vested, qualified or absolute, Thomas Robins had in, or tó real estate at the time he obtained relief under the insolvent acts, vested immediately, I apprehend, in his trustees, with full power and authority given to them to dispose of and convey the same. But it is objected, that before the trustees conveyed to the plaintiff, the defendant had become the purchaser of the lots at the sheriff’s sale made to him as already stated. To this, two answers have been given. 1. That the judgment of Pennock and Robins, upon which the sale was made to the defendant, was satisfied by prior sales of other property of the defendant in the judgment,.and that the defendant in this case knew the fact to be so at the time he bought the lots. And 2.
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The opinion of the Court was delivered by
Kennedy, J.—On
the first question, whether the plaintiff acquired any title to the lots in question by means of the sheriff’s deeds, the circuit court was undoubtedly right. No deed is good or can have any efficacy as such without a delivery by tbe party making it. And it is very manifest that in this case, Walter Brady, the sheriff, who signed and sealed the deeds, never delivered them to John Robins, the plaintiff, and Gideon Maride, or to either of them. And even if the deeds were delivered to the prothonotary by Brady, as escrows, to be delivered over, as is alleged, to Robins and Maride respectively, upon their paying to him or into court for him, the amount of the purchase money; still Robins and Maride, or Robins, as he claimed to be the real purchaser of all thé lots, could derive no advantage from stich delivery, without the condition were first complied with by them. But it is not pretended, that Robins or Maride ever paid or offered to pay any part of the purchase money : on the contrary, so far as any thing has been shown in relation to this part of the case, it would rather seem that they refused to pay. And thus the matter was given up or suffered to rest until 1820, when Robins moved the court of common pleas of Northumberland county for leave to take the deeds out of the prothonotary’s office, which was not then granted. And indeed it is difficult to imagine upon what principle the court could have granted it without the condition upon which they were deposited, had first been performed. [363]*363As well might the court undertake to direct the sheriff’s name and seal, in his absence, and without his consent, to be signed and affixed to a deed in order to consummate á sale of real.estate made by him, as to order a deed which had been signed and sealed by hi in but not delivered, or only deposited with a third person, to be delivered to the vendee on a certain condition being performed, ás to order such deed to be delivered to the vendee without the consent of the sheriff, or the condition being first performed upon which it, was deposited as an escrow. For it is just as necessary that the deed should be delivered by the sheriff, or by his assent, as it is that it should be sealed by him ; and without both are done, it can have no possible effect whatever. But the determination of the plaintiff not to pay the purchase money, and comply with the terms of the sale on his part, is still further evinced by him ; for on his failure to obtain an order of the court in 1820 for the delivery of the deeds to him, without paying the purchase money, he suffers the money to lie over without moving in it till the 26th of August 1830, a period of nearly ten years, while, in the mean time, the lots are levied on again and sold by a succeeding sheriff to the defendant in this case. On the 26th of August 1830, the plaintiff renews his application to the court to have an order made by it for the delivery of the sheriff’s deeds to him, but still without paying the purchase money, which is accordingly granted. A delivery, however, of the deeds under this order of the court could not supply the want of a delivery by the sheriff, which was essentially necessary to perfect the execution of them, because the court had no power whatever either to sign, seal or deliver them in the name of the sheriff. These things all belonged to the sheriff himself to do, and to no other.
But in addition to all this, I also think it is abundantly clear that the plaintiff, from his great neglect, or rather refusal to pay the purchase money to the sheriff, and to comply with the contract of sale on his part, lost all right to claim an execution of it. - He must be considered therefore as having left the sheriff or the judgment creditor at full liberty to rescind the sale made to him, and to proceed again to a re-sale of the lots. It was laid down by the court in the case of Zantzinger v. Pole, 1 Dall. 419, that if the purchaser at a sheriff’s sale of land taken in execution, declines or refuses to pay * the purchase money, the sheriff may return the land unsold on that account. And' this principle is recognized in Friedly v. Sheetz, 9 Serg. & Rawle 164. In Negley et al. v. Stewart, 10 Serg. & Rawle 207, it was held that a sale of land taken in execution by the sheriff, unless other conditions be specified, is considered in law a cash . sale; and that the sheriff has a right to demand payment of the purchase money without tendering a deed t.o the purchaser. The late Mr Justice Duncan, who delivered the opinion of the court, says, “ the plaintiff in error (who in that case was the purchaser at sheriff’s sale) was bound to perform his part, payment of the purchase money, instanter.” Hence the plaintiff in this case, if not bound in [364]*364strictness to have paid the purchase money immediately upon the property’s being struck down to' him, was at all events bound to do so at the time when it becam'e the duty of the sheriff to return the writ under which he made the sales. The plaintiff having refused to do this, forfeited all right afterwards to insist upon an execution of the contract. The sheriff might have returned the lots unsold. He however made no return, but sigued and sealed deeds of conveyance reciting the sales, which he refused to deliver until the purchase money should be paid. These deeds were delivered by the sheriff to the prothonotary as escrows, that is, until some condition, believed to be the payment of the purchase money therein mentioned, should be fulfilled by tire vendees. That these deeds were never delivered absolutely by the sheriff is clear to demonstration ; nor otherwise than as escrows; and hence it necessarily follows that they could have no operation whatever in passing (he title for the lots in question to the plaintiff until he showed that the vendees named therein had performed the condition whatever it. was. Jackson v. Cullin, 2 Johns. 269.
I now come to consider the effect of the deed of conveyance made by the trustees of Thomas Robins to the plaintiff, for the three lots in question. It is proper, however, first to examine and see what title they had vested in them to these lots. As long as the sale made of the lots by the sheriff to the plaintiff and Gideon Markle respectively failed of being carried into effect, the title to them still remained of course in Thomas Robins, the defendant in the execution, for it could not. be in abeyance, and whatever title and interest he had in the lots, became vested in his trustees appointed under the insolvent acts, subject nevertheless to all existing liens at the time. This, I think, is too plain, to admit of either contradiction or illustration. For, by the operation of the insolvent acts, whatever right, title, interest or estate, whether legal or equitable, contingent or vested, qualified or absolute, Thomas Robins had in, or tó real estate at the time he obtained relief under the insolvent acts, vested immediately, I apprehend, in his trustees, with full power and authority given to them to dispose of and convey the same. But it is objected, that before the trustees conveyed to the plaintiff, the defendant had become the purchaser of the lots at the sheriff’s sale made to him as already stated. To this, two answers have been given. 1. That the judgment of Pennock and Robins, upon which the sale was made to the defendant, was satisfied by prior sales of other property of the defendant in the judgment,.and that the defendant in this case knew the fact to be so at the time he bought the lots. And 2. That the lien of the judgment of Pennock and Robins on the lots in dispute, had expired before the levy and sale of them to the defendant. The first of these answers being of a mixed nature, partaking of law and fact, can only be decided by a jury, and therefore need not be considered here; but the second, being one which is presented npon the face of the record of the judgment of Pennock and Robins [365]*365against Thomas Robins, contains no difficulty or question as to fact, but simply one of law, which is to be decided by the court. From the time that this judgment was revived, in the beginning of 1817, down to the suing out of the writ of fieri, facias returnable to August term. 1824, under which the levy was made upon the lots, and upon which the sale of them to the defendant was grounded, was a peiiod of upwards of seven years. But the act of assembly declares that the lien of a judgment shall not continue on the real estate of the defendant in it during a longer, term than five years, unless a scire facias should be sued out upon it within that time to revive it. It is however Contended, that the lien of the judgment of Pennock and Robins was preserved and continued upon the lots in question, notwithstanding the act of assembly, because the order of the court and the pendency of the feigned issue under it, rendered it impracticable to continue the lien of the judgment by suing out a scire facias in the manner prescribed by the act of assembly. If this were only true, (here would certainly be great force in it. But the order of the court for the trial of the feigned issue, to decide whether or not the original lien of the judgment of Pennock and Robins had expired before the suing out of the scire facias upon it in 1816, could not . arrest or prevent them from proceeding to execution or revival of it by scire facias as they pleased. They are, therefore, without apology on that ground for not having continued the lien by scire facias in the manner prescribed by the act of assembly. If Pennock and Robins or their attorney had stuck to the first levy on the lots in question under their judgment, upon which the sales were made to the plaintiff and Gideon Maride; and instead of making another levy on them and selling under a writ of venditioni exponas, founded upon that levy, had issued by leave of the court a venditioni exponas, upon the old levy, and made another sale of the lots under it: I think it might have been good, as the lien of the judgment was in full force at the time of the first levy, and. was continued by means thereof upon the lots until it was abandoned by taking out a new fieri facias and making another levy under it; Although this fien facias was sued out improperly, and ought not to have been done without leave of the court being first obtained, inasmuch as no return had been made by the sheriff to the last venditioni exponas, showing that the levy upon which it issued was disposed of; yet as regards the plaintiffs in-the judgment., it must be considered an act of abandonment by them of the first levy on the lots, and a relinquishment of the lien under it. Miller v. Milford, 2 Serg. & Rawle 35; Young v. Taylor, 2 Binn. 218; Eckhols v. Graham, 1 Call’s Rep. 492; Amyett v. Backhouse, 3 Murph. 63. The lien upon the lots then, under the judgment of Pennock and Robins, having ceased to exist before the sale of them by the sheriff' to the defendant in this case, it is clear that such sale could not divest the trustees of Thomas Robins of their title and right in the lots to dispose of them under the trust.
It has also been objected that the trustees at least acquiesced in, if [366]*366t.hey did not approve of the sheriff’s sale of (helots to the defendant; and that they were thereby estopped from disposing of the lots after-wards. As evidence of this, it was shown that Martin Weaver, the sheriff, who sold the lots as such to the defendant, was one of the trustees of Thomas Robins at the time, and made no objection.. He however, it must be recollected, was an officer of the law, was commanded by a precept directed to him for that purpose to make the sale, and was bound to obey it. His interest and concern with the lots as a trustee were all upon record, and his power or authority over the lots as such must therefore be piesumed to have been known to the defendant, and perhaps from his superior knowledge and experience in the law as a professional gentleman, may have been better known than to the sheriff. And as evidence of Jacob Seitzinger, the other trustee’s acquiescence, it was showrqthat these same lots had been levied on under a judgment at the suit of Hart against Thomas Robins, and that the sheriff, on a venditioni exponas issued thereon to January term 1824, returned (hat he had sold the lots to Jacob Seitzinger, but he refusing to pay the purchase money for them, therefore he returned them unsold. If this proves any thing beyond the mere fact that Seitzinger was unwilling to complete the purchase of the-lots, it shows in (he absence of proof of every other reason for his declining the purchase, that it was because he could obtain nothing by it, being already a co-trustee, invested with the legal 'title to them. Or it may be, for aught that appears to the contrary, that the sale of these lots at that time, under Hart’s judgment, would have been good; and that Seilzinger, for some other reason, refused completing the purchase. Be this as it may, there is no ground for saying that his bidding for the lots at a sale by the sheriff under Hart’s judgment shall conclude or estop him from asserting and exercising his right afterwards over them as trusiee.
Martin Weaver and Jacob Seitzinger, then, as trustees of Thomas Robins under the insolvent acts, being invested with the legal title to the lots, and the lots having become released from the lien of the judgment of Pennock and Robins, it cannot be questioned, I think, but that they might have maintained an action of ejectment for the recovery of the possession of the lots against the defendant, had they not conveyed them to the plaintiff. The deed of conveyance then, from these trustees to the plaintiff, unless it is to be regarded as an absolute nullity, is certainly sufficient to enable him to maintain this action ; and as nothing was shown on the trial going to impeach or annul it, -the judge ought to have advised the jury to this effect. The verdict and judgment of the circuit court are therefore set aside, and a new trial granted.
New trial granted.