Since granting the injunction, I have carefully and fully investigated the principles upon which the complainants have relied in coming into Chancery for relief, and after which, I am now clearly satisfied that the injunction cannot be sustained. The doctrine that a purchaser of land, who is in possession under a deed, cannot have relief against his contract to pay the purchase money, upon the mere ground of a defect of title, without any previous eviction, f find running through and pervading all the cases.
Bumpers vs. Platner, 1 Johns. Ch. R. 213, 218 — -“If there be “ no fraud, the purchaser must resort to his covenant if he appre- “ heads a defect or failure of title, and wishes relief, before eviction. “This is not the tribunal for the trial of titles to land. It would [100]*100“ lead to the greatest inconvenience and perhaps abuse, if a purchaser in the actual enjoyment of land, can be permitted on the mere “ suggestion of a defect or failure of title upon the principle of quia “ timet, to stop the payment of the purchase money and of all proceedings to recover it. Can this Court stop to try an outstanding “ title, or compel an absent party to litigate, who probably never “ thought of asserting such a title ? No such principle can be found “ to exist, and a previous eviction at law is always necessary.”
Abbott vs. Allen, 2 Johns. Ch. Rep. 524 — “ If there is no ingre- “ dient of fraud, and the purchaser is in possession under a deed, the “ insufficiency of title is no ground for relief, unless there has been “ an eviction, the p|irty must resort to his covenant to try titles,”'— 2 Kent’s Com. 470-1-2.
The cases here referred to, recognize the principle, that if there is fraud in the vendor, in inducing the purchaser to buy, when his titles are either concealed, or spurious and fraudulent in themselves, equity will relieve. In making out this case, the complainants charge no such facts as will or can sustain the allegation of fraud — For the defendant to represent his titles as genuine and perfect, though it were false, forms no ground for relief, unless the purchasers were precluded from investigating for themselves, the true character of the title claimed to exist in the vendor. Fraud is defined to “ be any cunning, “ artifice or deception, used to circumvent, cheat, or deceive another “ — Fraud, in the sense of a Court of Equity, properly includes all “ acts, omissions and concealments, which involve a breach of legal “ duty, trust or confidence, justly reposed, and are injurious to ano- “ ther — or by which an undue and unconscientious advantage is “ taken of another.” — I Story’s Equity, 197. The bare allegation of fraud in the complainants’ bill, without charging such acts of concealment, artifice and deception, as involve a breach of legal duty, trust or confidence, and which no man of common sense would have done, unless he had been circumvented, cheated or deceived, does not make such a case of fraud in legal contemplation, as will justify this Court in granting relief. No such charges in ibis bill, but simply that Woolbright represented himself as being solvent, and his titles as complete to all the aforesaid lots of land, without offering to excuse themselves for their culpable omission and negli[101]*101gence in not looking to the title. In purchasing land, the Law requires every man to look to the title, consult the registry, and perform every duty incumbent upon a vigilant man, in protecting his interest, and then if he has been cheated, circumvented, or deceived, equity will relieve. In Hume vs. Mill, 13th Vesey, 119, the Lord Chancellor draws “ the distinction between personal chattels held “ by possession, and real estate held by title : The former is held by “ possession — the latter by title. Possession of real estate is not “ even prim-a facie evidence of title, other than a lease from year to “ year. No man in his senses would ever take an offer of a pur- “ chase from a man, merely because he stood upon the ground — a “ purchaser must look into his title, and if ho purchases land with- “ out looking to the title, it is crassa negligenlia.” From this authority, it is clear to my mind, that no act is imputed to the defendant sufficiently tinctured with fraud, that will justify the Court in restraining the defendant from proceeding to collect the purchase money; but upon the other hand, the negligence of the complainants, in omitting to look into the title, will close the door of equity against their application.
As to the charge in the bill, that Woolbrighl held lot of land thirty-nine, merely as trustee for his wife, and therefore incapable of conveying, the same doctrine holds equally good. “ A purchaser of “ land buys at his peril, and is always bound to look to the title and “ the competency of the vendor to sell, and if a purchaser -with notice “ actual or constructive buys land held in trust for another, he “becomes the trustee himself, notwithstanding the consideration he “has paid.” — Murray & Winter vs. Ballou & Hunt, 1 Johns. Ch. R. 566.
That the complainants had constructive notice of the kind of title held by defendant to lot thirty-nine, before they purchased, is evident from their own exhibit, as the deed exhibited in their bill from Rector to Woolbrighl, was recorded in the Clerk’s office of Baker county, on the 11th day of October, 1836, more than three years prior to their purchase. “ The American doctrine of notice has been fully “ settled,” says Justice Stokv, in 1 Story’s Equity, 392, “ and it is “ uniformly held, that the registration of any conveyance operates as “constructive notice to all subsequent purchasers of any estate, legal [102]*102“or equitable. If a purchaser neglects to look into the title, it will “ be considered as his own folly, and he can have no relief. — 1 Sngden “ on Vendors, 635,”
The complainants tailing to make out such a case of fraud as will justify the interposition of the powers of a Court of Chancery, and being satisfied that lot thirty-nine was purchased with constructive notice of the defect in the title, and under such circumstances of negligence in refusing to examine the titles before they purchased, this Court cannot interfere to rescind the contract, or restrain the defendant in proceeding to collect his purchase money. It is not for Courts of Justice to make contracts — they can only enforce the Law relating to the obligations of contract; men must be vigilant m protecting their rights and interest, and negligence will not justify a Court of Chancery, in relieving a party from the obligations of an extravagant and improvident contract.
As to the charge, that titles have never gone out of Smith, the grantee to lot Forty-one, that is denied by the defendant in his answer, and a copy of the deed from Smith to Hilliard is attached to his answer, and made a part of it. The deed from Smith to Hilliard, the only defect charged in the bill to exist, is supplied in the answer of the defendant, who alleges the deed to be genuine and made in good faith. The equity of the bill, therefore, so far as to lot Forty-one, is sworn off, and the defendant is entitled to a dissolution of the Injunction. But placing this question upon another footing, the defendant is entitled to a dismission of the bill for the want of equity.
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Since granting the injunction, I have carefully and fully investigated the principles upon which the complainants have relied in coming into Chancery for relief, and after which, I am now clearly satisfied that the injunction cannot be sustained. The doctrine that a purchaser of land, who is in possession under a deed, cannot have relief against his contract to pay the purchase money, upon the mere ground of a defect of title, without any previous eviction, f find running through and pervading all the cases.
Bumpers vs. Platner, 1 Johns. Ch. R. 213, 218 — -“If there be “ no fraud, the purchaser must resort to his covenant if he appre- “ heads a defect or failure of title, and wishes relief, before eviction. “This is not the tribunal for the trial of titles to land. It would [100]*100“ lead to the greatest inconvenience and perhaps abuse, if a purchaser in the actual enjoyment of land, can be permitted on the mere “ suggestion of a defect or failure of title upon the principle of quia “ timet, to stop the payment of the purchase money and of all proceedings to recover it. Can this Court stop to try an outstanding “ title, or compel an absent party to litigate, who probably never “ thought of asserting such a title ? No such principle can be found “ to exist, and a previous eviction at law is always necessary.”
Abbott vs. Allen, 2 Johns. Ch. Rep. 524 — “ If there is no ingre- “ dient of fraud, and the purchaser is in possession under a deed, the “ insufficiency of title is no ground for relief, unless there has been “ an eviction, the p|irty must resort to his covenant to try titles,”'— 2 Kent’s Com. 470-1-2.
The cases here referred to, recognize the principle, that if there is fraud in the vendor, in inducing the purchaser to buy, when his titles are either concealed, or spurious and fraudulent in themselves, equity will relieve. In making out this case, the complainants charge no such facts as will or can sustain the allegation of fraud — For the defendant to represent his titles as genuine and perfect, though it were false, forms no ground for relief, unless the purchasers were precluded from investigating for themselves, the true character of the title claimed to exist in the vendor. Fraud is defined to “ be any cunning, “ artifice or deception, used to circumvent, cheat, or deceive another “ — Fraud, in the sense of a Court of Equity, properly includes all “ acts, omissions and concealments, which involve a breach of legal “ duty, trust or confidence, justly reposed, and are injurious to ano- “ ther — or by which an undue and unconscientious advantage is “ taken of another.” — I Story’s Equity, 197. The bare allegation of fraud in the complainants’ bill, without charging such acts of concealment, artifice and deception, as involve a breach of legal duty, trust or confidence, and which no man of common sense would have done, unless he had been circumvented, cheated or deceived, does not make such a case of fraud in legal contemplation, as will justify this Court in granting relief. No such charges in ibis bill, but simply that Woolbright represented himself as being solvent, and his titles as complete to all the aforesaid lots of land, without offering to excuse themselves for their culpable omission and negli[101]*101gence in not looking to the title. In purchasing land, the Law requires every man to look to the title, consult the registry, and perform every duty incumbent upon a vigilant man, in protecting his interest, and then if he has been cheated, circumvented, or deceived, equity will relieve. In Hume vs. Mill, 13th Vesey, 119, the Lord Chancellor draws “ the distinction between personal chattels held “ by possession, and real estate held by title : The former is held by “ possession — the latter by title. Possession of real estate is not “ even prim-a facie evidence of title, other than a lease from year to “ year. No man in his senses would ever take an offer of a pur- “ chase from a man, merely because he stood upon the ground — a “ purchaser must look into his title, and if ho purchases land with- “ out looking to the title, it is crassa negligenlia.” From this authority, it is clear to my mind, that no act is imputed to the defendant sufficiently tinctured with fraud, that will justify the Court in restraining the defendant from proceeding to collect the purchase money; but upon the other hand, the negligence of the complainants, in omitting to look into the title, will close the door of equity against their application.
As to the charge in the bill, that Woolbrighl held lot of land thirty-nine, merely as trustee for his wife, and therefore incapable of conveying, the same doctrine holds equally good. “ A purchaser of “ land buys at his peril, and is always bound to look to the title and “ the competency of the vendor to sell, and if a purchaser -with notice “ actual or constructive buys land held in trust for another, he “becomes the trustee himself, notwithstanding the consideration he “has paid.” — Murray & Winter vs. Ballou & Hunt, 1 Johns. Ch. R. 566.
That the complainants had constructive notice of the kind of title held by defendant to lot thirty-nine, before they purchased, is evident from their own exhibit, as the deed exhibited in their bill from Rector to Woolbrighl, was recorded in the Clerk’s office of Baker county, on the 11th day of October, 1836, more than three years prior to their purchase. “ The American doctrine of notice has been fully “ settled,” says Justice Stokv, in 1 Story’s Equity, 392, “ and it is “ uniformly held, that the registration of any conveyance operates as “constructive notice to all subsequent purchasers of any estate, legal [102]*102“or equitable. If a purchaser neglects to look into the title, it will “ be considered as his own folly, and he can have no relief. — 1 Sngden “ on Vendors, 635,”
The complainants tailing to make out such a case of fraud as will justify the interposition of the powers of a Court of Chancery, and being satisfied that lot thirty-nine was purchased with constructive notice of the defect in the title, and under such circumstances of negligence in refusing to examine the titles before they purchased, this Court cannot interfere to rescind the contract, or restrain the defendant in proceeding to collect his purchase money. It is not for Courts of Justice to make contracts — they can only enforce the Law relating to the obligations of contract; men must be vigilant m protecting their rights and interest, and negligence will not justify a Court of Chancery, in relieving a party from the obligations of an extravagant and improvident contract.
As to the charge, that titles have never gone out of Smith, the grantee to lot Forty-one, that is denied by the defendant in his answer, and a copy of the deed from Smith to Hilliard is attached to his answer, and made a part of it. The deed from Smith to Hilliard, the only defect charged in the bill to exist, is supplied in the answer of the defendant, who alleges the deed to be genuine and made in good faith. The equity of the bill, therefore, so far as to lot Forty-one, is sworn off, and the defendant is entitled to a dissolution of the Injunction. But placing this question upon another footing, the defendant is entitled to a dismission of the bill for the want of equity. “ Where a purchaser has gone into possession “ under a deed, and enjoyed the premises, it is to be considered that “ he has adopted the contract, and he cannot disaffirm it. A con- “ tract can only be rescinded ah initio where both parties can be “placed in the same situation in which they stood before the “ contract, and this cannot be if either party has received a partial “benefit, the rule of caveat empior always applies where the convey-“anee has been actually made.” — Chitty on Contracts, 188, 278. The complainants do not charge, that they could place the defendant in the same situation in which he stood before the purchase, for aught that appears upon the face of this bill, the Roberts's may- have sold and conveyed a portion of these very lands to some other person^ [103]*103and therefore would be incapable of returning the lands purchased. This brings me to the last allegation in the bill, and that is, the insolvency of the defendant, Woolbright, in being remitted to their action of covenant; and though I very much doubt from authorities brought to bear upon the preceding allegations, disposed of in this bill, even admitting that to be true, and which the defendant however denies, but states in his answer his complete responsibility, and ability to respond to any and every obligation resting upon him, whether the complainants have made his solvency at all material to the equity of their case, but as the defendant has sworn off the equity, if there was any upon that point, I shall content myself with disposing of it upon the answer, without discussing the other proposition — for these reasons, I shall therefore dissolve the injunction, and order the bill to be dismissed.
Vason, Warren & Scarborough, Counsel for Complainants.
Lvow and A. S. Wingfield, for Respondents.
WILLIAM TAYLOR, j. s. c. s, w. c.