WHITING, J.
The complaint herein -purported to alleg-e two causes of action: (1) That on May 10, 1911, and on divers’ days after that day, defendant, “intending- to injure p-lain-tiff, and deprive him of the comfort, society, aid, and assistance of his' wife, * * * willfully * * * ' debauched and -carnally knew” the wife of plaintiff Without his- consent or privity. That thereby the affection of said wife for -plaintiff “Wa© impaired, alienated,' and destroyed, and * * * -plain-tiff was deprived of the comfort, socety, -aid, and assistance, which he otherwise would have-had from his said wife, and has suffered great 'distress of -body and mind, to- his great damage in the sum of $10,000.” (2)- That on or -about August 8; 1911, with the like intent and result as-above set forth, defendant “maliciously entered the said home- of plaintiff and bis said wife, an-cl then and there maliciously, wrongfully,-and with the promise of reward, enticed tbe-sá-id'-* wife into a bedroom with the intent, to then and there ■ debauch- and carnally know 'her, *" * * against the consent of thté! plaintiff.” -No exemplary damages were sought. Verdict -and judgment-entered in the sum of $4,000. From such judgment- and-order denying a new trial, ■ this appeal was-taken. ■ ■ ■
'Appellant assigned several errors of law and álsb- the" insuffi-' ciehcy'-of the evidence to--support the verdict; We will ‘disregardall s-uchi 0-f his assignments as have 'not been argued' and dis--' cussed in-his brief. This leaves for our ''Consideration' his" contentions that: ’ ----- -
[30]*30“(a) The second cause of action as stated in the complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action.
“(b) The jury should not have been instructed that damages could be assessed against defendant under the alleged second cause of action.
“(c) The arguments of counsel were highly inflamatory and prejudicial to the defendant.
“(d) The verdict of the jury was excessive and unwarranted by the evidence.”
[1] Appellant failed to demur to, or to object to the introduction of evidence in support of, the second cause of action. At the close of all the evidence, he asked for a directed verdict against respondent on the whole case, including in his motion therefor several grounds, one of which was •.
“That the second cause of action stated in the complaint does not state fact-s sufficient to constitute a cause of action.”
There was no motion asking a direction of verdict as to this one cause of action or asking the court to take such cause of action from the jury, and, inasmuch as there was ample evidence tc go ho the jury on the other cause of action, the court clearly did not err in overruling the motion for directed verdict.
[2] The evidence in support of the second alleged cause of action having been received without objection, we should look to such evidence, rather than to the complaint, to determine whether there was proper support for the court’s instructions. Proof of what occurred on the date referred to in the said second alleged cause of action was found in the testimony of both respondent and his wife. Such testimony was net positive and certain as leg'ards whether the wrong-ful relations of áppellant and respondent’s wife had, at that particular time, extended any further than their retiring to bed together with the intent and purposes of indulging in sexual inercourse; but it was positive and certain as to such fact. Believing- the testimony of these two witnesses, the jury must of necessity have concluded that the plans of these wrongdoers were either fulfilled on that occasion, or that they were frustrated by respondent’s unexpected appearance upon the scene at the very moment when the act of copulation was about to ffike place. We refuse to subscribe to any rule of law which would recognize as an actionable wrong the consummated act of [31]*31coition, but would leave to the wronged party no right of recovery for the wrong done 'him, where, by fortunate chance, he appeared on the scene of action a moment before the wrongdoer had consummated bis villanious purpose and thus prevented such consummation. Can it be successfully contended that the person of a woman has not. been defiled, that she has not lost her chastity, that the- sacred right of marital consortium has not been impaired, that she has not been seduced, when some man has, through seductive influences, induced her to disregard her marriage vows to such an extent that, as testified to in this case, she voluntarily goes with him to a bedroom, where they disrobe and retire to a bed with the fixed purpose of indulging his sexual passion; and can it be so successfully contended simply because their purpose was frustrated through the unexpected appearance of the woman’s husband? Surely, while the wrong done the husband may differ in -degree from the wrong intended, it did not differ in kind,' and we apprehend that, to the mind of any right-thinking man or woman, the difference in degree would scarcely be perceptible. In Coolley on Torts (3d Ed.), the learned author, after noting that the common-law remedies for a violation of the husband’s marital rights -are “all grounded upon or permeated with the ideas which mark their origin in a rough and uncultivated society,” says, at page 468:
“The action for seducing- the wife away from the -husband is ■by no means confined to the case of improper and adulterous relations-; but it extends to all cases of wrongful interference in the family affairs of others whereby the wife is induced to leave the husband, -or to so conduct herself that the -comfort of the married life is destroyed.”
Is it possible that the conduct alleged would no-t tend to destroy “the comfort of the married life” 'of respondent if he had any proper sense of ish-am-e and decency? That it is -not essential to a cause of action that the wife be -caused to leav-e the home of her husband is fully supported by authority. Heermance v. James, 47 Barb. (N. Y.) 120; Rinehart v. Bills, 82 Mo. 534, 52 Am. Rep. 385. Appellant contends that, inasmuch as there was no evidence fending to show that the wife’s affection for her husband was in any manner alienated, there was nothing warranting submitting this second alleged cause of action. While loss [32]*32ol affection might increase the damage, yet the facte testified to would constitute an injury forming the basis of an action for damages, even though prior thereto there had existed no affection between respondent and his wife.
[3] 'Appellant urges that there was prejudicial misconduct on the part of counsel for respondent in that, in argument to the jury, such counsel “repeatedly called the personal character of the -defendant in question, and referred to the long period of time the litigation had been in progress, referred to- the defense as a frame-up, and unduly prejudiced the jury against the defendant in the action by referring to matters outside of the record.'” Over respondent’s objection, there was received the testimony of several witnesses which, if believed by the jury, would convince it that some 15 months after the last act complained of in respondent’s complaint, both respondent and his wife had reached the very depth of -moral depravity.
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WHITING, J.
The complaint herein -purported to alleg-e two causes of action: (1) That on May 10, 1911, and on divers’ days after that day, defendant, “intending- to injure p-lain-tiff, and deprive him of the comfort, society, aid, and assistance of his' wife, * * * willfully * * * ' debauched and -carnally knew” the wife of plaintiff Without his- consent or privity. That thereby the affection of said wife for -plaintiff “Wa© impaired, alienated,' and destroyed, and * * * -plain-tiff was deprived of the comfort, socety, -aid, and assistance, which he otherwise would have-had from his said wife, and has suffered great 'distress of -body and mind, to- his great damage in the sum of $10,000.” (2)- That on or -about August 8; 1911, with the like intent and result as-above set forth, defendant “maliciously entered the said home- of plaintiff and bis said wife, an-cl then and there maliciously, wrongfully,-and with the promise of reward, enticed tbe-sá-id'-* wife into a bedroom with the intent, to then and there ■ debauch- and carnally know 'her, *" * * against the consent of thté! plaintiff.” -No exemplary damages were sought. Verdict -and judgment-entered in the sum of $4,000. From such judgment- and-order denying a new trial, ■ this appeal was-taken. ■ ■ ■
'Appellant assigned several errors of law and álsb- the" insuffi-' ciehcy'-of the evidence to--support the verdict; We will ‘disregardall s-uchi 0-f his assignments as have 'not been argued' and dis--' cussed in-his brief. This leaves for our ''Consideration' his" contentions that: ’ ----- -
[30]*30“(a) The second cause of action as stated in the complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action.
“(b) The jury should not have been instructed that damages could be assessed against defendant under the alleged second cause of action.
“(c) The arguments of counsel were highly inflamatory and prejudicial to the defendant.
“(d) The verdict of the jury was excessive and unwarranted by the evidence.”
[1] Appellant failed to demur to, or to object to the introduction of evidence in support of, the second cause of action. At the close of all the evidence, he asked for a directed verdict against respondent on the whole case, including in his motion therefor several grounds, one of which was •.
“That the second cause of action stated in the complaint does not state fact-s sufficient to constitute a cause of action.”
There was no motion asking a direction of verdict as to this one cause of action or asking the court to take such cause of action from the jury, and, inasmuch as there was ample evidence tc go ho the jury on the other cause of action, the court clearly did not err in overruling the motion for directed verdict.
[2] The evidence in support of the second alleged cause of action having been received without objection, we should look to such evidence, rather than to the complaint, to determine whether there was proper support for the court’s instructions. Proof of what occurred on the date referred to in the said second alleged cause of action was found in the testimony of both respondent and his wife. Such testimony was net positive and certain as leg'ards whether the wrong-ful relations of áppellant and respondent’s wife had, at that particular time, extended any further than their retiring to bed together with the intent and purposes of indulging in sexual inercourse; but it was positive and certain as to such fact. Believing- the testimony of these two witnesses, the jury must of necessity have concluded that the plans of these wrongdoers were either fulfilled on that occasion, or that they were frustrated by respondent’s unexpected appearance upon the scene at the very moment when the act of copulation was about to ffike place. We refuse to subscribe to any rule of law which would recognize as an actionable wrong the consummated act of [31]*31coition, but would leave to the wronged party no right of recovery for the wrong done 'him, where, by fortunate chance, he appeared on the scene of action a moment before the wrongdoer had consummated bis villanious purpose and thus prevented such consummation. Can it be successfully contended that the person of a woman has not. been defiled, that she has not lost her chastity, that the- sacred right of marital consortium has not been impaired, that she has not been seduced, when some man has, through seductive influences, induced her to disregard her marriage vows to such an extent that, as testified to in this case, she voluntarily goes with him to a bedroom, where they disrobe and retire to a bed with the fixed purpose of indulging his sexual passion; and can it be so successfully contended simply because their purpose was frustrated through the unexpected appearance of the woman’s husband? Surely, while the wrong done the husband may differ in -degree from the wrong intended, it did not differ in kind,' and we apprehend that, to the mind of any right-thinking man or woman, the difference in degree would scarcely be perceptible. In Coolley on Torts (3d Ed.), the learned author, after noting that the common-law remedies for a violation of the husband’s marital rights -are “all grounded upon or permeated with the ideas which mark their origin in a rough and uncultivated society,” says, at page 468:
“The action for seducing- the wife away from the -husband is ■by no means confined to the case of improper and adulterous relations-; but it extends to all cases of wrongful interference in the family affairs of others whereby the wife is induced to leave the husband, -or to so conduct herself that the -comfort of the married life is destroyed.”
Is it possible that the conduct alleged would no-t tend to destroy “the comfort of the married life” 'of respondent if he had any proper sense of ish-am-e and decency? That it is -not essential to a cause of action that the wife be -caused to leav-e the home of her husband is fully supported by authority. Heermance v. James, 47 Barb. (N. Y.) 120; Rinehart v. Bills, 82 Mo. 534, 52 Am. Rep. 385. Appellant contends that, inasmuch as there was no evidence fending to show that the wife’s affection for her husband was in any manner alienated, there was nothing warranting submitting this second alleged cause of action. While loss [32]*32ol affection might increase the damage, yet the facte testified to would constitute an injury forming the basis of an action for damages, even though prior thereto there had existed no affection between respondent and his wife.
[3] 'Appellant urges that there was prejudicial misconduct on the part of counsel for respondent in that, in argument to the jury, such counsel “repeatedly called the personal character of the -defendant in question, and referred to the long period of time the litigation had been in progress, referred to- the defense as a frame-up, and unduly prejudiced the jury against the defendant in the action by referring to matters outside of the record.'” Over respondent’s objection, there was received the testimony of several witnesses which, if believed by the jury, would convince it that some 15 months after the last act complained of in respondent’s complaint, both respondent and his wife had reached the very depth of -moral depravity. It seems to have -been the theory of respondent’s counsel that this testimony was a “frame-up,” just-as it was the apparent theory of appellant that respondent’s alleged causes of action were both based upon “framed-up” testimony. 'We cannot say that it was prejudicial error for counsel to. advise the jury of his theory oí any -part of the case. Whether there was evidence to support such theory was for the jury to determine. In connection with this statement, the court advised the jury that:
“Any statement® not warranted by the evidence should not be considered by the jury, and you will be governed by the evidence given here by the -evidence alone.”
Respondent’s counsel in his argument said:
“Tell me whether or not the captain (appellant) is virtuous when the maid slept in a room adjacent to his room in which ithere was a door -connecting between them.”
"Appellant’s counsel objected to this statement oh the ground that’ there was nothing- in. the fact stated (which fact was conceded by'appellant) from which any imputation against the character of appellant could be deduced, and -the court advised the jury that, in its opinion, no such deduction could be -drawn from the -evidence. Two other statements, were complained of, both of which were -clearly unprejudici-al and need n-o specific attention. We find nothing in the above warranting a reversal of this case.
[33]*33[4, 5] Was 'the verdict so excessive, and so unwarranted by the evidence, as to make it apparent that it was rendered under the influence of passion and prejudice? While the jury might rightfully be prejudiced against the commission by any one of’ the wrongs charged against appellant, there is absolutely nothing in the evidence offered by respondent that could tend to unduly prejudice the jury against appellant. It is true that respondent’s case rested upon the testimony of himself and wife; but apparently the jury, as it clearly was justified in doing, believed their story, and this verdict, if it falls, must fall owing To the facts revealed by their testimony. It appears that they, with their two little children, were living in a farm house belonging to appellant. Evidence is wholly wanting to show their prior relations. Therefore the jury were justified in presuming that theirs had been the ordinary relations existing between husband and wife. It is true that appellant did not win the affections of the wife, but tnat the surrender of her virtue was for a purely property consideration, thus indicating a lack of moral stamina on the part of the wife. While her virtue yielded readily to the assault that was made upon it, it is quite possible that financial inducements won where the more usual influences would have utterly failed. There was nothing from which the jury could find that she had ever fallen before, and it might well have believed that, if' not over-tempted by 'appellant, she might have forever remained faithful to her husband. It is also true that respondent condoned her wrong by continuing to live with her and continuing marital relations with her, but by so doing he did not condone appellant’s offense. Smith v. Hockenberry, 138 Mich. 129, 101 N. W. 207. Appellant’s wrongdoing was not followed by the disastrous consequences to the home life of the wronged party that often results from 'such wrongs, but there was no evidence from which the jury could find that this was because of any lack of moral sense on the husband’s part rather than because of a forgiving spirit and of a desire to care for his little ones. Appellant strenuously contends that the evidence showed respondent and wife some 15 to 18 months after the acts complained of, to be sunken to thp very depths of moral degradation; that in fact he was prostituting her for hire. It is the evidence of this fact that respondent’s [34]*34counsel dubbed a “frame-up." It never should have been admitted; it related to a time too far removed to be admissible as proof that either respondent or his wife were immoral prior to appellant’s offense. Undoubtedly the jury disbelieved these witnesses, but, if not, there being an entire absence of any other apparent cause therefor, they may have found the condition into which these parties afterwards sank to have been the result — as it well might be — of the wrong done by appellant. Our lawmakers have declared (section 23x8, C. C.) that “the damages for seduction rest in the sound discretion 'of the jury.” With the jury believing the story told by respondent and his wife, we do not believe this court would be justified in saying that it was moved by passion or prejudice when it declared respondent to have been damaged in the sum of $4,000.
The judgment and order appealed from are affirmed.