FILED MARCH 14, 2019 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE
ROBERT PARRISH, JR., ) ) No. 35331-1-III Appellant, ) (Consolidated with ) No. 35403-2-III and v. ) No. 35590-0-III) ) MELISSA PARRISH, ) A/K/A ALAXANDRIA VON HELL, ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION ) Respondent. )
KORSMO, J. — Alaxandria Von Hell appeals, inter alia, from orders modifying child
custody that transfers primary custody of her son to her former husband. Concluding that
the trial court had jurisdiction over the case, which originated with an Alaska divorce
decree, and that the remainder of the appeal is an untimely attack on an unchallenged order
modifying the parenting plan, we affirm. Respondent is awarded his attorney fees.
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
The primary issue in this appeal concerns the trial court’s authority to consider the
husband’s request, and thus, the relevant facts are procedural in nature. Robert Parrish, No. 35331-1-III; 35403-2-III; 35590-0-III Parrish v. Von Hell
Jr., and Melissa Parrish (now known as Alaxandria Von Hell) divorced in Alaska in
2011. The couple had one child, T.P., born in 2009.
The divorce decree gave primary custody of the child to Von Hell, with Parrish
having visitation rights. Sometime during 2011 or 2012, the mother and child moved to
Washington. Litigation continued after the divorce decree, with child custody
constituting the primary issue. After the move to Washington, the Alaska Superior Court
reaffirmed Von Hell’s primary custody in January 2013, although the visitation schedule
was changed to reflect the new residence.
Parrish filed additional motions in Alaska in early 2013, and then pursued appeals
in the Alaska court system in 2013 and 2014. He also filed an action in the Kittitas
County Superior Court in April 2013. That action was dismissed in June 2014.
On December 16, 2014, the Benton County Superior Court entered an order
registering the 2011 settlement decree and the 2013 order in Benton County; both Von
Hell and Parrish stipulated to the order, which recognized that Alaska no longer had
exclusive jurisdiction of the case. The court also found that Von Hell and T.P. were
residents of Benton County, Washington, and that Parrish was a resident of West
Virginia.
Parrish filed a petition in Benton County Superior Court to modify the custody
decree on February 11, 2015. He asserted jurisdiction existed based on T.P. and Von
Hell residing in the county. The following year, the court appointed a guardian ad litem
2 No. 35331-1-III; 35403-2-III; 35590-0-III Parrish v. Von Hell
(GAL) to represent the child. In August 2016, the trial court found that it was in the
child’s best interest for Von Hell to undergo a psychological evaluation as recommended
by the GAL. On October 17, 2016, the court entered an order modifying the parenting
plan and directing Von Hell to undergo a mental health evaluation with Dr. Scott Mabee
no later than November 14. The order, effective immediately, noted that failure to
comply with the evaluation would constitute good cause to change custody of the child.
The court left custody of T.P. with Von Hell, but expressed concerns that the mother’s
mental health issues affected the child’s best interests. The order also indicated that a
new parenting plan was required after the evaluation was completed. Clerk’s Papers at
41-43.
No appeal was taken from the October 17 order. Dr. Mabee conducted an
evaluation. On December 13, 2016, the court entered a new parenting plan in accordance
with the October 17 order. The new plan provided for Skype and telephone visitation
between Parrish and T.P. At a review hearing four months later, the GAL advised the
court that Von Hell had made false statements to Dr. Mabee, preventing a proper forensic
evaluation. The GAL recommended that custody be given to Parrish. Parrish advised the
court that Von Hell had not allowed the Skype and telephone contact directed in the
December order.
The court found that adequate cause existed for a major modification of the
parenting plan because of a substantial change in circumstances due to Ms. Von Hell not
3 No. 35331-1-III; 35403-2-III; 35590-0-III Parrish v. Von Hell
complying with the forensic evaluation it had ordered. Ms. Von Hell moved for
reconsideration, but the court denied the request on May 17, 2017. Parrish filed an
amended petition to modify the parenting plan on May 19, 2017. Two weeks later he
moved to vacate the December parenting plan and receive custody of T.P. until trial.
Ms. Von Hell appealed the adequate cause ruling and the denial of reconsideration
on June 5, 2017. This court assigned cause no. 35331-1-III to that appeal. Four days
later, the court entered an amended order finding adequate cause to hold a trial and
directing that the December parenting plan remain in place until trial. Ms. Von Hell
appealed that order on June 27; this court assigned file number 35403-2-III to that appeal.
On August 11, 2017, the trial court granted temporary custody of T.P to Parrish.
This court granted a brief stay of that order pending trial the following month. On
motion of Parrish, the trial court found Von Hell in contempt of court for failing to
comply with the December 2016 parenting plan and for moving to Wisconsin with the
child. The court, on September 19, 2017, again granted temporary custody of T.P. to the
father.1 Trial was scheduled for October 16, 2017. Ms. Von Hell appealed the
September order to this court, which assigned the matter cause no. 35590-0-III.
1 It appears that the father retrieved T.P. in Wisconsin and now lives with the child in West Virginia.
4 No. 35331-1-III; 35403-2-III; 35590-0-III Parrish v. Von Hell
Trial was held in October, and a new parenting plan was entered October 17,
2017, that granted custody of T.P. to Parrish with Von Hell receiving visitation rights.
No notice of appeal was taken from the trial.
This court consolidated the three appeals. Ms. Von Hell represents herself 2 in the
appeal from the September 2017 temporary order, while she is represented by counsel in
the other cases. A panel considered the cases without hearing oral argument.
ANALYSIS
We first address the argument, posed by the pro se appeal, that Washington courts
did not have jurisdiction over the case due to the Alaska decree. We then address the trial
court’s authority to enter the temporary orders and to consider the modification of
custody petition.3
Washington Jurisdiction
Ms. Von Hell argues pro se that Washington courts never obtained jurisdiction to
modify the Alaska custody decree. We disagree. She and T.P. lived in this state, and she
stipulated that Alaska no longer had jurisdiction. Under the terms of the Uniform Child
2 To the extent that her brief addresses issues presented by the other appeals where she is represented by counsel, we ignore her arguments because there is no authorization for pro se briefs in a civil case. 3 The parties do not address whether the results of the October 2017 trial have rendered moot any of these other issues, so we do not address that possibility.
5 No. 35331-1-III; 35403-2-III; 35590-0-III Parrish v. Von Hell
Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act (UCCJEA), ch. 26.27 RCW, Washington had
jurisdiction over the case.
The UCCJEA is codified in chapter 26.27 RCW.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
FILED MARCH 14, 2019 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE
ROBERT PARRISH, JR., ) ) No. 35331-1-III Appellant, ) (Consolidated with ) No. 35403-2-III and v. ) No. 35590-0-III) ) MELISSA PARRISH, ) A/K/A ALAXANDRIA VON HELL, ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION ) Respondent. )
KORSMO, J. — Alaxandria Von Hell appeals, inter alia, from orders modifying child
custody that transfers primary custody of her son to her former husband. Concluding that
the trial court had jurisdiction over the case, which originated with an Alaska divorce
decree, and that the remainder of the appeal is an untimely attack on an unchallenged order
modifying the parenting plan, we affirm. Respondent is awarded his attorney fees.
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
The primary issue in this appeal concerns the trial court’s authority to consider the
husband’s request, and thus, the relevant facts are procedural in nature. Robert Parrish, No. 35331-1-III; 35403-2-III; 35590-0-III Parrish v. Von Hell
Jr., and Melissa Parrish (now known as Alaxandria Von Hell) divorced in Alaska in
2011. The couple had one child, T.P., born in 2009.
The divorce decree gave primary custody of the child to Von Hell, with Parrish
having visitation rights. Sometime during 2011 or 2012, the mother and child moved to
Washington. Litigation continued after the divorce decree, with child custody
constituting the primary issue. After the move to Washington, the Alaska Superior Court
reaffirmed Von Hell’s primary custody in January 2013, although the visitation schedule
was changed to reflect the new residence.
Parrish filed additional motions in Alaska in early 2013, and then pursued appeals
in the Alaska court system in 2013 and 2014. He also filed an action in the Kittitas
County Superior Court in April 2013. That action was dismissed in June 2014.
On December 16, 2014, the Benton County Superior Court entered an order
registering the 2011 settlement decree and the 2013 order in Benton County; both Von
Hell and Parrish stipulated to the order, which recognized that Alaska no longer had
exclusive jurisdiction of the case. The court also found that Von Hell and T.P. were
residents of Benton County, Washington, and that Parrish was a resident of West
Virginia.
Parrish filed a petition in Benton County Superior Court to modify the custody
decree on February 11, 2015. He asserted jurisdiction existed based on T.P. and Von
Hell residing in the county. The following year, the court appointed a guardian ad litem
2 No. 35331-1-III; 35403-2-III; 35590-0-III Parrish v. Von Hell
(GAL) to represent the child. In August 2016, the trial court found that it was in the
child’s best interest for Von Hell to undergo a psychological evaluation as recommended
by the GAL. On October 17, 2016, the court entered an order modifying the parenting
plan and directing Von Hell to undergo a mental health evaluation with Dr. Scott Mabee
no later than November 14. The order, effective immediately, noted that failure to
comply with the evaluation would constitute good cause to change custody of the child.
The court left custody of T.P. with Von Hell, but expressed concerns that the mother’s
mental health issues affected the child’s best interests. The order also indicated that a
new parenting plan was required after the evaluation was completed. Clerk’s Papers at
41-43.
No appeal was taken from the October 17 order. Dr. Mabee conducted an
evaluation. On December 13, 2016, the court entered a new parenting plan in accordance
with the October 17 order. The new plan provided for Skype and telephone visitation
between Parrish and T.P. At a review hearing four months later, the GAL advised the
court that Von Hell had made false statements to Dr. Mabee, preventing a proper forensic
evaluation. The GAL recommended that custody be given to Parrish. Parrish advised the
court that Von Hell had not allowed the Skype and telephone contact directed in the
December order.
The court found that adequate cause existed for a major modification of the
parenting plan because of a substantial change in circumstances due to Ms. Von Hell not
3 No. 35331-1-III; 35403-2-III; 35590-0-III Parrish v. Von Hell
complying with the forensic evaluation it had ordered. Ms. Von Hell moved for
reconsideration, but the court denied the request on May 17, 2017. Parrish filed an
amended petition to modify the parenting plan on May 19, 2017. Two weeks later he
moved to vacate the December parenting plan and receive custody of T.P. until trial.
Ms. Von Hell appealed the adequate cause ruling and the denial of reconsideration
on June 5, 2017. This court assigned cause no. 35331-1-III to that appeal. Four days
later, the court entered an amended order finding adequate cause to hold a trial and
directing that the December parenting plan remain in place until trial. Ms. Von Hell
appealed that order on June 27; this court assigned file number 35403-2-III to that appeal.
On August 11, 2017, the trial court granted temporary custody of T.P to Parrish.
This court granted a brief stay of that order pending trial the following month. On
motion of Parrish, the trial court found Von Hell in contempt of court for failing to
comply with the December 2016 parenting plan and for moving to Wisconsin with the
child. The court, on September 19, 2017, again granted temporary custody of T.P. to the
father.1 Trial was scheduled for October 16, 2017. Ms. Von Hell appealed the
September order to this court, which assigned the matter cause no. 35590-0-III.
1 It appears that the father retrieved T.P. in Wisconsin and now lives with the child in West Virginia.
4 No. 35331-1-III; 35403-2-III; 35590-0-III Parrish v. Von Hell
Trial was held in October, and a new parenting plan was entered October 17,
2017, that granted custody of T.P. to Parrish with Von Hell receiving visitation rights.
No notice of appeal was taken from the trial.
This court consolidated the three appeals. Ms. Von Hell represents herself 2 in the
appeal from the September 2017 temporary order, while she is represented by counsel in
the other cases. A panel considered the cases without hearing oral argument.
ANALYSIS
We first address the argument, posed by the pro se appeal, that Washington courts
did not have jurisdiction over the case due to the Alaska decree. We then address the trial
court’s authority to enter the temporary orders and to consider the modification of
custody petition.3
Washington Jurisdiction
Ms. Von Hell argues pro se that Washington courts never obtained jurisdiction to
modify the Alaska custody decree. We disagree. She and T.P. lived in this state, and she
stipulated that Alaska no longer had jurisdiction. Under the terms of the Uniform Child
2 To the extent that her brief addresses issues presented by the other appeals where she is represented by counsel, we ignore her arguments because there is no authorization for pro se briefs in a civil case. 3 The parties do not address whether the results of the October 2017 trial have rendered moot any of these other issues, so we do not address that possibility.
5 No. 35331-1-III; 35403-2-III; 35590-0-III Parrish v. Von Hell
Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act (UCCJEA), ch. 26.27 RCW, Washington had
jurisdiction over the case.
The UCCJEA is codified in chapter 26.27 RCW. As relevant here, RCW
26.27.221 permits a Washington court to modify an existing custody determination if it
would have the jurisdiction to make an initial determination and either (a) the other state
determines it no longer has jurisdiction or (b) the child and parents no longer live in the
other state. In turn, an initial child custody determination can be made if, among other
reasons, Washington is the home state of the child when the proceeding is filed. RCW
26.27.201(1)(a).
Washington thus had jurisdiction. Because T.P. lived in this state at the time of
the modification petition, Washington could have exercised original jurisdiction. Id.
Because neither T.P. nor his parents lived in Alaska at that time, Alaska no longer had
exclusive jurisdiction. RCW 26.27.201(1)(b).
Washington properly had jurisdiction to entertain proceedings relating to the
custody of T.P. Appellant’s argument to the contrary is without merit.
Authority to Modify
In addition to the pro se lack of jurisdiction argument, appellant argues through
counsel that the trial court lacked statutory authority to entertain the motions to change
custody and for temporary custody. The trial court did have authority to act under the
6 No. 35331-1-III; 35403-2-III; 35590-0-III Parrish v. Von Hell
statute and Ms. Von Hell’s failure to challenge the October 17, 2016 modification
precludes her challenge.
The ability to modify a parenting plan is strictly controlled by statute. RCW
26.09.260 lists several different bases on which a parenting plan or custody ruling is
subject to modification. This court considers a challenge to a modification ruling under
well-settled standards. The modification order is reviewed for abuse of discretion. In re
Marriage of Zigler, 154 Wn. App. 803, 808, 226 P.3d 202, review denied, 169 Wn.2d
1015 (2010). Discretion is abused when it is exercised on untenable grounds or for
untenable reasons. State ex rel. Carroll v. Junker, 79 Wn.2d 12, 26, 482 P.2d 775 (1971).
There is a strong presumption against modification. In re Marriage of McDole, 122
Wn.2d 604, 610, 859 P.2d 1239 (1993).
Modification follows a two stage process. First, the party seeking modification
must establish adequate cause to alter the existing plan—typically that requires evidence
of a significant change of circumstances unknown at the time of the original parenting
plan. Zigler, 154 Wn. App. at 809. If adequate cause is established, the matter will
proceed to a hearing. Id.
RCW 26.09.260(1) provides in part that
the court shall not modify a prior custody decree or a parenting plan unless it finds, upon the basis of facts that have arisen since the prior decree or plan or that were unknown to the court at the time of the prior decree or plan, that a substantial change has occurred in the circumstances of the
7 No. 35331-1-III; 35403-2-III; 35590-0-III Parrish v. Von Hell
child or nonmoving party and that the modification is in the best interest of the child and is necessary to serve the best interests of the child.
In turn, RCW 26.09.260(2) states in part:
In applying these standards, the court shall retain the residential schedule established by the decree or parenting plan unless: (a) The parents agree to the modification; (b) The child has been integrated into the family of the petitioner with the consent of the other parent in substantial deviation from the parenting plan; (c) The child’s present environment is detrimental to the child’s physical, mental, or emotional health and the harm likely to be caused by a change of environment is outweighed by the advantage of a change to the child.
Thus, modification is available when a substantial change in circumstances and the
best interests of the child require it, and either (a) the parents agree, (b) the child has
already integrated into another family, or (c) a detrimental environment dictates that
change is necessary.4 Parental behavior that is detrimental to the child’s best interests
can result in the court modifying terms of a parenting plan. RCW 26.09.191(3).
Ms. Von Hell argues that the December 13 order could not require her to undergo
an evaluation because it expressly indicates that no limitations were required; she
presents several derivative arguments that follow from that contention. All of the
contentions fail because her primary problem is that it was the October 17 order, not the
December 13 order, that directed her to complete the evaluation. That order is
unchallenged and constitutes the law of this case. In re Marriage of Trichak, 72 Wn.
4 Multiple prior contempt findings and criminal convictions for interfering with custody provide a fourth method for modification. RCW 26.09.260(2)(d).
8 No. 35331-1-III; 35403-2-III; 35590-0-III Parrish v. Von Hell
App. 21, 23-24, 863 P.2d 585 (1993). Any alleged deficiencies in the December 13
order, or in following up that order, are of no consequence because it is not the operative
document.
The December 13 order was entered because the court did not know that Ms. Von
Hell had failed to be candid with Dr. Mabee. It was only after that information came to
light that there was a basis to petition the court to vacate the December ruling and enforce
the October ruling by setting the case for trial. The October 17 finding that it was in the
best interests of T.P. for his mother to have a mental health evaluation, and follow
treatment recommendations, served as the basis for a major modification of the parenting
plan once her duplicity was discovered. Ms. Von Hell’s mental health problems were a
significant change in circumstances that provided adequate cause to reopen child custody.
The trial court had statutory authority to revisit the child custody arrangements.
The court did not err in vacating the December 13 ruling and enforcing its October 17
ruling. Appellant’s arguments to the contrary are not availing.
Attorney Fees
Both parties seek attorney fees. Under the UCCJEA:
The court shall award the prevailing party, including a state, necessary and reasonable expenses incurred by or on behalf of the party, including costs, communication expenses, attorneys’ fees, investigative fees, expenses for witnesses, travel expenses, and child care during the course of the
9 No. 35331-1-III; 35403-2-III; 35590-0-III Parrish v. Von Hell
proceedings, unless the party from whom fees or expenses are sought establishes that the award would be clearly inappropriate.
RCW 26.27.511(1).
Here, the father is the prevailing party and is entitled to his fees on this appeal.
Our commissioner will consider a timely filed application. RAP 18.1.
Affirmed.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW
2.06.040.
WE CONCUR:
L.,. �"� ......- �"""' 7 , C. �J . Lawrence-Berrey C.J.